Antonio
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
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Book |
Page |
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Topic |
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Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
7 |
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Sense of self
is an indispensable part of the conscious mind. |
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Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
7 |
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Situations in which brain damage
causes coma or persistent vegetative state,
conditions in which consciousness is most radically impaired. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
7 |
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Disappearance of the conscious
mind in someone who remains alive. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
9 |
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Mental image
-- a mental pattern in any of the sensory modalities. |
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2 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
9 |
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Qualia are
the simple sensory qualities in the blueness of the sky or the tone of sound produced by a cello. |
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0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
11 |
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Consciousness
as we commonly think of it, from the basic levels to the most complex, is the
unified mental pattern that brings together the object and the self. |
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2 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
16 |
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Consciousness
and emotion are not
separable. |
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5 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
16 |
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Core consciousness provides an organism a sense of
self about one moment. The scope of core
consciousness is the here and now. |
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Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
16 |
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Extended consciousness is also present in some nonhumans at simple levels; it only attains its highest levels in
humans where it is also enhanced by language. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
22 |
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Proto-self is the nonconscious forerunner for the core self and the autobiographical self. |
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6 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
23 |
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Damasio's proto-self "model
of the body-in-the-brain" has nothing to do with the rigid homunculus creature of the
old-fashioned neurology textbooks. |
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1 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
23 |
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Automated management of the organism's life -- a variety of innately set regulatory actions --
hormones, movements in viscera, neural maps that signal moment-by-moment the state of the entire organism. |
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Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
24 |
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Consciousness generates the
knowledge that images exists within the individual who forms them. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
25 |
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Consciousness
allows an organism's responses to be shaped by a mental concern over the organism's own life. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
26 |
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Consciousness
begins as the feeling
of what happens when we see
or hear or touch. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
26 |
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Consciousness
is a feeling that
accompanies the making of any kind of image -- visual, auditory,
tactile, visceral -- within our living organism. |
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Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
39 |
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Homeostasis
refers to the coordinated and largely automated
physiological reactions required to maintain steady internal states in
a living organism. |
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13 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
40 |
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Interrelations among the endocrine, immune, and nervous systems, whose ensemble work produces homeostasis. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
40 |
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Homeostasis
is a key to the biology of consciousness. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
40 |
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Gerald Edelman's proposals on the neural basis of
the mind are informed by evolutionary thinking and
acknowledge homeostatic regulation. |
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Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
41 |
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Emotion
probably assists reasoning, especially when it comes to personal and social matters involving risk and conflict. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
42 |
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Emotional upheavals can lead to irrational decisions. |
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1 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
42 |
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Term feeling should be reserved for the private,
mental experience of an emotion, while the term emotion should be used to designate the collection of responses, many
of which are publicly observable. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
43 |
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Biological machinery underlying emotion is not dependent on consciousness. |
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1 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
48 |
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Spontaneous smile that comes from genuine delight or the spontaneous sobbing
that is caused by grief
are executed by brain structures located deep in the brain stem under the control of the
cingulate region. |
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5 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
49 |
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Casual voluntary mimicking of expressions of emotion is easily detected as fake. For most of us who are not
actors, emotions are a
fairly good index of
our well-being. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
49 |
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We are about as effective at
stopping an emotion as we are
at preventing a sneeze. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
49 |
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Extremely limited control we have over the internal milieu
and viscera. |
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0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
50 |
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Indirect control of blood pressure and heart rate by procedures such as biofeedback. As a rule, however, voluntary control
autonomic function is modest. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
50 |
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Six primary
emotions; happiness,
sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust. |
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Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
51 |
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Secondary or
social emotions; such as embarrassment, jealousy, guilt, pride. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
51 |
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Background emotions; well-being or malaise, calm or tension. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
51 |
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Emotions
are complicated collections of chemical and neural responses. |
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Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
53 |
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Biological function of emotions is twofold: (1) specific reaction to the inducing situation, fight or flight, (2) regulation of
the internal state of the organism, preparing it for a specific reaction. |
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2 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
54 |
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Emotions
are part of the machinery with which organisms regulate
survival. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
54 |
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Emotions
are sandwiched between
the basic survival
kit (regulation of metabolism; simple reflexes; motivations; biology of pain and pleasure) and the devices of high reason, but are still very much a part of the hierarchy of life regulation
