| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
|
|
| Book |
Page |
|
Topic |
|
|
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
11 |
|
Slips of action, absentmindedly driving to the office rather than the
shopping center on a Saturday morning. Occasionally devastating,
air accidents based on pilot
error.
[Stereotyped motor programs]
[FAPs] |
|
|
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
11 |
|
Behavior is
controlled at two
levels. One is relatively
automatic, based on habits
and schemas whereby predicable events give
rise to appropriate behavior (e.g., driving along
a familiar route). The other component, termed the
Supervisory Attentional System (SAS), is a mechanism for overriding
such habits, used when the existing habit patterns are no longer adequate (e.g., rerouting
around a traffic jam). [Stereotyped
motor programs] [FAPs] |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
13 |
|
Multicomponent working memory model assumes a four component system, comprising
(1) an attentional controller, the central executive, and three temporary storage
systems:(2) the visuospatial sketch pad, (3) the phonological loop, and (4) a more general integrated storage system, the episodic buffer. |
|
2 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
26 |
|
Chaining models -- items are stored and retrieved via a chain of associations. |
|
13 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
28 |
|
Primacy model
-- order is generated by
associating each successive item with the first item presented. |
|
2 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
35 |
|
Phonological loop |
|
7 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
60 |
|
Phonological loop: an overview |
|
25 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
63 |
|
Visuospatial short-term memory. |
|
3 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
67 |
|
Our visual
system takes in information through a number of separate sensory channels; coding features such as shape,
location, size and color. The different
channels combine to yield an integrated percept. |
|
4 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
68 |
|
One possibility for feature binding is synchronous firing. Firing in
synchrony leads to integration
of features that fire
together. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
69 |
|
von der Malsberg (1995), Binding in models of perception and brain function. |
|
1 |
| if you
are in a |
69 |
|
Singer and Gray (1995), visual
feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
83 |
|
Visuospatial sketchpad, capable of manipulating
visuospatial information as part of the overall working memory system. |
|
14 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
104 |
|
Recency Effect -- extending from seconds to years.
Probably of recalling an item = discrimination ratio = (Time between item presentation and the nearest competitor)/(Time interval
between item presentation and recall time) |
|
21 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
104 |
|
Over a very
wide range of situations extending from seconds to years, the probability of recalling an
individual item is influenced by the recency effect. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
106 |
|
Constant ratio hypothesis --
equal target-competitor ratio yields equal performance. |
|
2 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
106 |
|
Ability to discriminate
among memories decreases as the memories become more remote. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
109 |
|
Weber's law
applies to vision, sound and smell. |
|
3 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
109 |
|
Whole memory
systems need to solve the problems of encoding, storage and retrieval. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
110 |
|
When an item or situation is encoded,
those representations involved in the processing will automatically be activated, resulting in the priming of that representation, making it subsequently easier to reactivate. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
110 |
|
Total available capacity of
activation is limited, hence the presentation and priming each
successive item will reduce
the activation level of previously primed items. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
110 |
|
The recency
effect results from the fact that the most recently primed items
will be the most readily accessible. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
110 |
|
Recency effects may extend over many months. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
111 |
|
Priming may
operate in a number of different representational levels, including the phonological. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
111 |
|
Multiple concurrent recency
effects.
