Afifi;
Functional Neuroanatomy |
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Book |
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Topic |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
11 |
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Dendrites
contain all the organelles found in the neuroplasm of the cell except the Golgi apparatus. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
37 |
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Central nervous system refers to the brain and spinal cord. |
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26 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
37 |
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Autonomic nervous system refers to the part of the nervous system involved mainly in
the regulation of visceral functions. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
40 |
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Midsagittal section of the
cranium. (photo) |
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3 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
42 |
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Lateral view of the brain
showing the four lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) (photo) |
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2 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
44 |
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Lateral view of the brain
showing the major sulci and gyri and the frontal lobe. (photo) |
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2 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
45 |
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Lateral view of the brain
showing the major sulci and gyri and the parietal lobe. (photo) |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
46 |
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Lateral view of the brain
showing the major sulci and gyri and the temporal lobe. (photo) |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
48 |
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Midsagittal view of the brain
showing major sulci and gyri. (photo) |
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2 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
49 |
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Fornix
connects the temporal lobe (hippocampal formation) and the diencephalon. |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
50 |
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Midsagittal view of the brain showing components of the limbic lobe:
cingulate gyrus; corpus callosum; septum
pellucidum; parahippocampal gyrus; uncus; fusiform gyrus. (photo) |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
51 |
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Midsagittal view of the brain showing component of the brainstem. (Photo) |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
52 |
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Ventral view
of the brain showing major sulci and gyri. (photo) |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
53 |
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Ventral view
of the brain showing the cranial nerves. (Photo) |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
54 |
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Ventral view
of the brain showing cranial nerves and the circle
of Willis.
(Photo) |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
106 |
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Schematic diagram showing the
major structures on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongatta. (diagram) |
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52 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
107 |
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Schematic diagram showing the
major structures on the dorsal surface of the brain stem. (diagram) |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
109 |
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Schematic diagram showing the
structures that form the roof and floor of the fourth ventricle. (diagram) |
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2 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
119 |
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Major output
of the inferior olivary complex is to the cerebellum. |
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10 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
122 |
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Medullary reticular formation afferent connections. (diagram) |
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3 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
123 |
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Medullary reticular formation efferent connections. (diagram) |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
123 |
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Reticular formation is concerned with somatic and
visceral motor functions as well as with consciousness, attention, and sleep. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
129 |
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Vegas nerve
(cranial nerve 10) |
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6 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
135 |
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Sneezing reflex |
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6 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
135 |
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Sneezing center is in the medulla oblongatta. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
136 |
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Swallowing |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
136 |
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Vomiting center |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
138 |
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Medulla oblongata: neurotransmitters and neuropeptides |
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2 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
147 |
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The pons is the part of the brain stem that lies between the medulla
oblongatta caudally
and the midbrain rostrally. |
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9 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
147 |
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Dorsal surface of the pons is covered by the cerebellum. Dorsal surface of the pons forms the rostral portion of the floor of the fourth
ventricle. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
150 |
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Tegmentum
is the phylogenetically older part of the pons and is composed largely of the reticular formation. |
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3 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
151 |
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Nucleus locus ceruleus is a major source of the widespread noradrenergic innervation to most central nervous system regions. |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
152 |
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Reticular nuclei of pons
(diagram) |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
153 |
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raphe nuclei |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
155 |
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Auditory pathways schematic diagram (diagram) |
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2 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
164 |
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Facial nerve
(CN VII) (diagram) |
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9 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
166 |
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Superior colliculus responds reflexively for closure of eyelids in response to intense light or a rapidly approaching object. |
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2 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
191 |
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Superior colliculus establishes reflexes for turning the neck and eyes in response to sound. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
191 |
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Inferior colliculus is a relay nucleus in the auditory pathway to the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Plays a role in localization of a source of sound. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
199 |
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Substantia nigra, afferent and efferent connections (diagram) |
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8 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
201 |
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Superior colliculus is a laminated mass of gray matter that plays a role in visual
reflexes and control
of eye movement. |
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2 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
202 |
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Superior colliculus,
major afferent
connections (diagram) |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
204 |
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Superior colliculus,
major efferent
connections (diagram) |
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2 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
206 |
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Superior colliculus,
major nuclear groups
(diagram) |
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2 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
221 |
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Saccadic eye movements (diagram) |
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15 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
231 |
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Locked-in
syndrome |
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10 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
235 |
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Diencephalon
-- the part of the central nervous system between the two hemispheres.
Includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus. |
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4 |
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237 |
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Pineal gland
-- endocrine gland
located in the roof of the third ventricle. The function of the pineal gland
is not well understood. The pineal gland usually calcified after the age of 16 years. |
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2 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
237 |
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Thalamus is
the largest component
of the diencephalon. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
238 |
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Thalamus
major nuclear groups (diagram) |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
238 |
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Mamillary bodies -- small round swellings on the ventral surface of the
hypothalamus. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
239 |
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Medial group of thalamic nuclei have reciprocal relationship with the prefrontal cortex. |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
240 |
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Major afferent and efferent connections of the dorsomedial
nucleus of the thalamus. (diagram) |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
241 |
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Lateral nucleus group of the thalamus |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
241 |
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Lateral dorsal nucleus of the thalamus is functionally part of the anterior
group of thalamic nuclei, which collectively
forms the limbic thalamus. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
241 |
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Pulvinar
nucleus is located in the posterior pole of the thalamus, overhanging the superior colliculus. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
241 |
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Pulvinar is
a relay station
between subcortical visual centers and their respective association
cortices in the temporal,
parietal, and occipital lobes. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
241 |
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Lesions of
the pulvinar nucleus
have been effective in the treatment of intractable pain. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
241 |
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Multimodal association thalamic
nuclei do not receive a
direct input from the long
assending tracts. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
241 |
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Multimodal association thalamic
nuclei input is mainly from other thalamic nuclei. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
241 |
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Multimodal association thalamic nuclei project mainly to the association areas of the cortex. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
241 |
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Lateral group
of thalamic nuclei are
divided into dorsal and ventral subgroups. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
241 |
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Lateral dorsal nucleus belongs to the modality-specific and limbic nuclei of the
thalamus. It is functionally part of
the anterior group. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
242 |
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Ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus links the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex. It belongs to the modality-specific and motor groups of the thalamic nuclei. |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
243 |
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Inputs from
globus pallidus and substantia nigra to the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus are GABAergic inhibitory. |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
243 |
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Inputs from
the cerebral cortex
to the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus are excitatory. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
243 |
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Major output
of the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus goes to the premotor cortices and to wide areas of the prefrontal cortex. It also has reciprocal connections with the intralaminar nuclei. |
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Ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus is a major relay station in the motor pathways from the basal ganglia to the cerebral
cortex. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
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Ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus is involved in the regulation of movement. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
244 |
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Medial part of the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus is concerned with control
voluntary eye, head,
and neck movements. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
244 |
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Lateral part of the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus is concerned with control
body and limb movements. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
244 |
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Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus as a major role in motor
integration. |
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244 |
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Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei together comprise the motor
thalamus. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
245 |
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Deep cerebellum nuclei constitute the major input to the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus.These fibers leave the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar
peduncle and decussate in the mesencephalon. |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
245 |
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Reciprocal relationship between the primary motor cortex (Brodmann area
4) and the ventral
lateral nucleus of the thalamus. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
245 |
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Efferent fibers of the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus go primarily to the primary motor
cortex in the precentral
gyrus.
Other cortical targets include nonprimary somatosensory
areas in the parietal
cortex (Brodmann areas 5 and 7) and the premotor and supplementary motor cortices. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
245 |
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Parietal cortical targets of the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus play a role in decoding sensory
stimuli that provide spatial
information for targeted
movements. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
245 |
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Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus, like the ventral anterior nucleus, is a major relay station in the motor system linking the cerebellum, basal
ganglia, and the cerebral
cortex. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
245 |
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Lesions in
the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus have been produced surgically to remove disorders of movement manifested by tremor. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
245 |
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Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus links the cerebellum with the cerebral cortex. It belongs to the modality-specific and motor groups of thalamic nuclei. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
245 |
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Parkinsonian tremor. Four types of neurons in the in ventral thalamic nuclei
group. (1) voluntary cells, (2) sensory cells, (3)
combined cells, (4) no-response cells.