devices. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
54 |
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For absent-minded humans, emotions produce quite reasonable behaviors from the
point of view of survival. |
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0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
54 |
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At their most basic, emotions are part of homeostatic regulation and poised
to avoid the loss of integrity that is a harbinger of death as well as to
endorse a source of energy, shelter, or sex. |
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0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
55 |
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Emotions
are inseparable from the idea of reward or punishment, of pleasure or pain, of approach or withdrawal, of
personal advantage and disadvantage. Inevitably, emotions are inseparable from the
idea of good and evil. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
55 |
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Levels of life regulation
(diagram) -- high reason, feelings, emotions, basic life regulation. |
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0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
61 |
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Principal emotion induction sites. (diagram) Only the ventral medial prefrontal region is
visible on the brain surface. The
other regions are subcortical; they are all located
close to the brains
midline. |
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6 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
62 |
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Joseph LeDoux
has shown that the amygdala is necessary for fear conditioning. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
67 |
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In a typical emotion, certain
regions of the brain's neural system sends commands via two routes. The chemical molecules in the
bloodstream, and neuronal pathways
that act on other neurons, muscular fibers, or organs such as the adrenal
gland, which in turn release chemicals into the bloodstream. |
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5 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
75 |
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Dissociation between 'pain sensation' and 'pain affect'. |
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8 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
75 |
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Beta blockers
to treat a heart
rhythm problem. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
76 |
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Tranquilizers
such as Valium reduce
the emotional reactivity,
reduce the emotion
caused by pain. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
76 |
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Analgesics
can block the stimuli that cause pain. |
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0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
76 |
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Emotion
caused by the tissue damage can be reduced by appropriate drugs (Valium or
beta-blockers). Perception of tissue
damage remains but the blunting of emotions removes the suffering. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
76 |
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Pain is the
perception of a sensory representation of local living tissue dysfunction. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
77 |
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Pleasures
associated with eating or drinking. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
77 |
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Thwarting
of the consummation
may actually cause anger. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
77 |
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Alleviation or suspension of the state of pain may cause the emergence of pleasure and positive emotions. |
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0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
77 |
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The duality of pain and pleasure should not make us overlook that fact that there are more than two emotions, some are aligned with pain and some with pleasure, mostly with pain. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
77 |
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Pleasure
leads an organism to attitudes and behavior that are conducive to the maintenance
of its homeostasis. |
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0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
79 |
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Substrate
for the representation of emotions, a number of brain
regions largely in subcortical
nuclei of the brainstem,
hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and amygdala. |
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2 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
79 |
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The neural
patterns that constitute the substrate of a feeling arise in two classes of biological changes: changes related to body state and changes related to cognitive state. |
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0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
79 |
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The changes related to body state involve both humoral
signals (chemical messages conveyed via the bloodstream) and neural signals (electrochemical messages
conveyed via nerve pathways). |
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0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
80 |
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As a result of the humoral and neural signals, the body
landscape is changed and is subsequently represented in somatosensory structures of the central nervous system, from the
brain stem on up. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
80 |
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The changes related to cognitive state occur when the process of emotion leads to the secretion of
neuromodulators in nuclei of the basal forebrain, hypothalamus, and brain stem, and to the
subsequent delivery of those modulatory
neurotransmitters to several other brain regions. |
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0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
80 |
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When neuromodulators (such as monoamines) are released in the cerebral cortex, thalamus,
and basal ganglia, they cause several significant alterations of brain function
including: (1) the induction of specific behaviors (e.g. bonding,
nurturing, exploration, playing),
(2) a change in the ongoing processing of body states (e.g. selectively inhibited or enhanced), (3) a change in
the mode of cognitive processing (e.g. from slow to fast
or vice versa). |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
89 |
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Sense of self; critical component in any notion of consciousness. |
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9 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
96 |
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Epileptic automatism -- absence seizures are one of the main varieties of epilepsy, in which consciousness is momentarily
suspended along with emotion, attention, and
adequate behavior. |
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7 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
96 |
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Absence seizure is one of the most pure examples of
loss of consciousness. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
100 |
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Proto-self
-- structures that regulate and represent the body's
internal states. |
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4 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
101 |
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Normal consciousness; can take stock of emotions in the form of feelings, feelings can generate a new line of emotions that confers
behavior. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
101 |
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Reverberating cycle of emotion-to-feeling-to-emotion. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
101 |
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Akinetic mutism; frontal lobe was damaged, cingulate
cortex and nearby regions. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
102 |
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Akinetic mutism - can pull up
bed covers, but in general the limbs are in repose. (FAPs for bed covers) |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
106 |
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Coma;
damaged upper brainstem, hypothalamus, thalamus. |
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4 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
107 |
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Language -
conversion from nonlinguistic images that stand for entities, evens,