|
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
111 |
|
May have a large number of simultaneous recency effects reflecting different aspects of long-term
memory. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
114 |
|
Remembering
where you parked your car benefits from the recency effect. |
|
3 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
115 |
|
Amnesic patients have no idea what they would be doing in even a few minutes
time. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
115 |
|
Episodic memory provides the means of achieving 'mental
time travel', allowing us to move back into the
past and recollect earlier experiences, and to formulate plans and expectations for the future. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
115 |
|
Recency effect is what allows us to orient ourselves in time and space. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
115 |
|
Recency effect is what provides the reference on which our location in the present and projection into the future can be founded. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
115 |
|
Without the recency
mechanism, we would have great difficulty knowing
where we are in time. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
115 |
|
If we do not know
where we are now, we have little chance of
knowing where we will be in the future, and hence will be doomed to live
in the permanent present. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
115 |
|
Profoundly amnesic, unable to remember for more than
a few seconds, locked in the present with little memory of the past and no capacity to anticipate the future. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
115 |
|
Recency effect is one of the most stable and
reliable phenomena within the study of human memory. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
117 |
|
Central executive is the most important subsystem of the three-component working memory model. |
|
2 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
117 |
|
Limited capacity focus of attention capable of
holding about four chunks of information. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
117 |
|
Four important executive component processes --
capacity to focus attention, to divide attention, to switch attention and to provide a link between working memory and long-term memory. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
120 |
|
Norman and Shallice model
assumes that action is controlled at two levels Much of our behavior is dependent
on overlearned existing schemata, which are largely under stimulus control. Novel behavior or actions in emergency are dependent on a second process, the supervisory attentional system (SAS)
which is normally capable of overruling any
habitual action.
[Stereotyped motor programs]
[FAPs] |
|
3 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
124 |
|
Executive processes: (1) capacity to focus attention, (2) capacity to divide attention between two concurrent tasks, (3) capacity
to switch attention
from one task to another,
(4) capacity to integrate working memory and long-term
memory. |
|
4 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
124 |
|
Capacity to direct and focus
attention is perhaps
the most crucial feature of working memory. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
124 |
|
Capacity of an expert pianist to sight read and play a musical score and shadow prose at the same time with little or no apparent
interference.
[Stereotyped motor programs]
[FAPs] |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
126 |
|
Hick's Law
is, reaction time increases logarithmically with the number of stimulus response alternatives. |
|
2 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
126 |
|
Habit-based automatic processes become ever
more efficient. [Stereotyped motor programs] [FAPs] |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
131 |
|
Phonological loop holds a limited number of items which it keeps readily available to conscious awareness. |
|
5 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
132 |
|
Speech may play an important
role in the control of action. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
132 |
|
Role of speech in the development of thought processes. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
132 |
|
Role of speech in the control of action. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
133 |
|
Split our attention across more than one task. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
133 |
|
Cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer's
disease. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
134 |
|
Deciding whether a forgetful patient was likely to be
suffering from Alzheimer's disease. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
134 |
|
Attentional deficits associated with Alzheimer's
disease. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
134 |
|
Decline in speed of processing has been
proposed as the principal deficit in normal aging. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
136 |
|
Capacity to combine
tasks as being a
potentially dissociable executive skill, one that is surprisingly well
preserved in the normal
elderly. |
|
2 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
137 |
|
Wisconsin card sorting test
(WCST) |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
137 |
|
Adequate social
behavior requires a capacity
for dual task
performance. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
138 |
|
Capacity to focus
a limited capacity system is broadly accepted as
a feature of most current attentional theories. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
138 |
|
Capacity to
switch attention. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
138 |
|
Capacity to divide
attention. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
138 |
|
Capacity to link
long-term and working memory. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
139 |
|
Attentional control system -- capacity to focus, to divide, to switch attention. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
140 |
|
Phonological loop has evolved from systems that were specialized for speech perception (phonological store) and production (articulatory rehearsal system). |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
