Antonio Damasio; Feeling of What Happens
Book	Page		Topic
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	7		Sense of self is an indispensable part of the conscious mind.
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	7		Situations in which brain damage causes coma or persistent vegetative state, conditions in which consciousness is most radically impaired.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	7		Disappearance of the conscious mind in someone who remains alive.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	9		Mental image -- a mental pattern in any of the sensory modalities.		2
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	9		Qualia are the simple sensory qualities in the blueness of the sky or the tone of sound produced by a cello.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	11		Consciousness as we commonly think of it, from the basic levels to the most complex, is the unified mental pattern that brings together the object and the self.		2
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	16		Consciousness and emotion are not separable.		5
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	16		Core consciousness provides an organism a sense of self about one moment. The scope of core consciousness is the here and now.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	16		Extended consciousness is also present in some nonhumans at simple levels; it only attains its highest levels in humans where it is also enhanced by language.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	22		Proto-self is the nonconscious forerunner for the core self and the autobiographical self.		6
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	23		Damasio's proto-self "model of the body-in-the-brain" has nothing to do with the rigid homunculus creature of the old-fashioned neurology textbooks.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	23		Automated management of the organism's life --  a variety of innately set regulatory actions -- hormones,   movements in viscera,   neural maps   that signal moment-by-moment     the state of the entire organism.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	24		Consciousness generates the knowledge that images exists within the individual who forms them.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	25		Consciousness allows an organism's responses to be shaped by a mental concern over the organism's own life.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	26		Consciousness begins as the feeling of what happens when we see or hear or touch.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	26		Consciousness is a feeling that accompanies the making of any kind of image -- visual, auditory, tactile, visceral -- within our living organism.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	39		Homeostasis refers to the coordinated and largely automated physiological reactions required to maintain steady internal states in a living organism.		13
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	40		Interrelations among the endocrine,   immune,   and nervous systems,   whose ensemble work   produces homeostasis.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	40		Homeostasis is a key to the biology of consciousness.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	40		Gerald Edelman's proposals on the neural basis of the mind are informed by evolutionary thinking and acknowledge homeostatic regulation.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	41		Emotion probably assists reasoning, especially when it comes to personal and social matters involving risk and conflict.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	42		Emotional upheavals can lead to irrational decisions.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	42		Term feeling should be reserved for the private, mental experience of an emotion, while the term emotion should be used to designate the collection of responses, many of which are publicly observable.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	43		Biological machinery underlying emotion is not dependent on consciousness.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	48		Spontaneous smile that comes from genuine delight or the spontaneous sobbing that is caused by grief are executed by brain structures located deep in the brain stem under the control of the cingulate region.		5
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	49		Casual voluntary mimicking of expressions of emotion is easily detected as fake. For most of us who are not actors, emotions are a fairly good index of our well-being.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	49		We are about as effective at stopping an emotion as we are at preventing a sneeze.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	49		Extremely limited control we have over the internal milieu and viscera.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	50		Indirect control of blood pressure and heart rate by procedures such as biofeedback.  As a rule, however, voluntary control autonomic function is modest.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	50		Six primary emotions; happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	51		Secondary or social emotions; such as embarrassment, jealousy, guilt, pride.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	51		Background emotions; well-being or malaise, calm or tension.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	51		Emotions are complicated collections of chemical and neural responses.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	53		Biological function of emotions is twofold: (1) specific reaction to the inducing situation, fight or flight, (2) regulation of the internal state of the organism, preparing it for a specific reaction.		2
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	54		Emotions are part of the machinery with which organisms regulate survival.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	54		Emotions are sandwiched between the basic survival kit (regulation of metabolism; simple reflexes; motivations; biology of pain and pleasure) and the devices of high reason, but are still very much a part of the hierarchy of life regulation devices.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	54		For absent-minded humans, emotions produce quite reasonable behaviors from the point of view of survival.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	54		At their most basic, emotions are part of homeostatic regulation and poised to avoid the loss of integrity that is a harbinger of death as well as to endorse a source of energy, shelter, or sex.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	55		Emotions are inseparable from the idea of reward or punishment, of pleasure or pain, of approach or withdrawal, of personal advantage and disadvantage.  Inevitably, emotions are inseparable from the idea of good and evil.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	55		Levels of life regulation (diagram) -- high reason, feelings, emotions, basic life regulation.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	61		Principal emotion induction sites.  (diagram) Only the ventral medial prefrontal region is visible on the brain surface.  The other regions are subcortical;   they are all located close to the brains midline.		6