relationships, inferences. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
108 |
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Language -
symbolizing in words and sentences what exists first in a nonverbal
form. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
108 |
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Nonverbal self (or a nonverbal knowing) -- the words 'I' or 'me' (or the
phrase 'I know') are appropriate translations in any language. |
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0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
108 |
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Phrase 'I
know' -- deduce from it the existence of a nonverbal image of knowing centered on a self that precedes and motivates the verbal phrase. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
108 |
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Idea that self
and consciousness emerge after language is likely not to be correct. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
108 |
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Language is
a major contributor to extended consciousness. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
109 |
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Emotions; background, primary,
secondary. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
112 |
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Core consciousness is not founded on extensive memory. |
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3 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
112 |
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Core consciousness is not founded on working memory. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
112 |
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Working memory is required for extended consciousness. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
113 |
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All that core
consciousness requires is a very brief, short-term memory. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
113 |
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Do not require access to vast stores of past
personal memories to have core consciousness. |
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0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
115 |
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In one of the most profound memory impairments
ever recorded in any human being, memory was limited to a window of time of less than one minute. During that
brief period his memory for new facts was normal. |
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2 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
116 |
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Zombie --
the kind of being some philosophers have created in their thought experiments. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
117 |
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Core consciousness, wakefulness. |
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1 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
117 |
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In an amnesic
patient, attention can be focused and sustained over substantial
periods of time, provided the stimulation or situation engages interest. Play a whole
game of checkers. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
117 |
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Background emotions flow continuously and so do many, but not all, primary and secondary emotions. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
117 |
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An amnesic
patient sustains purposeful behavior relative to the context for many minutes or hours, provided what he is doing is engaging. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
118 |
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Short-term memory -- lasts about forty-five seconds. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
119 |
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Images of varied
sensory modalities. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
119 |
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Stream of consciousness. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
119 |
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Sense of self;
here and now; autobiographical memory; autobiographical self. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
120 |
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Temporal lobe damage: patient David diagram. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
121 |
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Factual knowledge at a unique and specified level is not a prerequisite for core consciousness. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
121 |
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Core consciousness cannot depend on these vast brain
regions: Temporal
region damage,
hippocampus
and medial cortices
overlying hippocampus, polar temporal region, a sizable sector of the lateral and inferior temporal regions, amygdala. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
121 |
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Consciousness
is not a monolith; distinguish kinds of consciousness; simple foundational kind; complex,
extended kind. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
121 |
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Distinguish levels
or grades within extended
consciousness. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
121 |
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Neurological disease validates the distinction between core and extended consciousness. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
122 |
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Different aspects of cognition: wakefulness, image making, attention, working memory, conventional memory, language, intelligence. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
122 |
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Emotion and
core consciousness
are clearly associated. |
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0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
123 |
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Impairment of image
making with one
sensory modality, e.g., visual or auditory, only compromises the conscious
appreciation of one
aspect of an object. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
123 |
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Impairment of all image-making capability abolishes
consciousness altogether because consciousness operates on images. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
123 |
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Core consciousness operates on images. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
124 |
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Core consciousness, and its resulting sense of self, is a central resource. |
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1 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
125 |
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Core consciousness includes an inner sense based on
images. The inner sense conveys a powerful nonverbal
message regarding the relationship between the organism and the object. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
126 |
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Core consciousness is generated in pulselike fashion. |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
127 |
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Sensation
of consciousness lags (~500 milliseconds) the biological mechanisms of consciousness. |
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1 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
134 |
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The
functionality in the brain representing the self is,
biologically speaking, based on a collection of nonconscious neural patterns representing the body proper. |
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7 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
134 |
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Procession of
the self from the simple core self to the elaborate autobiographical self. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
135 |
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Internal Milieu as a Precursor to the Self |
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1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
135 |
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Consciousness
has succeeded in evolution because it supports life. |
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0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
135 |
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One key to understanding living organisms, from those that are made up of one
cell to those that are made up of billions of cells, is the
definition of their boundary, the separation between what is inside and what is outside. |
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0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
135 |
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Life of the organism is defined by the maintenance of
internal states within
the boundary.