(Table) |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
246 |
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Activity in sensory
cells lags behind tremor, while activity of combined sales leads the tremor. |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
246 |
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Ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus is located in the caudal part of the thalamus. It receives the long ascending tracts conveying sensory modalities (including
taste) from the contralateral half of the body and face. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
246 |
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Ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus belongs to the modality-specific and sensory groups of thalamic nuclei. It is subdivided into
ventral posterior lateral and ventral posterior medial nuclei. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
247 |
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Output from
the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus is to the primary somatosensory cortex in
the postcentral gyrus
of the cortex
(Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3) |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
247 |
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Projection
from the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus to the cortex is somatopically organized in such a way that fibers from the ventral
posterior medial nucleus project to the face area, while different parts
of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus project to corresponding areas of body
representation in the cortex. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
247 |
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Intralaminar of nuclei of the
thalamus are enclosed within the internal medullary lamina in the caudal
thalamus. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
247 |
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Reticular formation of the brainstem constitutes the major input to intralaminar
nuclei. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
247 |
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Cerebellum fibers project on the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus. Collaterals of the system project on intralaminar nuclei. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
247 |
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Afferent fibers from the ascending pain pathways project largely on the ventral posterior nucleus of a thalamus but also on intralaminar nuclei. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
247 |
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Globus pallidus fibers project mainly on the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus. Collaterals of this projection
reach the intralaminar nuclei. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
247 |
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Cortical
fibers to the intralaminar
nuclei of the thalamus arise primarily from the motor and premotor areas. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
247 |
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In contrast to other thalamic
nuclei, connections between
the intralamina nuclei
and cerebral cortex are
not reciprocal. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
247 |
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Ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus links the somatosensory neural system from
the contralateral half of the body with the somatosensory cortex. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
247 |
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Ventral posterior medial nucleus links the somatosensory neural
system from the contralateral face and taste system with the somatosensory cortex. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
248 |
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Major afferent
and efferent connections of the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus (diagram) |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
249 |
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Reticular nucleus is a continuation of the reticular
formation of the brain
stem into the diencephalon. |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
249 |
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Reticular nucleus is unique among thalamic nuclei in that its axons
do not leave the
thalamus. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
249 |
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Intralamina nuclei and reticular nucleus collectively receive fibers from several sources, motor and sensory, and project diffusely to the cerebral cortex (through other thalamic nuclei). |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
249 |
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Intralamina, reticular, and midline nuclei belong to the nonspecific system of thalamic nuclei. They are concerned
with arousal, motor control, and the awareness of sensory experiences. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
249 |
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Reticular nucleus of the thalamus plays a role in integrating and gating activities of thalamic nuclei. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
249 |
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Multisource inputs and diffuse cortical projections of intralaminar nuclei and reticular nucleus enable them to play a role in cortical
arousal response. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
249 |
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Intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus via basal ganglia connections are involved in motor control mechanisms, and via input from ascending pain-mediating pathways, are also
involved in awareness
of painful sensory experience. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
250 |
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Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is a relay thalamic nucleus in the visual system. |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
250 |
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LGN receives fibers from the optic tract conveying impulses from both
retinae. LGN is laminated, and the inflow from each retina projects on different laminae (ipsilateral retina to laminae II, III, and V, contralateral retina to laminae I, IV, and VI). |
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Feedback fibers also a reach the LGN from the primary visual cortex (area 17) in the occipital lobes. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
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Modality-specific thalamic nuclei share the
following characteristics: (1) receive direct
inputs from long
ascending sensory tracts (somatosensory, visual, auditory)
or process information
from basal ganglia, cerebellum, or the limbic system; (2) have reciprocal connections with well-defined cortical areas. |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
251 |
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Multimodal
associative group of thalamic
nuclei receives no
direct inputs from
long ascending tracks and projects to association cortical areas. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
251 |
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Modality nonspecific and reticular groups receive inputs from the brainstem and reticular nuclei and have indirect and
diffuse cortical projections. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
251 |
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Stimulation of the modality-specific group of nuclei
elicits a cortical augmenting response. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
251 |
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Stimulation of the modality nonspecific nuclei elicits
a cortical recruiting response. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
251 |
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Based on their function, thalamic nuclei are grouped into
the following categories:
motor, sensory, limbic. |
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0 |
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Motor group
of thalamic nuclei
links the basal ganglia and cerebellum with the premotor and motor cortices. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
251 |
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Sensory group
of thalamic nuclei
links subcortical somatosensory,
visual, and auditory systems with their respective cortical areas. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
251 |
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Limbic group