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	62		Joseph LeDoux has shown that the amygdala is necessary for fear conditioning.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	67		In a typical emotion, certain regions of the brain's neural system sends commands via two routes.  The chemical molecules in the bloodstream,    and neuronal pathways that act on other neurons, muscular fibers, or organs such as the adrenal gland, which in turn release chemicals into the bloodstream.		5
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	75		Dissociation between 'pain sensation' and 'pain affect'.		8
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	75		Beta blockers to treat a heart rhythm problem.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	76		Tranquilizers such as Valium reduce the emotional reactivity, reduce the emotion caused by pain.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	76		Analgesics can block the stimuli that cause pain.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	76		Emotion caused by the tissue damage can be reduced by appropriate drugs (Valium or beta-blockers).  Perception of tissue damage remains but the blunting of emotions removes the suffering.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	76		Pain is the perception of a sensory representation of local living tissue dysfunction.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	77		Pleasures associated with eating or drinking.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	77		Thwarting of the consummation may actually cause anger.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	77		Alleviation or suspension of the state of pain may cause the emergence of pleasure and positive emotions.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	77		The duality of pain and pleasure should not make us overlook that fact that there are more than two emotions, some are aligned with pain and some with pleasure,   mostly with pain.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	77		Pleasure leads an organism to attitudes and behavior that are conducive to the maintenance of its homeostasis.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	79		Substrate for the representation of emotions,    a number of brain regions largely in subcortical nuclei    of the brainstem, hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and amygdala.		2
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	79		The neural patterns that constitute the substrate of a feeling    arise in two classes of biological changes:    changes related to body state and changes related to cognitive state.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	79		The changes related to body state    involve both humoral signals (chemical messages conveyed via the bloodstream)    and neural signals (electrochemical messages conveyed via nerve pathways).		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	80		As a result of the humoral and neural signals,    the body landscape is changed    and is subsequently represented in somatosensory structures of the central nervous system, from the brain stem on up.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	80		The changes related to cognitive state occur when the process of emotion leads to the secretion of neuromodulators in nuclei of the basal forebrain, hypothalamus, and brain stem,    and to the subsequent delivery of those modulatory neurotransmitters to several other brain regions.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	80		When neuromodulators (such as monoamines) are released in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and basal ganglia, they cause several significant alterations of brain function including:    (1) the induction of specific behaviors (e.g. bonding, nurturing, exploration, playing),    (2) a change in the ongoing processing of body states (e.g. selectively inhibited or enhanced),    (3) a change in the mode of cognitive processing (e.g. from slow to fast or vice versa).		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	89		Sense of self; critical component in any notion of consciousness.		9
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	96		Epileptic automatism -- absence seizures are one of the main varieties of epilepsy, in which consciousness is momentarily suspended along with emotion, attention, and adequate behavior.		7
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	96		Absence seizure is one of the most pure examples of loss of consciousness.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	100		Proto-self -- structures that regulate and represent the body's internal states.		4
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	101		Normal consciousness; can take stock of emotions in the form of feelings, feelings can generate a new line of emotions that confers behavior.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	101		Reverberating cycle of emotion-to-feeling-to-emotion.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	101		Akinetic mutism; frontal lobe was damaged, cingulate cortex and nearby regions.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	102		Akinetic mutism - can pull up bed covers, but in general the limbs are in repose. (FAPs for bed covers)		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	106		Coma; damaged upper brainstem, hypothalamus, thalamus.		4
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	107		Language - conversion from nonlinguistic images that stand for entities, evens, relationships, inferences.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	108		Language - symbolizing in words and sentences what exists first in a nonverbal form.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	108		Nonverbal self (or a nonverbal knowing) -- the words 'I' or 'me' (or the phrase 'I know') are appropriate translations in any language.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	108		Phrase 'I know' -- deduce from it the existence of a nonverbal image of knowing    centered on a self    that precedes and motivates the verbal phrase.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	108		Idea that self and consciousness    emerge after language    is likely not to be correct.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	108		Language is a major contributor to extended consciousness.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	109		Emotions;    background,   primary,   secondary.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	112		Core consciousness is not founded on extensive memory.		3
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	112		Core consciousness is not founded on working memory.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	112		Working memory is required for extended consciousness.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	113		All that core consciousness requires is a very brief, short-term memory.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	113		Do not require access to vast stores of past personal memories to have core consciousness.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	115		In one of the most profound memory impairments ever recorded in any human being,    memory was limited to a window of time of less than one minute. During that brief period his memory for new facts was normal.		2