Singular individuality depends on the boundary. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
135 |
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Environmental variations do not cause a large and excessive
variation of activity within the boundary. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
136 |
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Biological antecedents of the sense of self; a single, bounded, living organism
bent on maintaining
stability to maintain its
life.
For survival, a
boundary for regulation of internal states, maintain life within a narrow range of the internal
states. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
136 |
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Constancy
of the internal
milieu is essential
to maintain life, and
is a blueprint and anchor for what eventually becomes a self in the mind. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
142 |
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Singularity of self -- one body, one person |
|
6 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
147 |
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No such thing as pure perception of an object without a sensory channel, for instance, vision. |
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5 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
148 |
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Consciousness
occurs when our brain maps the relationship of object and organism. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
149 |
|
Mapping of body signals |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
153 |
|
Neural self |
|
4 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
154 |
|
Proto-self
is a coherent collection of neural patterns that map, moment by moment, the state of the physical structure of the organism
in its many dimensions. We are not conscious of the proto-self. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
155 |
|
Brain structures required to implement the Proto-self: (1) several brain-stem nuclei, (2) hypothalamus, (3) insular cortex (diagram) |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
155 |
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Several
brain stem nuclei regulate body states and map
body signals. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
156 |
|
Hypothalamus
contributes to the current representation of the
body by maintaining a current
register of the state of the internal milieu. |
|
1 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
157 |
|
Brain structures not required for the Proto-self -- all the early sensory
cortices; temporal cortices; most of the frontal cortices;
hippocampal formation |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
161 |
|
Autobiographical self |
|
4 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
165 |
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Prosopagnosia
-- junction of the occipital and temporal lobes for both hemispheres; associative
prosopagnosia; fails to recognize a familiar face and affirm that she has never seen the person. |
|
4 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
165 |
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Prosopagnosia -- Brodmann's
areas 19 and 37, fusiform gyrus. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
167 |
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Somatosensory regions are part of the basis of proto-self; their damage can easily alter the basic mechanism of core
consciousness. |
|
2 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
168 |
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Core consciousness |
|
1 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
169 |
|
Damasio
presents the following rather arcane hypothesis -- core consciousness occurs when the
brain's representation devices generate an imaged, nonverbal
account of how the organism's
own state
is affected by the organism's processing of an object, and when this process
enhances the image of the causative object, thus placing its
saliently in a spatial and temporal context. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
169 |
|
Consciousness
involves the neural representation of the interaction between the organism and an object. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
169 |
|
Organism as
a unit is mapped in
the organism's brain, within structures that
regulate the organism's life and signal its internal
states continuously. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
169 |
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The object is also mapped within the brain in sensory and motor structures
activated by the interaction of the organism with the object. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
169 |
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Both organism and object are mapped as neural patterns in the first-order maps; all of these neural patterns
can become images. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
169 |
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Second-order
maps represent the relationship of object and organism. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
169 |
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Neural patterns transiently formed in second-order
maps can become mental
images. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
170 |
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How neural
patterns in any map become mental patterns or images is the first problem of consciousness. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
170 |
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Problem of self -- the second problem of consciousness. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
171 |
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Transient core self |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
174 |
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Kinds of self -
(diagram);
Autobiographical self, Core self, Proto-self |
|
3 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
175 |
|
Distinguishing Core self from Autobiographical self - (diagram) |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
175 |
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Milestones that have been
identified in child development. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
176 |
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Epileptic automatism has not
destroyed her autobiographical memory, and yet she cannot access its
contents. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
176 |
|
Core consciousness is created in pulses, each pulse triggered by an
object we interact with or that we recall. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
176 |
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Each new
object triggers the process of changing the proto-self. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
176 |
|
Proto-self
modified by the first object becomes the inaugural proto-self for the new object.-- [recursion] |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
176 |
|
Continuity of consciousness is based on the
steady generation of consciousness pulses, which correspond to the endless
processing of myriad
objects, whose interaction, actual or recalled, constantly modifies the proto-self. -- [Edelman's
'remembered present'] |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
176 |
|
Continuity of consciousness comes from the