of thalamic nuclei is
related to limbic structure. |
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0 |
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258 |
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Thalamus, a
part of the ascending reticular activating system, has a central role in the conscious state and attention. |
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Schematic diagram of a thalamic region (diagram) -- thalamus, lateral ventricle, third ventricle,
fornix, corpus callosum, cingulate gyrus, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus
pallidus, temporal lobe. |
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Basal ganglia
-- caudate, putamen, globus gallidus, nucleus accumbens. |
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275 |
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Striatum --
caudate, putamen, globus pallidus |
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0 |
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276 |
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Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum,
Thalamus -- schematic diagram of major cortical and subcortical neural structures involved in movement, behavior, and cognition. |
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1 |
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277 |
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Striatum
refers to the caudate nucleus and putamen. |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
279 |
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The corticostriate
projection comprises the most massive striate afferents. Almost all cortical areas contribute to this projection. |
|
2 |
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279 |
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Corticostriatal fibers are topographically organized into three distinct striatal territories: (1) sensorimotor, (2) associative, and (3) limbic. |
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0 |
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Corticostriate pathways are somatotopically organized so that cortical association
areas project preferentially to the caudate nucleus, whereas sensorimotor cortical
areas preferentially project to the putamen. (p.598) |
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Corticoputaminal projections are further organize in that the cortical
arm, leg, and face areas project to corresponding areas within the putamen. |
|
0 |
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Schematic diagram of the direct and indirect corticostriate projections. |
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0 |
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Basal ganglia
receives inputs from the cerebral cortex (major source) and subcortical structures. |
|
1 |
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280 |
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Basal ganglia
project back to the cerebral
cortex via the thalamus. |
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0 |
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Striatum is
the principal receptive structure of the basal ganglia. |
|
3 |
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Globus pallidus is the principal output structure of the basal ganglia. |
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0 |
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Simplified diagram of afferent and efferent connections of the basal ganglia. (diagram) |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
285 |
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Parallel
(and largely segregated) pathways of the cortex-basal
ganglia-thalamus-cortex.(diagram) |
|
1 |
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Basal ganglia
contain diverse neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. |
|
0 |
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285 |
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Motor loop pathway |
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0 |
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Five anatomic and functional
loops in parallel pathways of cortex, basal ganglia,
thalamus, cortex (diagram) |
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1 |
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Oculomotor loop pathway |
|
1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
287 |
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Dorsolateral prefrontal loop pathway |
|
0 |
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287 |
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Lateral orbitofrontal prefrontal
loop pathway |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
287 |
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Limbic loop
pathway |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
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Basal ganglia pathways (loops) are characterized
by parallel, segregated, and closed connections, in which little, if any,
intercommunication takes place. |
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Basal ganglia
function in motor
control. |
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Basal ganglia
role in cognition and emotion. |
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Basal ganglia motor function is subserved by the
motor and oculomotor loops. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
290 |
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Basal ganglia cognitive function is subserved by the prefrontal loops. |
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Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
290 |
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Basal ganglia emotion function is subserved by the limbic loop. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
290 |
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Activity
within the basal ganglia
is initiated at cortical levels. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
290 |
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Basal ganglia
are responsible for the automatic execution of a learned motor plan. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
290 |
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As a motor
skill is learned, the basal
ganglia take over the
role of automatically executing the learned strategy. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
290 |
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When basal
ganglia are damaged, the person must revert to a slower, less automatic, and less accurate cortical mechanism for motor
behavior. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
290 |
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Roles for the basal
ganglia in motor
control include the preparation
for movement. |
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The fact that
basal ganglia neurons respond to stimuli colored
by memory or significance indicates that the basal ganglia are involved with higher-order motor control. |
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1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
291 |
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Another possible function of the
basal ganglia is gating of sensorimotor processing. |
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In Parkinson's
disease, loss of dopamine (inhibitory) will allow cortical facilitation to stimulate the inhibitory basal ganglia output; decreases motor activity. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
291 |
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In Huntington's
chorea, loss of basal ganglia neurons results in a decrease in inhibitory output of the basal ganglia, with a resulting increase in motor system activity. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
291 |
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In addition to their role in motor control, the basal ganglia subserve cognitive function. |
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0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
291 |
|
Loss of dopamine in the nigrostriatal system is associated with Parkinson's
disease. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
292 |
|
Limbic loop
of the basal ganglia
may play a role in emotional and motivational
processes, and the genesis of Tourette syndrome. |
|
1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
292 |
|
Complementarity of basal ganglia and cerebellum in motor function. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
292 |
|
Basal ganglia
function as context encoders, providing to the cerebral cortex information that could be useful in planning
and gating of action.