140 |
|
Working memory is certainly dependent on long-term memory, but in so many
different ways as to make a simple definition of working memory with
activated long-term memory quite unhelpful. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
143 |
|
Immediate memory for sentential material is typically substantially greater than span for unrelated words. |
|
3 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
147 |
|
Episodic buffer, fourth complement of working memory. |
|
4 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
147 |
|
Alan Baddeley
has his revised model of
working memory that
includes an episodic
buffer in addition to the central executive, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the phonological loop communicating
with the long-term memory. (diagram) |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
148 |
|
A central feature of the episodic buffer is his role in binding information from diverse sources into unified chunks. [Gestalts] |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
148 |
|
Distinguish between static and
dynamic binding. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
148 |
|
Structural factors that
facilitate perceptual binding
are Gestalt principles
such as continuity and closure. [Gestalts] |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
148 |
|
Dynamic binding involves the novel combinations of items that may be combined in
many different ways. [Gestalts] |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
148 |
|
Episodic buffer is assumed to be a temporary
storage able to combine information from the phonological loop, the sketchpad, long-term memory, perceptual input, into a coherent episode. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
148 |
|
Flow of information from the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad occurs indirectly through the executive. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
148 |
|
Episodic buffer is assumed to be the basis of conscious
awareness. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
148 |
|
Principal function of consciousness is to bind together information gleaned from separate perceptual
channels such as color,
shape and location, into coherent objects. [Gestalts]
[Edelman's dynamic core] |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
150 |
|
Phonological component may be maintained through subvocalization. |
|
2 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
151 |
|
Rehearsal
within the episodic buffer is analogous to continued attention to a particular representation. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
153 |
|
Episodic buffer is the principal link between working memory and the
long-term memory. |
|
2 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
153 |
|
Episodic buffer is concerned with integrating and maintaining specific individual episodes. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
154 |
|
Hippocampus
may play a role in binding
new information within the episodic buffer with existing information in long-term memory. [Gestalts] [Edelman's dynamic core] |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
154 |
|
Theory of binding |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
154 |
|
Binding via
synchronization -- components of a single scene are integrated through the synchronous firing of the relevant units. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
154 |
|
Capacity of
visual working memory is limited to about four objects, regardless of how many features each object comprises. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
154 |
|
Number-of-objects limit is set by the interference due to overlap of firing as the
number of objects increases. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
154 |
|
fMRI studies,
consonants activating
the areas in the left hemisphere typically associated with phonological
loop; locations typically activated for the visual equivalents, principally
in the right hemisphere. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
157 |
|
Two broad classes of binding: (1) one is relatively passive, dependent on automatic processes, (2) the other is active and attentionally
demanding. |
|
3 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
157 |
|
Automatic binding: influence of gestalt perceptual principles such as proximity and continuity on structuring a visual scene. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
157 |
|
Active binding: combining an arbitrary set of
features into a single chunk. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
157 |
|
Possible to hold four objects in working memory with each object potentially comprising
an extensive range of features. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
158 |
|
Binding of features into objects is an automatic process and does not require attention. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
159 |
|
Binding objects into chunks, with gestalt principles such as symmetry, continuity and completion facilitating binding. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
159 |
|
Gestalt principle of symmetry was encoded automatically and
readily in the vertical plane, an effect that also occurs for the
perception of symmetry, possibly reflecting the importance in the environment
of vertically symmetrical objects. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
160 |
|
Binding of individual words into higher-level
semantic chunks. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
160 |
|
Prose comprehension is a
complex activity. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
161 |
|
Highly intelligent but densely amnesic patients |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
163 |
|
Amnesic patient who was an
expert on laser technology |
|
2 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
165 |
|
Sentential form and semantic compatibility enhances memory, with scrambled sentences being easier than scramble words, and coherent sets of sentences being easiest. |
|
2 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
169 |
|
Bind together information from a number of
sources, both within and between modalities. |
|
4 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
170 |
|