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	116		Zombie -- the kind of being some philosophers have created in their thought experiments.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	117		Core consciousness, wakefulness.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	117		In an amnesic patient, attention can be focused and sustained over substantial periods of time, provided the stimulation or situation engages interest.    Play a whole game of checkers.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	117		Background emotions flow continuously and so do many, but not all, primary and secondary emotions.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	117		An amnesic patient sustains purposeful behavior relative to the context for many minutes or hours, provided what he is doing is engaging.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	118		Short-term memory -- lasts about forty-five seconds.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	119		Images of varied sensory modalities.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	119		Stream of consciousness.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	119		Sense of self; here and now; autobiographical memory; autobiographical self.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	120		Temporal lobe damage:  patient David diagram.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	121		Factual knowledge at a unique and specified level is not a prerequisite for core consciousness.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	121		Core consciousness cannot depend on these vast brain regions:     Temporal region damage,    hippocampus and medial cortices overlying hippocampus,     polar temporal region,    a sizable sector of the lateral and inferior temporal regions,    amygdala.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	121		Consciousness is not a monolith; distinguish kinds of consciousness;    simple foundational kind;    complex, extended kind.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	121		Distinguish levels or grades within extended consciousness.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	121		Neurological disease validates the distinction between core and extended consciousness.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	122		Different aspects of cognition:    wakefulness,    image making,    attention,    working memory,    conventional memory,    language,    intelligence.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	122		Emotion and core consciousness are clearly associated.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	123		Impairment of image making with one sensory modality, e.g., visual or auditory, only compromises the conscious appreciation of one aspect of an object.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	123		Impairment of all image-making capability    abolishes consciousness altogether    because consciousness operates on images.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	123		Core consciousness operates on images.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	124		Core consciousness, and its resulting sense of self, is a central resource.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	125		Core consciousness includes an inner sense based on images. The inner sense conveys a powerful nonverbal message regarding the relationship between the organism and the object.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	126		Core consciousness is generated in pulselike fashion.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	127		Sensation of consciousness lags (~500 milliseconds) the biological mechanisms of consciousness.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	134		The functionality in the brain representing the self is, biologically speaking, based on a collection of nonconscious neural patterns representing the body proper.		7
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	134		Procession of the self from the simple core self to the elaborate autobiographical self.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	135		Internal Milieu as a Precursor to the Self		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	135		Consciousness has succeeded in evolution because it supports life.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	135		One key to understanding living organisms, from those that are made up of one cell to those that are made up of billions of cells, is the definition of their boundary, the separation between what is inside and what is outside.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	135		Life of the organism is defined by the maintenance of internal states within the boundary.    Singular individuality depends on the boundary.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	135		Environmental variations do not cause a large and excessive variation of activity    within the boundary.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	136		Biological antecedents of the sense of self;     a single, bounded, living organism    bent on maintaining stability    to maintain its life.    For survival, a boundary for regulation of internal states,    maintain life within a narrow range of the internal states.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	136		Constancy of the internal milieu is essential to maintain life, and is a blueprint and anchor for what eventually becomes a self in the mind.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	142		Singularity of self -- one body, one person		6
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	147		No such thing as pure perception of an object without a sensory channel, for instance, vision.		5
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	148		Consciousness occurs when our brain maps the relationship of object and organism.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	149		Mapping of body signals		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	153		Neural self		4
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	154		Proto-self is a coherent collection of neural patterns that map, moment by moment, the state of the physical structure of the organism in its many dimensions. We are not conscious of the proto-self.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	155		Brain structures required to implement the Proto-self:    (1) several brain-stem nuclei,     (2) hypothalamus,     (3) insular cortex (diagram)		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	155		Several brain stem nuclei regulate body states and map body signals.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	156		Hypothalamus contributes to the current representation of the body by maintaining a current register of the state of the internal milieu.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	157		Brain structures not required for the Proto-self -- all the early sensory cortices;    temporal cortices;    most of the frontal cortices;    hippocampal formation		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	161		Autobiographical self		4