(p.326) |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
292 |
|
Cerebellum
functions as a pattern generator and executor. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
292 |
|
Basal ganglia
subserve roles in cognitive function, emotion, and motivation. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
304 |
|
Dorsal surface of the cerebellum. (photo) |
|
12 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
305 |
|
Ventral surface of the cerebellum. (photo) |
|
1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
312 |
|
Schematic diagram showing major sources of input
to the cerebellum. |
|
7 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
326 |
|
Basal ganglia
function as detectors
of specific contexts,
providing to the cerebral cortex information that could be useful
in planning and gating of action.
(p.292) |
|
14 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
326 |
|
Cerebellum
functions in programming, execution, and termination of actions. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
338 |
|
Neocortex
comprises 90% of the cerebral cortex in humans. |
|
12 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
338 |
|
Allocortex
is three layered and phylogenetically older. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
338 |
|
Mesocortex
is found in much of the cingulate gyrus,
entorhinal, parahippocampal and orbital cortices. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
339 |
|
Neurons of
the cerebral cortex
are of two functional categories: (1) principal (projection)
neurons and (2) interneurons. |
|
1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
339 |
|
Cerebral cortex has its full
complement of neurons (10
to 20 billion) by the 18th week of intrauterine life. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
339 |
|
Pyramidal neurons -- apex
of the pyramid is directed toward the cortical surface. Each pyramidal
neuron has an apical dendrite directed toward the surface of the
cortex and several horizontally
oriented basal dendrites that arise from the base of the pyramid. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
339 |
|
Pyramidal neurons are found in all cortical areas
except layer 1.
They vary in size;
most are between 10 and 50 µm and height. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
343 |
|
Input to the cerebral cortex originates in four sites: (1) thalamus, (2) extrathalamic modulatory, (3) cortex of the same hemisphere (association fibers), (4) cortex of the contralateral hemisphere
(commissural fibers). |
|
4 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
343 |
|
Cortical input from the thalamus travels via two systems: Modality specific and nonspecific. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
343 |
|
Modality-specific thalamocortical system originates
in modality-specific thalamic nuclei (e.g. ventral anterior, ventral lateral, ventral posterior) |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
343 |
|
Nonspecific
thalamocortical system is related to the reticular system and originates in
nonspecific thalamic nuclei (intralaminar,
midline, and reticular
nuclei). |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
343 |
|
Fibers of
the nonspecific thalamocortical system project diffusely on all laminae. Intimately involved
in arousal response
and wakefulness. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
343 |
|
It was formally assumed that
essentially all afferent to the cortex arose from the thalamus. Now visualize monoaminergic and cholinergic processes. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
343 |
|
All neurons
in a vertical column are activated
selectively by the same
peripheral stimulus. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
350 |
|
Corticothalamic pathway arises from cortical areas that receive thalamic projections and thus constitutes a feedback mechanism by which the cerebral
cortex influences thalamic activity. |
|
7 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
350 |
|
Thalamocortical relationship is such that a thalamic nucleus that projects to a cortical area receives in turn a projection from that area. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
350 |
|
Reciprocal connection examples include the dorsomedial thalamus nucleus and
prefrontal cortex, anterior thalamic nucleus and cingulate cortex,
ventrolateral thalami nucleus and motor cortex, posterioventral thalami
nucleus and postcentral gyrus, medial geniculate nucleus and auditory cortex,
and lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
350 |
|
Corticothalamic input to the reticular thalamic nucleus is not reciprocal. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
350 |
|
Reticular nucleus receives afferents from almost all cortical areas but does not project back to the cerebral cortex. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
350 |
|