Within-modality binding is likely to reflect an automatic rather than executive process. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
170 |
|
Chaining models in which each item serves as a cue for the next. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
171 |
|
Bayesian retrieval process that takes advantage of differential
phonotactic probabilities. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
171 |
|
Executive processes play a relatively small part in prose
recall. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
171 |
|
Binding capacity of episodic
memory |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
172 |
|
Active binding within the multicomponent working memory model
is assumed to depend on
the central executive. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
173 |
|
Direct links
between the visuospatial
and phonological
subsystems and the multidimensional episodic
buffer. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
173 |
|
Working memory is beginning to be accepted as simply one of a range of
important systems underlying complex cognition, many of which operate relatively
automatically. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
180 |
|
All of the variance in cognitive function resulting from age can be captured in a single
factor, speed of processing. |
|
7 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
181 |
|
Many different functions decline in parallel as we
grow older. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
181 |
|
Speed measures may provide powerful predictors of performance decline. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
182 |
|
Strong association between working memory span and reading comprehension. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
185 |
|
Multicomponent working memory
model |
|
3 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
187 |
|
Working memory span, a very powerful predictor of a wide range of cognitive activities. A series of brief tests that do not rely
heavily on prior knowledge. |
|
2 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
189 |
|
Working memory span, typically measured by tasks requiring the combined short-term storage and manipulation of information, is
capable of predicting a remarkably wide range of
complex cognitive tasks. |
|
2 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
193 |
|
Inhibition hypothesis. Importance of inhibition as a determinant of cognitive performance. |
|
4 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
193 |
|
Cognitive decline associated with aging may reflect a reduced capacity for
inhibition. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
193 |
|
Interference effects in working memory. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
195 |
|
Inhibition
resource hypothesis. A very wide
range of cognitive activity depends on the
capacity to inhibit competing or unwanted streams
of information or response habits. |
|
2 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
203 |
|
Central executive multicomponent. |
|
8 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
203 |
|
Central executive depends largely, but almost certainly not exclusively, on the
frontal lobes. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
212 |
|
The brain is the constant
activity. |
|
9 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
212 |
|
PET studies
based on blood flow
have been very effective in identifying broad
areas of sustained activation, but because of the time taken for the radioactive material to be circulated,
absorbed and detected, this method is not suitable for identifying
processes that change rapidly. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
212 |
|
With PET, there is a need for medical
supervision in addition to the requirements of physiochemical, engineering, and statistical support, making this
a very expensive
tool. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
213 |
|
In the fMRI
imaging technique, no
radioactivity is involved. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
213 |
|
fMRI imaging is
capable of detecting changes as they occur in real time. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
213 |
|
In fMRI
imaging, the spatial
resolution depends upon the strength of the magnet, with early studies typically having
magnets of 1.5 Tesla,
whereas currently, strengths up to 7 Tesla are increasingly used. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
213 |
|
Although fMRI magnets are expensive, the system as a whole is less expensive to run than PET, and given its temporal and spatial resolution,
is used increasingly widely for studies of cognitive function. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
213 |
|
fMRI can be
used repeatedly on
the same subject. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
213 |
|
Event related imaging of fMRI. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
235 |
|
Behavior is
controlled by two
processes: the first involves control by automatic schemata, allowing
well-established and habitual patterns of behavior to control routine
activities. [Stereotyped motor
programs] [FAPs] When automatic control proves inadequate,
a second more attentionlly demanding component, the supervisory attention system (SAS)
provides the functionality. |
|
22 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
236 |
|
Theory of executive
control must take into account the more automatic and schema-driven aspects
of the system. [Stereotyped motor
programs] [FAPs] |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
243 |
|
Initiation of movement is mostly associated with the primary motor cortex, while the sense of awareness appears to depend upon the supplementary
motor area. |
|
7 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
258 |
|
Cognition
in extreme emotion --
difficult to think calmly, persistently and coherently while experiencing an
extreme emotion. |
|
15 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
272 |
|
Craving,
the extreme form of desire that tends to be associated with addiction. |
|
14 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
277 |
|
General anxiety disorder (GAD) |
|
5 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
277 |
|
Anxiety as