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	165		Prosopagnosia -- junction of the occipital and temporal lobes for both hemispheres; associative prosopagnosia; fails to recognize a familiar face and affirm that she has never seen the person.		4
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	165		Prosopagnosia -- Brodmann's areas 19 and 37, fusiform gyrus.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	167		Somatosensory regions are part of the basis of proto-self; their damage can easily alter the basic mechanism of core consciousness.		2
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	168		Core consciousness		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	169		Damasio presents the following rather arcane hypothesis --    core consciousness occurs when the brain's representation devices generate an imaged, nonverbal account of how the organism's own state    is affected by the organism's processing of an object,    and when this process enhances the image of the causative object,    thus placing its saliently in a spatial and temporal context.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	169		Consciousness involves the neural representation of the interaction between the organism and an object.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	169		Organism as a unit is mapped in the organism's brain, within structures that regulate the organism's life and signal its internal states continuously.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	169		The object is also mapped within the brain in sensory and motor structures activated by the interaction of the organism with the object.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	169		Both organism and object are mapped as neural patterns in the first-order maps; all of these neural patterns can become images.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	169		Second-order maps represent the relationship of object and organism.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	169		Neural patterns transiently formed in second-order maps can become mental images.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	170		How neural patterns in any map become mental patterns or images is the first problem of consciousness.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	170		Problem of self -- the second problem of consciousness.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	171		Transient core self		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	174		Kinds of self -  (diagram);  Autobiographical self,   Core self,    Proto-self		3
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	175		Distinguishing Core self from Autobiographical self -  (diagram)		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	175		Milestones that have been identified in child development.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	176		Epileptic automatism has not destroyed her autobiographical memory, and yet she cannot access its contents.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	176		Core consciousness is created in pulses, each pulse triggered by an object we interact with or that we recall.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	176		Each new object triggers the process of changing the proto-self.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	176		Proto-self modified by the first object becomes the inaugural proto-self for the new object.-- [recursion]		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	176		Continuity of consciousness is based on the steady generation of consciousness pulses, which correspond to the endless processing of myriad objects, whose interaction, actual or recalled, constantly modifies the proto-self. -- [Edelman's 'remembered present']		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	176		Continuity of consciousness comes from the abundant flow of nonverbal narratives of core consciousness.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	177		Intricate cross signaling among several 'second-order' structures.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	178		State of the proto-self as an image -- succession of re-representations -- neural pattern image of a relationship between an object and the proto-self as changed by the object. -- [recursion]		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	180		First-order mapping -   higher-order cortices    in the parietal and temporal regions, the hippocampus, and the cerebellum.		2
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	180		Second-order structure contenders -    superior colliculi,    entire region of the cingulate cortex,    the thalamus,    and some prefrontal cortices.    All of these are likely to play a role; none acts alone; the scope of their contributions is varied.  -- [Edelman's dynamic core]		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	181		Second order map structures (diagram)		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	181		Doubt that the superior colliculi are especially important in human consciousness.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	181		Prefrontal cortices probably participate only in extended consciousness.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	181		Second-order neural patterns of core consciousness - ensemble playing of the superior colliculi and the cingulate under the coordination of the thalamus. Cingulate and thalamus are likely to have the major roles.  [thalamocortical system]		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	181		Acetylcholine and monoamine nuclei in the basal forebrain and brain stem.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	182		Proto-self structures (some brain-stem nuclei, the hypothalamus and basal forebrain, some somatosensory cortices).		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	182		Core consciousness structures - proto-self structures along with structures needed for second-order mapping.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	182		Consciousness results in enhanced wakefulness and focused attention.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	183		Objects can appear in mind because they are    (1) sensed in our surroundings or because we    (2) recall them from memory.   The resulting image objects cause core consciousness.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	184		Nonverbal nature of core consciousness		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	185		Nonlanguage as a map of logically related events.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	194		Core consciousness is the process of achieving a neural and mental pattern that brings together, in about the same instant,    the pattern for the object,    the pattern for the organism,    and the pattern for the relationship between the two.		9
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	198		Autobiographical self occurs only in organisms endowed with a substantial memory capacity    and reasoning ability,    but does not require language.		4
