Nelson
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
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Book |
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Topic |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
27 |
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Intricate relation between memory and attention. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
27 |
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Visual sensory storage persists for a few hundred
milliseconds, whereas auditory
sensory storage persists longer, for a matter of seconds. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
27 |
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Research suggests two phases of sensory storage in the visual and tactile modalities. In each
modality there is persistence of sensation for several hundred milliseconds followed by a second
phase of storage for a number
of seconds
that is perceived not as an afterimage, but as a vivid
recollection of the stimulus. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
28 |
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Short-term memory viewed as a linkage of currently active elements in long-term memory. |
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1 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
28 |
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Backward masking of recognition -- identification of a brief target stimulus is impaired by a second,
masking stimulus
presented in the same
modality, if it is physically
similar
and follows within
200 ms. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
29 |
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The orienting response is a combination of transient physiological and motoric responses that include cessation of movement, slowing of
the heart,
an increased perceptual sensitivity. |
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1 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
29 |
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A second
phase of sensory
memory can be considered an activation of sensory features in long-term memory, in a manner similar
to the activation of non-sensory
features that is said to represent short-term memory. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
29 |
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It has been suggested that what
has been seen as the "selective filter" of attention is actually intrinsic to the long-term memory activation process. It is viewed not
as active screening
out of unselected stimuli but as habituation of the attentional
orienting response for a repeated
pattern of stimulation. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
29 |
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The orienting response occurs for novel stimuli and sometimes for a particularly significant stimuli. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
29 |
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With the orienting and habituation process, the focus of attention would be controlled in two fundamentally different ways. First, gross
physical changes in the input sensory pattern would elicit
an orienting response; or alternatively, especially significant stimuli might sometimes do this.
Second, any stimulus or any features in long-term memory could be selected by a
voluntary attentional focus or spotlight. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
30 |
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Nested
relationship of activated memory as a subset of long-term
memory. |
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1 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
31 |
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Memory storage, selective
attention,
and their mutual constraints within the human
information processing system (diagram) |
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1 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
44 |
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Habituation
of orienting and its
suggested role as a selective attentional filter. |
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13 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
44 |
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Memory storage takes place automatically, but explicit direct recall of the stored
material
is possible only with the presence of attention, both at the time of encoding and at the time of recall. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
44 |
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Information
that is attended is supposed to be the same as information that is in
one's conscious awareness. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
45 |
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Consciousness
is divisible; patients whose corpus
callosums have been severed demonstrates separate, non-communicating minds
in the left and right
hemispheres. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
45 |
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Some psychologists who have
examined dissociated states in neurologically
normal individuals, such as hypnosis, have concluded that
consciousness
is divisible into parts that do not communicate with one another. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
45 |
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In neurologically
normal humans,
there are many separate cognitive processes, some conscious and some unconscious, but a core interactive process forms a unified
conscious experience. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
56 |
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Two phases of memory storage --
A. brief afterimage lasting up to several hundred milliseconds, and a more
processed (i.e. perceptually resolved) memory preserving sensory features for
up to 10 or 20 seconds. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
56 |
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There is a marked difference
between visual and auditory modalities, with visual sensory storage lasting
several hundred milliseconds, and auditory sensory stories lasting 10 to 20
seconds. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
56 |
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There is substantial evidence of
an auditory modality superiority in list recall. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
56 |
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For recall
of items at the end
of a list,
performance is superior when the items are presented in the auditory
modality. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
65 |
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Two phases of sensory stories
have been proposed -- a first, a brief phase, is a vivid afterimage of the
stimulus. The second phase of sensory memory encodes some physical features
of the stimulus, although encoding some features better than others. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
68 |
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In the auditory
modality,
sensory integration may help to allow each
phoneme of speech to be perceptually
integrated
with prior and subsequent phonemes, which are known to affect the categorization of a given phoneme. |
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3 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
68 |
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The categorization of a consonant depends on the length and quality of surrounding vowels. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
78 |
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Donald Hebb (1949) suggested that new
information is encoded as a specific pattern of neural firing or cell assembly, which persists
only temporarily but is transformed into a chemical pattern and then consolidated into a pattern of synaptic growth that permanently
saves aspects of the original
learning. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
78 |
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The new
synaptic growth would strengthen the neural
pathways
involved in the original pattern of neural firing, allowing that pattern to
be reconstituted at a later
date,
resulting in "remembering." |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
93 |
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There are
two types of special
status that an item
and its features can have
within memory.