reflected in GAD tends to be externally focused on potential sources of threat,
preparing for fight or flight. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
277 |
|
Depression
appears to have less effect on the attention than anxiety. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
277 |
|
Depression
tends to be internally
focused, rumination on
negative thoughts, tending to apathy rather than action. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
287 |
|
Extreme emotions such as anger, fear and lust. |
|
10 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
294 |
|
Working memory model that includes the emotional factors (diagram) |
|
7 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
298 |
|
Orbitofrontal cortex (OBF) |
|
4 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
300 |
|
Fear, craving and depression all disrupt working memory in ways that support the claim by Damasio and LeDoux that the transformation of physiological and emotional
stimuli into psychological
feelings is mediated
by working memory. |
|
2 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
302 |
|
Global workspace hypothesis |
|
2 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
302 |
|
Core consciousness can best be understood by contrasting the state of consciousness with the state of being unconscious. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
302 |
|
Consciousness
in this sense is absent
in deep sleep, deep coma, and under deep anaesthesia. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
302 |
|
Core consciousness is not
an all-or-none state. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
302 |
|
Basic difference between sleep, coma and wakefulness appears to reflect the
operation of the upper brainstem, the hypothalamus and thalamus. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
302 |
|
During deep,
NREM sleep, we appear to
lack any awareness. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
302 |
|
Conscious awareness appears to be closely related to
executive control, and hints to the operation of working memory. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
302 |
|
Working memory
is presumed to have evolved to serve a range of functions,
including the provision of workspace where information
from many disparate sources can be combined and
used both to understand our current situation and to plan future action. [recursion] [Bayesian inference] [Fuster's
perception-action cycle] |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
302 |
|
Core consciousness is a term coined by Damasio. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
302 |
|
Consciousness
is absent in deep sleep, deep coma and deep anesthesia. The fact that depth
has to be specified clearly implies that core consciousness is not an all-or-none state. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
302 |
|
Basic difference between sleep, coma and wakefulness appears to reflect the
operation of the upper brain stem, the hypothalamus and thalamus. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
302 |
|
In deep
sleep, we appear to lack
any awareness. In other levels of sleep, such as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the presence of dreams which can sometimes be subsequently
recalled, clearly implies some form of consciousness. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
303 |
|
During REM
sleep, the presence of dreams, which can sometimes be subsequently recalled, implies some form of consciousness, a state that is also reflected in the electrical activities of the brain. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
303 |
|
Persistent vegetative state typically reflects damage to the upper
brainstem and hypothalamus, and may involve a normal
sleep/wake cycle, but show no evidence of the patients being aware of their surroundings. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
303 |
|
Locked-in syndrome -- the unfortunate patient may be
entirely aware of what
is going on, but be unable to respond due to
paralysis, other than minimally, typically by moving
the eyes. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
303 |
|
Depth of coma
is a medically important variable which in the
case of head injury
parlays with the likelihood of recovery. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
303 |
|
Depth of coma
is a
medically important variable, which has been quantized on the scale of
the Wessex Head Injury Monitor (WHIM). |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
303 |
|
Wessex Head Injury Monitor
(WHIM) scale, based on the fact that despite some
variability, functions tend to recover broadly in the same order. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
303 |
|
A patient may recover
from coma but yet appear to be quite unaware of his or her
surroundings. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
303 |
|
Epileptic automatism; a patient might stand up, cross the room, open a door and go
out, subsequently recovering consciousness and having no memory of the last
few moments. Epileptic activity
influencing the cingulate cortex and/or thalamus. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
303 |
|
Consciousness without action as well as action without
consciousness. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
303 |
|
Akinetic mutism; patient may be entirely conscious but unable to initiate
activity; not due to motor paralysis but to a deficit in the capacity to initiate action. Tends to reflect damage
to the cingulate cortex. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
304 |
|
Consciousness under anesthesia |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
311 |
|
Attention
is necessary for consciousness. |
|
7 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
313 |
|
It is possible for a masked fearful face to result in an
unconscious priming,
because there are dedicated neural systems in the superior colliculus,
pulvinar, and right amygdala that subserve the
attribution of emotional priming to faces. |
|
2 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
313 |
|
Conscious mind is not modular, comprising a distributed neural system or
workspace with long-distance connectivity that can potentially interconnect
multiple specialized brain areas in a
coordinated, though variable matter.