Reticular nucleus receives collaterals from all thalamocortical and all corticothalamic projections. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
350 |
|
Reticular nucleus is informed of activities passing in both directions between thalamus and cerebral cortex. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
350 |
|
Corticothalamic fibers descend in various parts of
the internal capsule and enter the thalamus in one bundle known as the 'thalamic radiation', which also includes the reciprocal thalamocortical fibers. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
351 |
|
Thalamocortical relationships, thalamus and cortex (diagram) |
|
1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
428 |
|
Hippocampus
(diagram) |
|
77 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
430 |
|
Major types of neurons and the hippocampus.(diagram) |
|
2 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
430 |
|
Fornix, hippocampus connections (diagram) |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
434 |
|
Each fornix contains 1.2 million axons of pyramidal neurons. |
|
4 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
435 |
|
Hippocampus
has a low threshold for seizure (epileptic) activity. |
|
1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
566 |
|
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed at the rate of 0.35 mL per minute (about 500 mL per day). Average volume in the adult is 130 mL, with 30 mL distributed in the ventricles and 100 mL in the subarachnoid space. |
|
131 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
595 |
|
Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract -- the most important descending tract -- from its origin in the cerebral cortex it descends through all levels of the
neuraxis except the cerebellum. |
|
29 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
595 |
|
Corticospinal tract arises primarily from the motor (area 4) and premotor (area 6) cortices and passes through the pyramids of the medulla oblongata. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
595 |
|
About 98%
of fibers of
the pyramidal track are crossed. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
595 |
|
Corticospinal tract is essential for skill and
precision in movement and
the execution of discrete fine finger movements. However, it cannot initiate these movements by
itself. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
595 |
|
Corticopontocerebellar tract constitutes by far the largest
component of the cortically-originating descending fiber system. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
595 |
|
It has been estimated that the corticopontocerebellar tract contains approximately 19 million
fibers in contrast to the pyramidal tract, which contains
approximately 1 million. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
596 |
|
Corticopontocerebellar tract is somatotopically organized. |
|
1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
596 |
|
Corticopontocerebellar tract is one of several pathways by which the cerebral cortex influences the cerebellum; it plays a role in the
rapid correction of movement. |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
598 |
|
Corticostriate pathways are somatotopically organized so that cortical association
areas project preferentially to the caudate nucleus, whereas sensorimotor cortical
areas preferentially project to the putamen. (p.279) |
|
2 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
635 |
|
Fig A4-6,
thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus, fornix, nucleus accumbens, caudate
nucleus, claustrum, corpus callosum |
|
37 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
636 |
|
Fig A4-7, Coronal section; midthalamus |
|
1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
637 |
|
Fig A4-9, Thalamus; dorsomedial nucleus of
thalamus, ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus, lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus,
internal capsule, ventral posterior lateral nucleus of thalamus, ventral
posterior medial nucleus of thalamus, subthalamic nucleus. |
|
1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
639 |
|
Fig A4-14, Hippocampus |
|
2 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
642 |
|
Fig A5-3, Principle inferior olive |
|
3 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
643 |
|
Fig A5-5, Inferior Olive |
|
1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
644 |
|
Fig A5-7, Facial nerves |
|
1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
644 |
|
Fig A5-8, Trigeminal nerve |
|
0 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
645 |
|
Fig A5-10, Trochlear nerve |
|
1 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
647 |
|
Fig A5-13, Superior colliculus. |
|
2 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
650 |
|
Fig A5-19, Brainstem, basal ganglia, caudate
nucleus, putamen |
|
3 |
Afifi; Functional Neuroanatomy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|