First, a subset of items and features in long-term memory can be in an
activated state at any
one time.
The items so activated could act as primes for the identification of related items. |
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15 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
93 |
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A subset of activated items and features in memory can be in the focus
of attention at any one time. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
93 |
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The
traditional measure of activation is priming (i.e. facilitation of responding to one stimulus by the prior presentation of a related stimulus); it is assumed that features of memory related to both the prime and its target were activated by the priming stimulus. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
94 |
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It is presumably not possible for an inactivated element to be in the focus
of attention, but it is
possible for an activated
element
to be outside
of the focus of attention. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
95 |
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It seems clear that there is an automatic analysis of at least some of the physical features of
the environment, at least in
the case of sounds. |
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1 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
95 |
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Short-term memory, as a second phase of sensory memory, lasting 10-20
seconds. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
97 |
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There is both a capacity limit and a time limit for short-term memory. Capacity
limit in short-term
memory, viewed as a limit in the number of items that can be held
in one's attention at
the same time. There is also a time limit in the duration for which an item can be kept active in memory. |
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2 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
99 |
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Working memory involves information in the activated portions of long-term memory, in the service of the focus of attention as applied by the central executive to the solution of a specific problem. |
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2 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
101 |
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Serial order
information is a critical
part of recall. |
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2 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
101 |
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If the information that is about to be recalled is represented as an activated subset of long-term memory, then how is serial
order information preserved? |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
101 |
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Information
that is in an activated state must include new information as well as the activated sets of previously learned information. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
110 |
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On the basis of current
evidence, the central executive is at least partially localized
in the frontal lobe, whereas the focus
of attention, though directed
partly by frontal lobe
structures,
is itself represented in parietal lobe structures. |
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9 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
131 |
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Priming is
a process that usually is preserved even in amnesiacs who do not appear able to make use of contextual cues to recall. |
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21 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
133 |
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It is improbable that short-term memory is a structure that is separate from
long-term memory. |
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2 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
133 |
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Incoming information must make contact with the long-term
knowledge store
in
order for it to be categorically coded. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
133 |
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Some of the physical
coding of input information occurs automatically, without the involvement of attention. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
133 |
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Short-term memory would be viewed is a hierarchical set of processes occurring within memory. A large amount of information can be
activated and automatically held, but with a time
limit in the range of
seconds.
A small subset
of this activated information falls within the current focus of the person's attention. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
137 |
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Most stimuli
are 'filtered out' by the attention system before they can reach short-term
memory. |
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4 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
137 |
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At the short-term
memory stage,
all stimuli
presumably are registered in sensory storage and receive a primitive feature analysis, but only a limited number can 'pass through the filter'
and therefore receive a more complete, physical
and a semantic analysis and be included into focus of a persons attentive processing. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
139 |
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Although there are some
seemingly innate feature
detectors for some physical
features,
feature detectors appear to be tuned by early experience. |
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2 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
139 |
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Currently activated memory elements are represented as
a subset of long-term memory, and the focus of attention is represented as a subset of the currently activated memory elements. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
140 |
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Orienting
of attention
deals with the physiological and
behavioral mechanisms that accompany shifts of attention, whether or
not they happen to be under
the person's control. |
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1 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
140 |
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Although
many stimulus conditions may cause orienting, they appear to
reduce to two situations -- stimulus novelty, and stimulus
significance for the organism. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
141 |
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Orienting presumably works in
combination with effortful, attentive processing to define the overall
distribution of attention. |
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1 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
141 |
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All incoming stimulation makes contact with long-term memory and activates
some of the relevant
features,
although it is not yet certain if this includes semantic features. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
141 |
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Newly activated features presumably tend to attract attention, i.e. to cause
orienting. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
141 |
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With repetition of a stimulus or simple stimulus pattern, there is hibituation of this orienting response so that attention is no
longer automatically recruited. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
141 |
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After habituation of the orienting response, a person is free to