[Edelman's dynamic core] |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
314 |
|
Top-down attentional
amplification is the
mechanism by which modular processes can be temporarily mobilized and made available to the global workspace, and therefore to
consciousness. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
314 |
|
Global workspace processing will only become conscious if it is amplified, and maintained over some minimal period of time. Within the working memory model, this could be regarded as utilizing the central executive to ensure
storage in the episodic buffer. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
314 |
|
Neural processing will only become conscious if it is amplified and maintained over some minimal period of time. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
314 |
|
Utilizing the central executive to ensure
storage in the episodic buffer. This process may
occur across many different modular systems. Absence of sharp anatomical delineation of the workspace system. Consistent with the
assumption of the episodic buffer. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
314 |
|
Each
individual brain has multiple representations of itself
at different levels, extending from the basic
subcortical homeostatic mechanisms through the representation of the body at a somatic, kinesthetic and motor level,
up to the personal representation of a concept of
our bodies and faces, and such long-term memory representations
as autobiographical
and episodic memories. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
314 |
|
Consciousness
and working memory. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
314 |
|
Consciousness
serves as a mental workspace, a very powerful mechanism for registering
the environment and relating it to past experience, which can in turn be used to model
the present, and using that model, to simulate
and hence to predict
the future and plan further action. [Edelman's
'remembered present'] |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
315 |
|
Qualia -- philosophical term for conscious experience such as the
particular redness of a rose. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
315 |
|
Working memory includes an episodic buffer, a multidimensional storage device actively controlled by the executive. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
315 |
|
At the heart of a consciousness mechanism lies a capacity for the temporary
storage and manipulation
of information, which is the hallmark of working memory. [Fuster's
perception-action cycle] |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
315 |
|
Visuospatial sketch pad as the seat of phenomenological
experience of visual
imagery, and the central
executive as the attentional controller. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
315 |
|
Subsidiary visuospatial and
phonolological subsystems of working memory in visual and auditory imagery. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
315 |
|
Episodic buffer is a multidimensional storage
device actively controlled
by the executive. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
316 |
|
Episodic buffer is a limited capacity system for holding
representations, with its capacity potentially
being increased by multidimensional
chunking. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
316 |
|
Episodic buffer represents events that are currently in conscious awareness.
Much of the machinery that feeds the buffer is probably not typically open to
conscious manipulation. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
316 |
|
Attentionally limited executive
resources; multidimensional
chunking, multidimensional storage. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
316 |
|
Phonological loop depends on rehearsal. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
317 |
|
Social behavior as a form of action. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
317 |
|
External queuing of automatic responses. There is much
evidence to suggest that implicit cues of this type may be important in the control
of movement.
[Stereotyped motor programs]
[FAPs] |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
318 |
|
Produce an action by stimulating the appropriate
area of the cortex.
(Penfield 1958). |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
318 |
|
Patients with bilateral damage
to the frontal lobes
sometimes show behavior
that appears to be excessively driven by the
immediate stimulus situation. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
318 |
|
Dysexecutive syndrome that may accompany frontal lobe damage. Actions are typically part of a well-learned pattern that is strongly linked to some aspect of
the stimulus situation. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
318 |
|
Affordance
of an object, its potential for use. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
319 |
|
Objects have affordance for
normal persons. Such a affordances
play an important role in the capacity to function efficiently in a rich and
complex environment. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
319 |
|
Socially inappropriate
triggering of the afforded
behavior is inhibited by a social convention,
or by the domination of action by some other more high-level
plan or script. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
319 |
|
Tourette's syndrome, behavior is emitted as if by some powerful stimulus outside the patients control. Utter irrelevant
words, which may often be obscenities, causing the patient considerable embarrassment. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
319 |
|
Queuing of an inappropriate
action by the environment. Mental
lapses. Absent-mindedness |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
320 |
|
Blindsight
-- blindness and part of the visual field as a result of damage to the occipital lobes of
the cortex. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
320 |
|
We do not
have a good conscious access to the detailed information we are using to perform familiar but complex actions
sequences.