abundant flow of nonverbal narratives of core consciousness. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
177 |
|
Intricate cross
signaling among several
'second-order' structures. |
|
1 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
178 |
|
State of the
proto-self as an image -- succession
of re-representations -- neural pattern image of a relationship between an object and the proto-self as changed by the object. -- [recursion] |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
180 |
|
First-order mapping -
higher-order cortices in the parietal and temporal regions, the hippocampus, and the cerebellum. |
|
2 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
180 |
|
Second-order structure contenders - superior colliculi, entire region of the cingulate cortex, the thalamus, and some prefrontal cortices. All of these are likely to play a role;
none acts alone; the scope of their contributions is varied. -- [Edelman's dynamic core] |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
181 |
|
Second order map structures
(diagram) |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
181 |
|
Doubt that the superior colliculi are especially
important in human consciousness. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
181 |
|
Prefrontal cortices probably participate only in extended
consciousness. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
181 |
|
Second-order neural patterns of core consciousness - ensemble playing of the superior
colliculi and the cingulate under the coordination of the thalamus. Cingulate and thalamus are likely to have the major roles. [thalamocortical
system] |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
181 |
|
Acetylcholine
and monoamine nuclei
in the basal forebrain
and brain stem. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
182 |
|
Proto-self structures (some brain-stem nuclei, the hypothalamus and basal forebrain, some somatosensory cortices). |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
182 |
|
Core consciousness structures - proto-self structures along
with structures needed for second-order mapping. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
182 |
|
Consciousness
results in enhanced wakefulness and focused attention. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
183 |
|
Objects can
appear in mind because they are (1) sensed in our surroundings or
because we (2) recall them from memory. The resulting image
objects cause core
consciousness. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
184 |
|
Nonverbal
nature of core consciousness |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
185 |
|
Nonlanguage
as a map of logically related events. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
194 |
|
Core consciousness is the process of achieving a neural and mental pattern that brings together, in about the same instant, the pattern for the object, the pattern for the organism, and the pattern for the relationship between the two. |
|
9 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
198 |
|
Autobiographical self occurs only in organisms endowed with a substantial memory capacity and reasoning ability, but does not
require language. |
|
4 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
198 |
|
Developmental psychologists have
suggested that humans develop a 'self' by the time they are 18 months old. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
198 |
|
Our autobiographical
selves have permitted us to know about
progressively more complex aspects of the organism's physical and
social environment and the organism's place and potential range of action in a complicated universe. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
199 |
|
Kinds of self - (diagram) |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
199 |
|
Proto-self -- a non-conscious collection of representations of multiple dimensions of current organism state. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
199 |
|
Core self
-- a transient but conscious reference to the individual
organism in which events
are happening. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
199 |
|
Autobiographical memory -- an organized record of past
experiences of an individual
organism. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
199 |
|
Autobiographical self -- dual dependency on both continuous pulses of core consciousness and continuous reactivations of autobiographical memories. -- [recursion] |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
199 |
|
Extended consciousness has to do with exhibiting knowledge and with displaying it
clearly and efficiently so that intelligent processing can take place. Extended consciousness is a prerequisite of
intelligence. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
200 |
|
Extended consciousness is not the same as working memory, although working memory is an important instrument in the process of extended consciousness. |
|
1 |
Even been |
200 |
|
Extended consciousness depends on holding in mind, for substantial periods of time, the multiple neural patterns which describe the autobiographical
self. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
200 |
|
Working memory is precisely the ability to hold
images in mind for long enough time that they can
be manipulated intelligently. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
200 |
|
Ample working
memory is an indispensable condition for extended consciousness, so that multiple representations can be held in mind over a long period of time. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
200 |
|
Core consciousness is part of the standard equipment of complex organisms such as we
are; it is put in place by the genome with help from the early environment. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
200 |
|
Culture may
modify core consciousness to some extent, but probably not
by much. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
200 |
|
Extended consciousness is also laid out by the genome, but culture can significantly influence its development in each individual. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
200 |
|
Extended consciousness is based on core consciousness not just for its development over time, but moment by moment. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
200 |
|
When core
consciousness is removed, out goes extended consciousness. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
201 |
|
Impairments
of extended consciousness are compatible with preserved core consciousness. |
|
1 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
201 |
|
An organism with extended consciousness gives evidence of planning of complex behaviors, not just on
the moment but over larger intervals of time -- many
hours and days, weeks, and months. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
202 |
|
Extended consciousness is necessary for the internal deployment of a substantial amount of recalled
knowledge in
different sensory systems and modes, and for the
subsequent abilities to manipulate that knowledge in
problem solving. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
202 |
|
Assessment of extended consciousness can be
achieved by assessing recognition,
recall, working memory, emotion, feeling, reasoning and decision-making over large intervals of time in an individual whose core consciousness is intact. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
202 |
|
It is not difficult to imagine
what a possessor of only core consciousness probably experiences.
