| Calvin; Neil's Brain | |||||
| Book | Page | Topic | |||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 52 | PET images, seeing words, hearing words, speaking words, generating words - (illustrations) | |||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 60 | Woodrow Wilson suffered a right-brain stroke during the Versailles Conference just after World War I. It did not paralyze him, but his fellow statesmen noticed that his personality seemed to change overnight; he became harsh and vindictive, whereas earlier he had been farsighted and consiliatory. He also became more socially outgoing rather than showing his usual reticence. Then a few weeks later, he suffered another stroke that paralyzed his left side. | 8 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 60 | Woodrow Wilson couldn't argue effectively for League of Nations membership before Congress. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 60 | Woodrow Wilson had suffered a series of strokes, starting at age 39 when he was a history professor at Princeton. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 61 | By far the strangest aspect of right parietal lobe damage is what neurologist now call "denial of illness." | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 61 | When Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas suffered a right brain stroke in 1974, he denied his illness, even issuing a press release that suggested his left arm had been injured in a fall. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 62 | Many other features, such as defective body image, are associated with the right brain damage. | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 62 | Right brain winds up with what is seen by both eyes on the left side of the visual world. Some patients with right brain strokes tend to ignore anything on the left side of the visual world. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 65 | Unusually good function of the right brain is said to characterize those who excel in the visual arts: painters, sculptors, architects, moviemakers. | 3 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 65 | Deaf patients using sign language are just as impaired with left-brain strokes as the rest of us, and their sign language is just as unimpaired by a right-brain strokes as ours is. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 65 | People have wondered if the pictographs of some Asian languages involve the right brain. But a language, no matter how it is implemented, seems to be a language -- even for pictographs or hand gestures. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 65 | Some emotional aspects of prosody -- the way your voice rises at the beginning of a question or falls at the end of a sentence -- are affected by right brain strokes. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 65 | People with right-brain strokes sometimes talk in a more monotone than they did before. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 66 | Right-brain strokes and left-brain strokes have different symptoms. | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 66 | Left-brain for language, right brain for spatial skills. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 66 | For every patient who has bilateral or right brain language, they are 13 with left brain language. Yet, lateralization of spatial skills to the right brain is not the reverse. Nothing there is a strongly lateralized as even six to one. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 68 | Right temporal lobe is interested in faces. | 2 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 70 | Right cerebral hemisphere -- extracts facial features; associates features with biography; proper names. (diagram) | 2 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 70 | Reading the emotional state of another member of your species is probably more important for sexual selection than for staying alive. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 71 | A series of steps in recognizing a face as a familiar person. | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 71 | One of the higher-order visual areas, running along the underside of the temporal lobe, is particularly good at extracting facial features such as eyebrows. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 71 | Front of the temporal lobe is thought to be involved with storing biographical information and proper names. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 71 | An association area in the temporal lobe relates facial features to biographical information. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 71 | Although areas of the brain have specialties, information is usually stored redundantly over a wide area. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 71 | Removing the front end of one temporal lobe still leaves the other temporal tip. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 72 | Right-brain mechanisms in mathematics; extremely gifted in mathematics, regardless of schooling or environmental emphasis, most of whom are male. | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 72 | Patients with Broca's aphasia can often say words that they can't speak. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 72 | Music depends on both sides of the brain. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 72 | Disturbance of musical abilities in professional musicians usually takes left-brain damage. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 73 | As you gain proficiency in music, it is increasingly organized like a language, dependent on your left brain. | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 73 | Activity in neurons in the temporal lobe while patients listen to music. Short recordings of classical music caused activity to decrease. Classical music may be soothing. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 73 | In music with a pronounced rhythm, activity of some neurons was entrained by the beat, just as if the neurons were clapping in unison. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 73 | In rock music with a heavy beat, the activity of neurons usually increases, and their firing patterns become more emphatic. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 73 | Some researchers, commenting half-seriously about rock music, say that neurons are firing in the "bursting" pattern reminiscent of that seen in recordings from epileptic areas. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 73 | Language is not solely a function of the left hemisphere, but the changes after right-brain strokes are more subtle than the dramatic language changes seen in left-brain strokes. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 73 | When you hear a sentence, you have to make a mental model for what that string of sounds represents. A full understanding of an utterance may well involve many right-brain functions. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 73 | Spontaneous speech of right-brain stroke patients is often rambling. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 74 | Left-brain strokes causing aphasia. | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 74 | While the left brain may be more involved with the building blocks of language, the right brain is quite helpful in interpreting it all. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 79 | Paul's vision on the road to Damascus; van Gogh; Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels; Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland; possible temporal lobe epileptics. | 5 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 79 | Grand mal -- generalized seizures start out the same way as focal seizures, but they recruit more circuitry and progress farther through the brain. Patient will stiffen all over. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 80 | To form generalized seizures, focal seizures co-opt the selective attention circuitry. Some neurons seem to have connections to everywhere, such as those neural circuits that help keep you awake and alert. Seizure spreads into that system and then gets broadcast everywhere. | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 81 | Selective attention seems like a spotlight, highlighting some aspects of the sensory environment while keeping others in the background. | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 81 | Selective attention is perhaps the closest we will come to finding one system in the brain that determines the current content of our conscious experience. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 81 | Various parts of the frontal lobe and brainstem are used in orienting toward a stimulus. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 81 | Staying alert for a particular type of stimulus. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 82 | Both anterior and posterior attention systems have many subcortical partners in doing their job, especially in the thalamus. Brainstem mechanisms for arousal from sleep are a fairly general system, but the system in the thalamus is more specific. | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 85 | Paying attention conflicts with recalling things from short-term memory. | 3 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 86 | Immediate working memory, short-term post-distractional memory, and long-term consolidated memory seem to involve different brain mechanisms. | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 86 | When selective attention is not directing you toward the external world, you can browse through memories, either in search of something specific, or more free-form retrieval called fantasy or daydreaming. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 87 | Defective functions in the selective attention circuits seem to be the basis for attention deficit syndrome. | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 87 | In attention deficit syndrome, a child has difficulty sustaining attention. This might involve selective attention circuits passing through the left thalamus. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 87 | In autism, there is an overall limitation in attending to the external environment, especially in attending to the presence of other people and perhaps to verbal information. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 87 | Autism is coupled with severe distractibility and an intense focusing of intention on a limited selection of environmental features. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 87 | Many autistic children are also mentally retarded. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 87 | Sometimes autism is a result of brain damage in early life. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 87 | Autism seems to have a genetic components. Maternal twins are likely to be autistic; fraternal twins are not. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 89 | Dendrites of each neuron rise up through a few layers of the cortex connecting with many different input sources. | 2 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 89 | Each neuron is a node where thousands of circuits converge. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 89 | Each neuron sums-up thousands of influences on its dendrites and responds by sending out signals on its axon. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 89 | The fourth layer gets most of its inputs from the thalamus. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 90 | Paths in and out of the cerebral cortex - (illustration) | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 90 | Layer IV is typically the input layer. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 90 | Layers V and VI are typically output layers. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 90 | Layers I - III provide interconnections, sideways connections. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 92 | Corticocortical connections are organized in columns; corpus callosum - (illustration) | 2 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 92 | About 148,000 neurons beneath a square millimeter of cortical surface; organized into minicolumns of about 100 neurons each, which are sometimes organized into macrocolumns of about 300 minicolumns. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 93 | Korbinian Brodmann early in the 20th century defined 52 cortical areas based upon neuron size and relative thickness of the cortical layers. | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 94 | Cortex diagram of pyramidal neurons - (illustration) | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 105 | Temporal summation and spatial summation of neuron inputs - (illustration) | 11 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 106 | Inhibitory synapses oppose excitatory synapses. Inhibitory typically have a pore that doesn't pass sodium ions, just potassium or chloride ions; resulting in a potential that opposes the excitatory. | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 106 | About 40% of a neuron's inputs are inhibitory. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 106 | It's all a balancing act between excitatory and inhibitory. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 107 | More than a dozen types of pores into neurons. | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 107 | When neurons become active, they need more oxygen and glucose. Measure the increased blood flow with PET scans and functional MRI. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 108 | Temporary changes in synaptic strength such as synaptic depression and facilitation probably underlie our fading short-term memories. | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 108 | Following a burst of impulses, any pulse in the next minute or so may release more than the standard amount of neurotransmitter. When longer times and more impulses are involved, it can lead to Long Term Potentiation (LTP). | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 108 | Some short-term changes provide the scaffoling for making permanent changes. | 0 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 226 | Association cortex -- all the neocortex except for the primary sensory and motor areas. | 118 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 227 | Coherence between different brain areas, higher frequency range about 25 to 70 Hz, links together the separate areas. | 1 | ||
| Calvin; Neil's Brain | 282 | Hebbian cell assembly -- spatiotemporal pattern of neuronal activity. | 55 | ||