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	198		Developmental psychologists have suggested that humans develop a 'self' by the time they are 18 months old.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	198		Our autobiographical selves have permitted us to know about progressively more complex aspects of the organism's physical and social environment and the organism's place and potential range of action in a complicated universe.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	199		Kinds of self -  (diagram)		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	199		Proto-self -- a non-conscious collection of representations of multiple dimensions of current organism state.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	199		Core self -- a transient but conscious reference to the individual organism in which events are happening.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	199		Autobiographical memory -- an organized record of past experiences of an individual organism.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	199		Autobiographical self -- dual dependency on both continuous pulses of core consciousness and continuous reactivations of autobiographical memories.  -- [recursion]		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	199		Extended consciousness has to do with exhibiting knowledge and with displaying it clearly and efficiently so that intelligent processing can take place.  Extended consciousness is a prerequisite of intelligence.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	200		Extended consciousness is not the same as working memory, although working memory is an important instrument in the process of extended consciousness.		1
Even been	200		Extended consciousness depends on holding in mind, for substantial periods of time, the multiple neural patterns which describe the autobiographical self.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	200		Working memory is precisely the ability to hold images in mind for long enough time that they can be manipulated intelligently.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	200		Ample working memory is an indispensable condition for extended consciousness, so that multiple representations can be held in mind over a long period of time.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	200		Core consciousness is part of the standard equipment of complex organisms such as we are;    it is put in place by the genome with help from the early environment.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	200		Culture may modify core consciousness to some extent, but probably not by much.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	200		Extended consciousness is also laid out by the genome, but culture can significantly influence its development in each individual.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	200		Extended consciousness is based on core consciousness not just for its development over time, but moment by moment.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	200		When core consciousness is removed, out goes extended consciousness.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	201		Impairments of extended consciousness are compatible with preserved core consciousness.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	201		An organism with extended consciousness gives evidence of planning of complex behaviors, not just on the moment but over larger intervals of time -- many hours and days,    weeks, and months.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	202		Extended consciousness is necessary for the internal deployment of a substantial amount of recalled knowledge in different sensory systems and modes,    and for the subsequent abilities to manipulate that knowledge in problem solving.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	202		Assessment of extended consciousness can be achieved by assessing    recognition, recall, working memory, emotion, feeling, reasoning and decision-making    over large intervals of time    in an individual whose core consciousness is intact.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	202		It is not difficult to imagine what a possessor of only core consciousness probably experiences.  Consider what it may be like inside the mind of a one-year-old infant.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	202		Impaired extended consciousness occurs acutely and dramatically in a condition known as transient global amnesia.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	202		Transient global amnesia can occur in the setting of migraine headaches. There is core consciousness for the fact that some knowledge is no longer present.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	203		Epileptic automatism is an example of suspension of core consciousness and everything that hinges on it -- core self, autobiographical self, and extended consciousness.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	203		Transient global amnesia is the perfect example of suspended extended consciousness and autobiographical self,    with the preservation of core consciousness and core self.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	207		Zombie-like behavior of an epileptic during an automatism episode.		4
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	209		Anosognosia -- inability to recognize a state of disease in one's own organism.		2
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	210		Classic example of anosognosia is that of a victum of stroke,    entirely paralyzed on the left side of the body,    unable to move hand and arm, leg and foot, face half immobile,    unable to stand or walk,    who remains oblivious to the entire problem,    and who reports that nothing is possibly the matter.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	210		Right side of the body is paralyzed rather than the left; do not develop anosognosia.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	210		Anosognosia occurs with right hemisphere damage.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	211		Anosognosia patient has damage in the right hemisphere in a region that includes cortices in the insula;    the cytoarchitectural areas of 3, 1, 2, in the parietal region;    and area S2, also parietal, located in the depth of the Sylvian fissure.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	211		Anosognosia damage affects the white matter interconnections in the cortex,    connections with the thalamus,    the basal ganglia,    and the motor and prefrontal cortices.    Damage to only parts of this multi-component system does not cause anosognosia.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	211		Brain areas that cross-signal within the overall region of the right hemisphere that is damaged in anosognosia probably produce, through their cooperative interactions, the most comprehensive and integrated map of the current body state available to the brain.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	211		Anosognosia results primarily from an inability to represent current body states automatically.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	212		Compromise of somatosensory maps in the right cerebral hemisphere damages the highest level of integrated representation of the organism, undermining the biological foundation of the proto-self.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	212		Highest level at which integration can occur is the set of somatosensory maps located in the insula,    and areas S2 and S1 of the right cerebral hemisphere.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	215		Extended consciousness is compromised in patients who develop major defects in working memory;    extensive frontal lobe damage involving external aspect of both cerebral hemispheres.		3