Consider what it may be like inside the mind of a one-year-old infant. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
202 |
|
Impaired extended consciousness occurs acutely and dramatically in a condition known
as transient global
amnesia. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
202 |
|
Transient global amnesia can occur in the setting of migraine
headaches. There is core
consciousness for the fact that some knowledge is no longer present. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
203 |
|
Epileptic automatism is an example of suspension of
core consciousness and everything that hinges on
it -- core self, autobiographical self, and extended consciousness. |
|
1 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
203 |
|
Transient global amnesia is the perfect example of suspended
extended consciousness
and autobiographical self, with the preservation of core consciousness and core self. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
207 |
|
Zombie-like behavior of an epileptic during an automatism episode. |
|
4 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
209 |
|
Anosognosia
-- inability to recognize a state of disease in one's own organism. |
|
2 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
210 |
|
Classic example of anosognosia is that of a victum of stroke, entirely paralyzed on the left side of the body, unable
to move hand and arm, leg and foot, face half immobile, unable to stand or walk, who remains oblivious
to the entire problem, and who reports that nothing is possibly the matter. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
210 |
|
Right side
of the body is paralyzed
rather than the left; do not develop anosognosia. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
210 |
|
Anosognosia
occurs with right
hemisphere damage. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
211 |
|
Anosognosia
patient has damage in the right hemisphere in a region that
includes cortices in the insula; the
cytoarchitectural areas of 3, 1, 2, in the parietal region; and area S2, also parietal, located in
the depth of the Sylvian fissure. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
211 |
|
Anosognosia damage affects the white matter interconnections in the cortex, connections with
the thalamus, the basal
ganglia,
and the motor
and prefrontal cortices. Damage to only parts of this multi-component system does not
cause anosognosia. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
211 |
|
Brain areas
that cross-signal
within the overall region of the right hemisphere that is damaged in anosognosia probably produce, through their cooperative
interactions, the
most comprehensive and integrated map of the current body state available to the brain. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
211 |
|
Anosognosia
results primarily from an inability to represent current body states automatically. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
212 |
|
Compromise of somatosensory maps in the right cerebral hemisphere damages
the highest level of integrated representation of the organism, undermining the biological
foundation of the proto-self. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
212 |
|
Highest level at which integration can occur is the set of somatosensory maps located in the insula, and areas S2 and S1 of the right cerebral hemisphere. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
215 |
|
Extended consciousness is compromised in patients who develop major defects in working memory; extensive frontal lobe damage involving external aspect of both cerebral hemispheres. |
|
3 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
217 |
|
Ever-changing self -- the sense
of core self. |
|
2 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
217 |
|
Sense of self that appears to
remain the same is the autobiographical self, because it is based on a repository of memories for
fundamental facts in an individual biography. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
218 |
|
A large
number of neural structures is necessary for core consciousness to occur. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
218 |
|
Plenty of brain sites not concerned with the making of core consciousness. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
218 |
|
At any given
moment we generate pulses
of core consciousness for one or a few target objects and for a set of
accompanying reactivated autobiographical memories. [remembered present]
[dynamic core] |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
219 |
|
Early sensory cortices of various modalities support neural patterns that are likely to
be the basis of mental images. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
219 |
|
Higher order cortices and various subcortical nuclei hold dispositions (patterns of characteristics) with which both images and actions can
be generated, rather than holding or displaying the explicit
patterns manifest in images
or actions themselves. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
219 |
|
Antonio Damasio has proposed
that dispositions are held
in neuron ensembles
known as 'convergence zones'. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
220 |
|
Brain forms memories in a highly
distributed manner. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
220 |
|
Spatial separation of records are coordinated in time so that all the recorded components appear seamlessly integrated. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
221 |
|
Key elements of our autobiography correspond to our identity, to our recent experiences, and to the experiences that we
anticipate, especially those in the near future. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
221 |
|
Critical elements of our autobiography arise from a continuously reactivated network
based on convergence zones, which are located in the temporal
and frontal higher-order cortices, as well as in subcortical nuclei such as those in the amygdala. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
227 |
|
Memories
are not stored in facsimile fashion; they must undergo a complex process of reconstruction during retrieval. |
|
6 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
229 |
|
Core consciousness and the generation of core self is under strong gene control. The genome puts in place the appropriate body-brain
linkages. |
|
2 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
229 |
|
Autobiographical self develops and matures under the
looming shadow of an inherited biology.