[Stereotyped motor programs]
[FAPs] |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
320 |
|
Anosognosia,
patients may claim to have made a movement even though they have not done so. Anosognosia, is by no
means limited to defective control of action. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
320 |
|
Anosognosia
is typically associated with damage to the right hemisphere of the brain,
hence almost always affects the left but not the right limb. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
328 |
|
Aphasic patients are unable to produce speech
sounds in the correct order. |
|
8 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
328 |
|
Supplementary Motor Area, (SMA), a higher order of motor control
area concerned with coordination
between different movements. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
329 |
|
Hallucinations and delusions form some of the more striking positive
symptoms associated with schizophrenia. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
330 |
|
Schizophrenic patients often appear to experience voices
'in the head'. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
330 |
|
Auditory hallucinations are increased by presenting unstructured fluctuating noise, and
reduced by
presenting more structured stimuli
such as speech or music,
or by requiring the patient to read aloud. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
330 |
|
Schizophrenic
patients' brains generate the voices subvocally via the phonological loop. Random noise
provides input that can be interpreted as language, whereas structurally coherent music, speech
and articulatory suppression appear to
disrupt the cycle of subvocal generation, and prevent auditory hallucination |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
330 |
|
Auditory hallucinations involve an auditory quasi-verbal experience which appears to
be self-generated but
is perceived as external.
They seem to be part of a more general category of delusions of control which
reflect a disorder of self-monitoring.. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
330 |
|
Symptoms of schizophrenia are commonly divided into two categories: positive and negative. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
330 |
|
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia involve distortions of behavior and experience such as delusions of persecution and
feelings of grandeur, hallucinations of a visual or an auditory nature, feelings of
depersonalization and delusions of agency, whereby the patient feels that he
or she is being controlled by outside powers. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
330 |
|
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include depressed affect and impaired cognitive processing, which may extend to attention and frequently also includes impaired episodic memory. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
330 |
|
Schizophrenic patients often appear to experience 'voices
in the head'.
Voices often make critical remarks about the patient. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
330 |
|
Neuroimaging studies implicate Broca's area and auditory hallucinations. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
331 |
|
Confabulations of patients with formal damage. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
331 |
|
Theory of mind' -- capacity to intuit what other people are thinking. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
331 |
|
Capacity to put
oneself in another person's position, taking
account of what they do and do not know, in order to predict their behavior. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
331 |
|
Capacity to put
oneself in another person's position is
particularly in autism,
and may be compromised even when the level of intellectual
functioning is otherwise
high. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
332 |
|
Extent to which social behavior is largely controlled by automatic
processes.
No reason to assume that consciously mediated actions are controlled
and in a different way. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
334 |
|
Control of action is complex and operates at a range of different levels. |
|
2 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
339 |
|
Qualia --
philosophical term for conscious experience such as the particular redness of
a rose. |
|
5 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
339 |
|
Qualia are simply one feature of
the biological environment. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
342 |
|
Damasio
distinguishes between the core self and the autobiographical self. Core self is reflected in core consciousness, which in the
multicomponent working memory framework would be identified with the episodic buffer. |
|
3 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
342 |
|
Core consciousness is crucially dependent on a number of separable sources, some
of which are physiologically based, and referred to by Damasio as proto-self. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
342 |
|
Core self would certainly require the executive
control capacities of the central executive, and on occasions
would also involve the phonological and visuospatial subsystems. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
342 |
|
Actions are
likely to be based on the complex, historically based conglomerations of habits, beliefs and attitudes that comprise the autobiographical self. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
342 |
|
Autobiographical self is stable but continuously developing and changing and is
heavily dependent on autobiographical memory. |
|
0 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
343 |
|
Autobiographical self is not a simple unitary system,
but can better be regarded as reflecting multiple
selves. |
|
1 |
| Baddeley;
Working Memory |
344 |
|
An enormous amount of our activity is controlled automatically on the
basis of environmental cues, existing habits and schemata [Stereotyped motor programs] [FAPs], supplemented when necessary by
automatic conflict resolution processes. |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|