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	217		Ever-changing self -- the sense of core self.		2
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	217		Sense of self that appears to remain the same is the autobiographical self, because it is based on a repository of memories for fundamental facts in an individual biography.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	218		A large number of neural structures is necessary for core consciousness to occur.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	218		Plenty of brain sites not concerned with the making of core consciousness.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	218		At any given moment we generate pulses of core consciousness for one or a few target objects and for a set of accompanying reactivated autobiographical memories.  [remembered present] [dynamic core]		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	219		Early sensory cortices of various modalities support neural patterns that are likely to be the basis of mental images.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	219		Higher order cortices and various subcortical nuclei hold dispositions (patterns of characteristics) with which both images and actions can be generated, rather than holding or displaying the explicit patterns manifest in images or actions themselves.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	219		Antonio Damasio has proposed that dispositions are held in neuron ensembles known as 'convergence zones'.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	220		Brain forms memories in a highly distributed manner.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	220		Spatial separation of records are coordinated in time so that all the recorded components appear seamlessly integrated.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	221		Key elements of our autobiography correspond to our identity, to our recent experiences, and to the experiences that we anticipate, especially those in the near future.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	221		Critical elements of our autobiography arise from a continuously reactivated network based on convergence zones, which are located in the temporal and frontal higher-order cortices, as well as in subcortical nuclei such as those in the amygdala.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	227		Memories are not stored in facsimile fashion; they must undergo a complex process of reconstruction during retrieval.		6
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	229		Core consciousness and the generation of core self is under strong gene control.  The genome puts in place the appropriate body-brain linkages.		2
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	229		Autobiographical self develops and matures under the looming shadow of an inherited biology.  However, unlike the core self, much will occur in the development and maturation of the autobiographical self that is not just dependent on, but is even regulated by, the environment.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	236		Brief description of coma and vegetative state.		7
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	240		Reticular formation -  (diagram)		4
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	248		Reticular formation is generally involved in sleep and wakefulness.		8
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	248		Nuclei concerned with the distribution of norepinephrine (locus coeruleus) and serotonin (raphe nuclei).		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	249		In the awake and attentive state or in REM sleep, the EEG becomes desynchronized and activity in local regions of the cerebral cortex seem to be highly coordinated.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	249		Certain patterns of firing from the reticular formation result in the awake state or in the sleep state.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	249		The intralamina nuclei of the thalamus, which receives signals from the reticular formation, are an indispensable part of the pathway that produces either the awake state or the sleep state at the level of the cerebral cortex.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	250		Rodolfo Llinás proposes that consciousness, in both the awake state and the state of dream sleep, is generated in a closed loop that involves the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the brain stem reticular formation.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	250		Within the reticular formation and thalamus, there are neurons that fire spontaneously. The activity of these neurons is modulated by the sensory neurons that brings signals from the outside world into the brain, but they neurons do not require the signals from the outside world in order to fire.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	250		Delivery of acetylcholine to the thalamus and cortex changes the behavior of ion channels in the targeted neurons.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	250		During conscious states, the reticular formation generates a continuous barrage of signals aimed at the thalamus and cerebral cortex, leading to the establishment of certain geometries of cortical coherence.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	250		Sense sleep is a natural state of unconsciousness, it is reasonable to have both consciousness and sleep arise from physiological processes rooted in just about the same territory.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	250		Being conscious goes beyond being awake and attentive: it requires an inner sense of self in the act of knowing.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	252		The reticular formation is a long, vertically organized structure that spans the entire brain stem from the top of the spinal cord to the level of the thalamus.		2
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	252		Only damage to a particular sector of the reticular formation, from about the upper ponds on upward, can cause loss of consciousness, while damage to the remainder will not alter consciousness at all.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	252		The part of the reticular formation whose damage alters consciousness is above the level at which the trigeminal nerve, also known as the fifth cranial nerve, enters the brain stem.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	255		Anatomy of Proto-self		3
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	255		Neuroanatomical basis of the proto-self		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	255		Damage to the medulla or the spinal cord does not produce impairments to consciousness.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	259		Periaqueductal gray (PAG) - structures of the reticular formation of the upper pons and midbrain can be linked to the proto-self.		4