However, unlike the core self, much will occur in the development and
maturation of the autobiographical self that is not just dependent on, but is
even regulated by, the environment. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
236 |
|
Brief description of coma and vegetative
state. |
|
7 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
240 |
|
Reticular formation - (diagram) |
|
4 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
248 |
|
Reticular formation is generally involved in sleep and
wakefulness. |
|
8 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
248 |
|
Nuclei concerned with the
distribution of norepinephrine
(locus coeruleus) and serotonin (raphe nuclei). |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
249 |
|
In the awake and attentive state
or in REM sleep, the EEG becomes desynchronized and activity in local regions
of the cerebral cortex seem to be highly coordinated. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
249 |
|
Certain patterns of firing from
the reticular formation result in the awake state or in the sleep state. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
249 |
|
The intralamina nuclei of the
thalamus, which receives signals from the reticular formation, are an
indispensable part of the pathway that produces either the awake state or the
sleep state at the level of the cerebral cortex. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
250 |
|
Rodolfo Llinás proposes that
consciousness, in both the awake state and the state of dream sleep, is
generated in a closed loop that involves the cerebral cortex, the thalamus,
and the brain stem reticular formation. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
250 |
|
Within the reticular formation
and thalamus, there are neurons that fire spontaneously. The activity of
these neurons is modulated by the sensory neurons that brings signals from
the outside world into the brain, but they neurons do not require the signals
from the outside world in order to fire. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
250 |
|
Delivery of acetylcholine to the
thalamus and cortex changes the behavior of ion channels in the targeted
neurons. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
250 |
|
During conscious states, the
reticular formation generates a continuous barrage of signals aimed at the
thalamus and cerebral cortex, leading to the establishment of certain
geometries of cortical coherence. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
250 |
|
Sense sleep is a natural state
of unconsciousness, it is reasonable to have both consciousness and sleep
arise from physiological processes rooted in just about the same territory. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
250 |
|
Being conscious goes beyond
being awake and attentive: it requires an inner sense of self in the act of
knowing. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
252 |
|
The reticular formation is a
long, vertically organized structure that spans the entire brain stem from
the top of the spinal cord to the level of the thalamus. |
|
2 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
252 |
|
Only damage to a particular
sector of the reticular formation, from about the upper ponds on upward, can
cause loss of consciousness, while damage to the remainder will not alter
consciousness at all. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
252 |
|
The part of the reticular
formation whose damage alters consciousness is above the level at which the
trigeminal nerve, also known as the fifth cranial nerve, enters the brain
stem. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
255 |
|
Anatomy of Proto-self |
|
3 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
255 |
|
Neuroanatomical basis of the proto-self |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
255 |
|
Damage to the medulla or the spinal cord does not produce impairments to consciousness. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
259 |
|
Periaqueductal gray (PAG) - structures of the reticular
formation of the upper
pons and midbrain can be linked to the proto-self. |
|
4 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
264 |
|
Cingulate
might make the critical contribution to the "feeling of knowing,"
the high-order feeling
that defines core consciousness. |
|
5 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
264 |
|
Superior colliculi receive visual information, auditory information, somatosensory information, including
visceral
information from varied brainstem nuclei. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
265 |
|
Integrated activity of the superior colliculus is aimed at orienting the eyes, the head and neck, and the ears toward the source of a visual or
auditory stimulus. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
266 |
|
Structures active in newborn brain -- brain stem and hypothalamus, somatosensory cortices, and cingulate. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
266 |
|
Structures of newborn
brain entirely match those needed for the proto-self and second-order maps. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
266 |
|
Brain damage sites that should not cause impairment of core consciousness -- hippocampus, higher-order
cortices of temporal and frontal lobes, early sensory
cortices of vision and hearing. |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
268 |
|
Blindsight
-- cortical blindness. Subcortical structures can guide movement even if part of the
information underlying the process is not
available to consciousness. |
|
2 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
269 |
|
Working memory affects extended consciousness but not core consciousness. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
270 |
|
Bilateral damage to the hippocampus does not impair core consciousness, and neither
does bilateral damage to visual or auditory cortices. |
|
1 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
271 |
|
Core consciousness depends most critically on the activity of a restricted
number of phylogenetically
old brain structures -- beginning with brain stem and ending with somatosensory and cingulate cortices. |
|
1 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
272 |
|
Overlap of functions: (1) regulating homeostasis and signaling body
structure and state, (2) processes of
emotion and feeling, (3) processes of attention, (4) processes of wakefulness and sleep, (5) learning process. |
|
1 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
272 |
|
Neural pattern that underlines core consciousness for an object
-- the sense of self in the act of knowing a particular
thing -- is thus a large-scale
neural pattern involving activity in two interrelated sets of structures
-- the set whose cross regional activity generates (1) proto-self and second-order maps, and the set whose cross regional activity generates
(2) the representation of the object.