select among the activated elements using voluntary attentional processes, assuming no
strong competition from external distractors. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
141 |
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A compelling
speaker may use the orienting
response repeatedly to direct
attention
toward himself. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
141 |
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With a monotonous
speaker,
on the other hand, one must struggle
harder to maintain
attention,
even if the semantic content of the speech is quite interesting. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
142 |
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According to the habituation model, voluntary
selective attention always requires an effortful selection process. |
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1 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
144 |
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Habituation
of the orienting response serves as a selection device. |
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2 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
145 |
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Habituation
of orienting to a distracting channel of stimulation can play a role in the short-term memory task. |
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1 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
145 |
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The
irrelevant speech interference effect is said to occur because the irrelevant speech is automatically entered into phonological storage. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
145 |
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Irrelevant speech cannot be
ignored and was found to be more damaging when it was phonologically
similar to
the attended visual items. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
149 |
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Habituation
is predicted for novel stimulus features in an unattended channel. |
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4 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
152 |
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The focus of attention is determined
jointly by
automatic attentional
recruitment
and voluntary "central
executive processes." |
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3 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
168 |
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Following a cerebral accident
leading to amnesia, indirect measures of memory reveal learning even though direct memory measures show more impairment. |
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16 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
169 |
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Procedural memory would be a knowledge of how to do
something. |
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1 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
169 |
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Declarative memory would be the kind of knowledge that allows a person to state or declare that a particular stimulus event was encountered. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
169 |
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Larry Squire's division of all memory into procedural and declarative memory. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
170 |
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In short-term
memory research, one question has been whether they are separate short and long-term stores, or simply separate processes in essentially unitary memory system. |
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1 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
170 |
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There is one
memory system,
but with processes (activation, attention) that define a short-term memory storage set within that memory system. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
170 |
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Short-term memory is functionally distinct from, but embed in, long-term memory. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
171 |
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There may be fundamentally only one type of memory storage
medium,
but with different types of memory storage process. |
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1 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
171 |
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A distinction between memory processes that occur automatically, and those that
occur only with a substantial investment of attention, both at the
time of encoding and at the time of retrieval. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
171 |
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The
formation of procedural
knowledge often can go on to some extent with little or no commitment of attention, although they may be susceptible to attentional effects. |
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0 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
171 |
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Conceptually driven processing and the formation of declarative knowledge typically
requires considerable attention in order to occur at all. |
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0 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
171 |
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In amnesia patients, attention itself is normal, but there may be a
disconnection between these attentive processes and the consolidation of memory that normally occurs as
a result of those attentional processes. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
171 |
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Some processes, such his recall and recognition, presumably require effort, where as other
processes, such as frequency estimation, presumably do not. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
173 |
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Divided attention greatly
impairs recall. |
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2 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
174 |
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Substantial memory
coding can occur with only a moderate amount of attention to the stimuli. The absence of an effect of attention suggested some memory processes are indeed fairly automatic. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
176 |
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The suggestion that attention is important for memory is supported neuroanatomically by the finding that amnesia can result from frontal as well as hippocampal damage. |
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2 |
Cowan; Attention and Memory |
176 |
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Frontal lobe amnesias reflect involvement of attention and supervisory control and memory storage and/or retrieval. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
176 |
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Frontal lobes
are closely connected
to hippocampal areas, and it has been suggested that they work together. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
176 |
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The amnesic can bring information to attention but has a problem in storing the products of that attentive act. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
176 |
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The special
connection between frontal and hippocampal areas has been noted in the research work with working memory. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
177 |
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In a patient with multiple personality disorder,
each of the individual personalities claimed to be unaware of the
others. |
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Cowan; Attention and Memory |
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