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	264		Cingulate might make the critical contribution to the "feeling of knowing," the high-order feeling that defines core consciousness.		5
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	264		Superior colliculi receive   visual information,   auditory information,   somatosensory information,  including visceral information   from varied brainstem nuclei.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	265		Integrated activity of the superior colliculus is aimed at orienting     the eyes,   the head and neck,   and the ears   toward the source of a visual or auditory stimulus.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	266		Structures active in newborn brain --   brain stem and    hypothalamus,    somatosensory cortices,    and cingulate.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	266		Structures of newborn brain entirely match those needed for the proto-self and second-order maps.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	266		Brain damage sites that should not cause impairment of core consciousness --     hippocampus,    higher-order cortices of temporal and frontal lobes,    early sensory cortices of vision and hearing.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	268		Blindsight -- cortical blindness.  Subcortical structures can guide movement even if part of the information underlying the process is not available to consciousness.		2
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	269		Working memory affects extended consciousness but not core consciousness.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	270		Bilateral damage to the hippocampus does not impair core consciousness, and neither does bilateral damage to visual or auditory cortices.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	271		Core consciousness depends most critically on the activity of a restricted number of phylogenetically old brain structures -- beginning with brain stem and ending with somatosensory and cingulate cortices.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	272		Overlap of functions:   (1) regulating homeostasis and signaling body structure and state,   (2) processes of emotion and feeling,   (3) processes of attention,   (4) processes of wakefulness and sleep,   (5) learning process.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	272		Neural pattern that underlines core consciousness for an object -- the sense of self in the act of knowing a particular thing -- is thus a large-scale neural pattern involving activity in two interrelated sets of structures -- the set whose cross regional activity generates (1) proto-self and second-order maps,    and the set whose cross regional activity generates (2) the representation of the object. [Edelman's 'remembered present']		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	275		Consciousness depends most critically on brain regions that are evolutionarily older rather than more recent, and are located in the depth of the brain, rather than near the surface.		3
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	275		Consciousness is anchored on ancient neural structures intimately associated with the regulation of life, rather than on modern neural structures of the neocortex, those which permit fine perception, language, and high reason.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	285		Core types of emotions studied by Darwin.		10
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	285		Fear,   anger,   sadness,   disgust,   surprise,   and happiness have been found to be universal emotions in terms of a facial expression and recognizability.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	286		Background feelings help define our mental state.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	286		Prominent background feelings include: fatigue; energy; excitement; wellness; sickness; tension; relaxation; surging; dragging; stability; instability; balance; imbalance; harmony; discord.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	286		Moods are made up of modulated and sustained background feelings.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	292		Locked-in patients have an intact consciousness.		6
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	310		From wakefulness to conscience (diagram)		18
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	317		Because words such as images,    neural patterns,    representations,    and maps have unclear and various meanings, their use is fraught with difficulties. Nonetheless such words are indispensable to convey ideas in any attempt to deal with the topics of consciousness.		7
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	317		Neural aspect of a mental pattern is a neural pattern or map.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	318		Images are not just visual.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	320		When we look at an object outside ourselves, the image we see is based on changes that occurred in our organism -- including the brain -- when the physical structure of the object interacts with the body.		2
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	320		Sensors located throughout the body -- in the skin, in the muscles, in the retina, and so on -- help construct the neural patterns that map the organism's interaction with the object. Neural pattern or map is based on the momentary selection of neurons and circuits engaged in the interaction.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	322		Images arise from neural patterns (neural maps) formed in populations of neurons that constitute networks.		2
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	322		There is a mystery regarding HOW images emerge from neural patterns. How a neural pattern BECOMES an image is a problem that neurobiology has not yet resolved.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	323		Object is used in a broad and abstract sense -- a person, a place, a pain, an emotion.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	323		Neural events at the molecular, cellular, and systems levels contribute to the neural patterns (maps) that result in our mental images that create the mind.		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	326		Main divisions of the central nervous system and that critical components (diagram)		3
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	327		The evolutionarily modern part of the cerebral cortex is known as the neocortex.		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	330		Main Brodmann areas (diagram)		3
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	334		Main early sensory cortices (somatosensory, auditory, visual) (diagram)		4
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	335		Binding problem: the integrated and unified scene that characterizes the conscious mind will require massive local and global signaling of populations of neurons across multiple brain regions.  [dynamic core]		1
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	335		Fragmented activity of our brain cohere in time and space		0
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens	341		Moods; states of emotion tend to become continuous over long periods of time.		6