[Edelman's 'remembered present'] |
|
0 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
275 |
|
Consciousness
depends most critically on brain regions that are evolutionarily older rather than more recent, and are
located in the depth of the brain, rather than near the surface. |
|
3 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
275 |
|
Consciousness
is anchored on ancient neural structures intimately associated with the regulation
of life, rather than on modern
neural structures of the neocortex, those which
permit fine perception,
language, and high reason. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
285 |
|
Core types of emotions studied by Darwin. |
|
10 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
285 |
|
Fear, anger,
sadness, disgust, surprise,
and happiness have been found to be universal
emotions in terms of a
facial expression and recognizability. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
286 |
|
Background feelings help define our mental state. |
|
1 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
286 |
|
Prominent background
feelings include:
fatigue; energy; excitement; wellness; sickness; tension; relaxation;
surging; dragging; stability; instability; balance; imbalance; harmony;
discord. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
286 |
|
Moods are
made up of modulated and sustained background feelings. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
292 |
|
Locked-in
patients have an intact
consciousness. |
|
6 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
310 |
|
From wakefulness to conscience
(diagram) |
|
18 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
317 |
|
Because words such as images, neural patterns, representations, and maps have unclear and various meanings, their use is fraught with difficulties.
Nonetheless such words are indispensable to convey ideas in any attempt to deal with the topics of consciousness. |
|
7 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
317 |
|
Neural aspect of a mental
pattern is a neural pattern
or map. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
318 |
|
Images are
not just visual. |
|
1 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
320 |
|
When we look at an object
outside ourselves, the image we see is based on changes that occurred in our organism -- including the brain -- when the physical structure of the object interacts with
the body. |
|
2 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
320 |
|
Sensors
located throughout the body -- in the skin, in the muscles, in the retina, and so on --
help construct the neural patterns that map the organism's
interaction with the object. Neural pattern or
map is based on the momentary selection of neurons
and circuits engaged in the interaction. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
322 |
|
Images
arise from neural patterns (neural maps) formed in populations of neurons that
constitute networks. |
|
2 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
322 |
|
There is a mystery regarding HOW
images emerge from neural patterns. How a neural pattern BECOMES an image is a problem that
neurobiology has not yet resolved. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
323 |
|
Object is
used in a broad and abstract sense -- a person, a place, a pain, an emotion. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
323 |
|
Neural events at the molecular,
cellular, and systems levels contribute to the neural
patterns (maps) that
result in our mental images that create the mind. |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
326 |
|
Main divisions of the central nervous system and that critical components (diagram) |
|
3 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
327 |
|
The evolutionarily
modern part of the cerebral
cortex is known as the neocortex. |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
330 |
|
Main Brodmann
areas (diagram) |
|
3 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
334 |
|
Main early
sensory cortices (somatosensory, auditory,
visual) (diagram) |
|
4 |
Damasio;
Feeling of What Happens |
335 |
|
Binding problem: the integrated and unified scene that characterizes the conscious
mind will require massive local and global signaling of populations of neurons across multiple brain regions. [dynamic core] |
|
1 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
335 |
|
Fragmented activity of our brain cohere in time
and space |
|
0 |
Damasio; Feeling of What Happens |
341 |
|
Moods;
states of emotion tend to become continuous over long
periods of time. |
|
6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|