| Antonio Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | |||||
| Book | Page | Topic | |||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 3 | Feelings of pain or pleasure or some quality in between are the bedrock of our minds. | |||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 31 | Basic reflexes include the startle reflex, which organisms deploy in reaction to a noise or touch, or as the tropisms that guide organisms from extreme heat or extreme cold, or the way from dark into light. | 28 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 32 | Behaviors associated with pleasure or pain include reactions of approach or withdrawal. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 32 | Pain behaviors include facial expressions of alarm and suffering and a host of responses organized by the immune system. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 33 | Pleasure behaviors include relaxation, facial expressions of confidence and well-being, and production of certain classes of chemicals such as endorphins. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 34 | Drives and motivations include hunger, thirst, curiosity and exploration, play and sex. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 34 | Human emotions involved in life regulation include joy and sorrow and fear, as well as pride and shame and sympathy. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 34 | Feelings are at the very top of the innate automated life governance machine -- the homeostasis machine. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 35 | Reactions that constitute crying and sobbing are ready and active at birth. These reactions are automatic and largely stereotyped. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 35 | Learning can modulate the execution of a stereotyped pattern. Our laughter or crying plays differently in different circumstances, just as the musical notes that constitute a movement of a sonata can be played in very different ways. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 35 | All of the automatic and stereotyped reactions are aimed at regulating the life process and promoting survival. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 35 | Goal of the homeostasis endeavor in humans is to provide a better than neutral life state, what humans identify as wellness and well-being. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 37 | Feelings are a mental expression of all other levels of homeostatic regulation. | 2 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 37 | Regulatory reactions that ensure our homeostasis consists of a hierarchy of simple reactions incorporated as the components of more elaborate ones, a nesting of the simple within the complex. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 39 | Emotions proper -- disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, sympathy, and shame -- aim directly at life regulation by staving off dangers or helping the organism take advantage of an opportunity, or indirectly by facilitating social relations. | 2 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 40 | Reactions that lead to racial and cultural prejudices are based in part on the automatic deployment of social emotions evolutionarily meant to detect difference in others because difference may signal risk or danger. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 41 | Avoidance and evasion or endorsement and approach. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 43 | Classified the emotions-proper in three tiers: (1) background emotions, (2) primary emotions, and (3) social emotions. | 2 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 43 | Background emotions can be distinguished from moods, which refer to the sustaining of a given emotion over long periods of time. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 44 | Primary (or basic) emotions include fear, anger, disgust, surprise, sadness, and happiness. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 44 | Primary emotions are easily identifiable in human beings across several cultures. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 45 | Most of what we know about the neurobiology of emotion comes from studying the primary emotions. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 45 | Social emotions include sympathy, embarrassment, shame, guilt, pride, jealousy, envy, gratitude, admiration, indignation, and contempt. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 45 | A whole retinue of regulatory reactions along with elements present in primary emotions can be identified as subcomponents of social emotions in varied combinations. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 45 | Social emotion "contempt" borrows the facial expression of "disgust," a primary emotion that evolved in association with the automatic and beneficial rejection of potentially toxic food. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 47 | The worms C. elegans have exactly 302 neurons and about 5000 interneuron connections. | 2 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 49 | From chemical homeostatic processes to emotions-proper, life regulation phenomena have to do with the integrity and health of the organism. | 2 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 49 | Hunger and thirst are simple appetites. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 50 | To the best of our knowledge, most of the living creatures equipped to emote for the sake of their lives have no brain equipment to feel those emotions. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 59 | Some of the brain regions now identified as emotion triggering sites are the amygdala, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the supplementary motor area, and the cingulate. | 9 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 59 | None of the emotion triggering sites (the amygdala, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the supplementary motor area, and the cingulate) produces an emotion by itself. For an emotion to occur, the site must cause subsequent activity in the basal forebrain, hypothalamus, or nuclei of the brainstem. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 59 | As with any other form of complex behavior, emotion results from the concerted participation of several sites within the brain system. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 60 | Amygdala in animals has yielded important new information, most notably in the work of Joseph Ledoux. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 60 | Amygdala is an important interface between visual and auditory emotionally competent stimuli and the triggering of emotions, in particular, though not exclusively, fear and anger. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 61 | Ventromedial prefrontal region is tuned to detect the emotional significance more complex stimuli, natural as well as learned, competent to trigger social emotions. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 61 | Frontal lobe damage alters the ability to respond appropriately to social emotions such as embarrassment, guilt, or despair. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 62 | Emotion-execution sites include the hypothalamus, the basal forebrain, and some nuclei in the brain stem tegmentum. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 62 | Hypothalamus is the master executor of many chemical responses that are part of emotions. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 62 | Directly or via the pituitary gland, the hypothalamus releases into the bloodstream chemical molecules that alter the internal milieu the function of the viscera, and the function of the central nervous system itself. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 62 | Oxytocin and vasopressin, both peptides, are molecules released under the control of the hypothalamic nuclei with the help of the posterior pituitary gland. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 63 | Dopamine and serotonin modulate neural activity. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 63 | Behaviors experienced as rewarding and pleasurable depend on the release of dopamine from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the brainstem and its availability in the nucleus accumbens in the basal forebrain. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 63 | Basal forebrain and hypothalamic nuclei, some nuclei in the brainstem tegmentum, and brainstem nuclei that control the movement of the face, tongue, pharynx, and larynx are the ultimate executors of many behaviors that define the emotions, from courting or fleeing to laughing and crying. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 63 | In all emotions, multiple volleys of neural and chemical responses change the internal milieu, the viscera, and the musculoskeletal system for a certain period in a particular pattern. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 63 | Facial expressions, vocalizations, body postures, and specific patterns of behavior are enacted via emotion. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 63 | Brainstem is a very small region of the central nervous system and is jam-packed with nuclei and circuitry involved in different functions. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 63 | Some of the brainstem nuclei are tiny, and a minimal variation in the standard anatomy could lead to a significant rerouting of neural signals. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 75 | Stimulation of a small region of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the left frontal lobe can consistently and exclusively evoke laughter. The laughter-producing brain patch is small, measuring about 2 cm x 2 cm. | 12 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 76 | There may be nuclei in the brainstem capable of producing the motor patterns of laughter. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 76 | In the case of laughter, it appears that the initial triggering sites are in the medial and dorsal prefrontal region in regions such as the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the anterior cingulate cortex. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 76 | In the case of crying, the critical triggering sites are likely to be in the medial and ventral prefrontal region. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 76 | Patients with damage to the SMA and anterior cingulate have difficulty smiling a "natural" smile; they are limited to a fake sort of "say cheese" smile. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 77 | Pathological laughter and crying. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 77 | Some brain stem strokes can be fatal, and many leave patients with terrible disabilities. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 78 | Nuclei in the pons and in the cerebellum seem to play an important role in the control mechanism that allows us to control laughter and crying according to the social and cognitive context. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 78 | Within the brainstem, systems of nuclei and pathways can be switched on to engender stereotypical laughter or crying. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 78 | Cerebellum modulates the basic laughter and crying. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 78 | Brainstem and cerebellum stereotypical mechanisms for laughter or crying can be influenced by activity in the cerebral cortex. The several regions work as an ensemble in which an emotionally competent stimulus will cause a lot or very little of whatever kind of laughter or crying is appropriate in the context. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 79 | All living organisms endeavor to preserve themselves without conscious knowledge. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 79 | When emotions, appetites, and simpler regulatory reactions are mapped back in the central nervous system, subcortically and cortically, the result is feelings, the foundational components of our minds. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 79 | Feelings can guide a deliberate endeavor of self-preservation and assist with making choices regarding the manner in which self-preservation should take place. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 80 | Feelings open the door for some measure of willful control of the automated emotions. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 80 | First came the machinery for producing reactions to an object or event -- the machinery of emotion. Second came the machinery for producing a brain map and then a mental image for the reactions, and then for the resulting state of the organism -- the machinery of feeling. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 80 | Emotions enable organism to respond effectively but not creatively to a number of circumstances conducive or threatening to life. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 80 | Feelings introduced a mental alert for good or bad circumstances and prolonged the impact of emotions by affecting attention and memory lastingly. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 80 | Feelings led to the emergence of foresight and the possibility of creating novel, non-stereotypical responses. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 85 | Feelings arise from any set of homeostatic reactions, not just from emotions proper. | 5 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 85 | Sadness is accompanied by low rates of image production and hyperattentiveness to images, rather than by the rapid image change and short attention span that goes with high happiness. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 85 | Feelings are perceptions, and the necessary support for their perception occur in the brain's body maps. These maps refer to parts of the body and states of the body. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 85 | Some variation of pleasure or pain is a consistent content of the perception we call feeling. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 86 | A feeling is the perception of a certain state of the body along with the perception of a certain mode of thinking and of thoughts with certain themes. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 88 | The essential content of feelings is the mapping of a particular body state. The substrate of feelings is a set of neural patterns from which a mental image of the body state can emerge. A feeling in essence is an idea. | 2 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 88 | A feeling of emotion is an idea of the body when it is perturbed by the emoting process. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 91 | Visual perceptions correspond to external objects. | 3 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 91 | In the case of feelings, the objects and events at the origin are well inside the body rather than outside of it. Feelings may be just as mental as any other perception, but the objects being mapped are parts and states of the living organism in which feelings arise. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 91 | The "object" of an emotion or a feeling -- the sight of a spectacular seascape is an emotionally competent object. The body state that results from beholding that seascape is the actual object which is then perceived in the feeling state. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 92 | Feelings are not a passive perception or a flash in time, especially not in the case of feelings of joy and sorrow. For a while after an occasion of such feelings begins -- for seconds or for minutes -- there is a dynamic engagement of the body, almost certainly in repeated fashion, and a subsequent dynamic variation of the perception. We perceive a series of transitions. We sense and interplay, a give-and-take. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 92 | All feelings are feelings of some of the basic regulatory reactions, or of appetites, or of emotions-proper. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 93 | Few if any perceptions of any object or event, actually present or recalled from memory, are ever neutral in emotional terms. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 93 | We react to most, perhaps all, objects with emotions, however weak, and subsequent feelings, however feeble. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 96 | Feelings are related to neural mappings of body state. | 3 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 96 | When feelings occur there is a significant engagement of the areas of the brain that receive signals from the varied parts of the body and thus map the ongoing state of the organism. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 96 | Brain areas that map the ongoing state of the organism include the cingulate cortex, two of the somatosensory cortices (insular and S2), the hypothalamus, and several nuclei in the brainstem tegmentum (the back part of the brain stem). | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 97 | Main somatosensory regions, from the level of the brainstem to the cerebral cortex. (diagram) | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 98 | Participants in the experiment were asked to bring forth all the imagery they could so that emotions of the past event could be reenacted as intensely as possible. This sort of emotional memory device is a mainstay of some acting techniques. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 99 | Body sensing areas -- cingulate cortex, somatosensory cortices of insula and S2, nuclei in the brainstem tegmentum. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 100 | Feeling an emotion was associated with changes in the neural mapping of body state. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 101 | Physiology of feelings can be solved in the neural circuitry of body sensing brain regions and in the physiological and chemical operation of those circuitries. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 101 | Emotional states come first and feelings after. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 101 | In the sadness condition there were marked deactivations in prefrontal cortices; in the happiness conditions we found the opposite (an increased activity in the prefrontal cortices). | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 101 | Fluency of ideation is reduced in sadness and increased in happiness. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 102 | Changed activity in the somatosensory regions is correlated with feeling states. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 102 | Feelings associated with taking narcotics or craving them result in significant engagement of somatosensory areas. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 102 | Certain musical instruments, particularly in the human voice, and certain musical compositions, evoke emotive states that includes a host of skin responses such as making the hair stand on end, producing shutters, and blanching the skin. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 103 | Neural correlates of pleasurable states caused by listening to music capable of evoking chills and shivers down the spine. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 103 | Somatosensory regions of the insula and anterior cingulate were significantly engaged by musically thrilling pieces. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 103 | Immediate availability of endogenous opioids in the brain regions modified by feelings. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 103 | Regions involved in producing the emotive responses behind pleasurable states -- right orbitofrontal cortices, left ventral striatum. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 103 | Regions that were negatively correlated with the pleasurable state -- right amygdala. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 103 | Pain resulted in notable changes of activity in two somatosensory regions (insula and S2). | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 103 | Vibration produced activations in the somatosensory region S1, but not in the insula and S2, the regions most closely aligned with feelings of emotion. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 104 | Drugs such as Valium that remove the affect component of pain but leave the sensation of pain imtact -- you "feel" the pain but do not care. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 104 | Feeling the urge to empty one's bladder, or the feeling of having emptied it, are correlated with changes in the cingulate cortex. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 104 | Appetites and desires aroused by viewing erotic films -- cingulate cortex and insular cortex are very much engaged so that we can feel the excitement. Regions such as the orbitofrontal cortices and the striatum and are also engaged and whipping up the excitement. Remarkable difference in the hypothalamus engagement -- males engage the hypothalamus significantly; females do not. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 105 | David Hubel and Thorsen Wiesel began work on the neural basis of vision in the 1950s. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 105 | Somatosensory system is a critical substrate of feeling. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 105 | William James's conjecture that when we feel emotions we perceive body states. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 105 | Somatosensory regions are involved in the feeling process, and the insula is involved perhaps more significantly than any other structure. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 106 | A sense of the body's interior, an interoceptive sense. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 106 | Class of signals most likely to represent the content of feelings -- signals related to pain states; body temperature; flush; pH; tickle; shutter; viseral and genital sensations; the state of smooth musculature in blood vessels and other viscera; local pH; glucose; osmolality; presence of inflammatory agents; etc.. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 106 | Somatosensory regions appear to be a critical substrate for feelings, and the insular cortex appears to be the pivotal region of the set. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 110 | Machinery of feelings is a contributor to the process of consciousness, namely to the creation of self. | 4 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 110 | Brain must be there to command or construct the particular emotional body state that ends up being mapped as feeling. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 111 | Feelings become possible because there are brain maps available to represent body states. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 111 | Brain maps become possible because the brain machinery of body regulation requires them in order to make its regulatory adjustments, namely those adjustments that occur during the unfolding of an emotional reaction. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 111 | Whatever we feel must be based on the activity pattern of the body-sensing brain regions. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 111 | Feelings we experience come via body sensing regions. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 111 | Body sensing regions produce a precise map of what is occurring in the body. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 112 | Feelings occur over several seconds, two to twenty seconds being common. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 112 | Brain's body sensing regions receive signals with which they can construct maps of the ongoing body state. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 113 | Brain filters out nociceptive body signals. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 113 | Nuclei in a part of the brainstem tegmentum known is the periaqueductal gray (PAG). | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 114 | Optoid peptides such as endorphins. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 115 | Brain can simulate certain emotional body states internally, as happens in the process of turning the emotion sympathy into a feeling of empathy. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 115 | "Mirror neurons" | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 116 | Visual association cortices, especially the right visual cortices of the ventral occipito-temporal region. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 117 | Right somatosensory cortices -- insula, S2, and S1 regions of the right cerebral hemisphere. This is the set of regions in which the brain accomplishes the highest level of integrated mapping of body state. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 117 | Right somatosensory cortices are dominant with regard to integrated body mapping. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 117 | Right somatosensory cortices have been consistently associated with defects in emotion and feelings, such as anosognosia and neglect, whose basis is a defective idea of the current body state. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 117 | Right versus left asymetery in the function of the human somatosensory cortices probably is due to a committed participation of the left somatosensory cortices in language and speech. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 118 | Brain can achieve the modifications of body maps very rapidly, in the time scale of hundreds of milliseconds or less. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 118 | Timescale for the brain to induce changes in the body-proper is seconds. It takes about one second for long and myelinated axons to convey signals to body parts. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 118 | It takes a few seconds for a hormone to be released into the bloodstream and began to produce its cascade of subsequent effects. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 119 | Visual hallucinations are very disruptive and so are auditory hallucinations. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 119 | Hallucinated smells or tastes that epileptic patients may experience | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 119 | Mood-altering drugs turn feelings of sadness or inadequacy into those of contentment and confidence. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 119 | Long before the days of Prozac, however, alcohol, narcotics, analgesics, and hormones such as estrogens and testosterone had shown that feelings can be altered by chemical substances. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 121 | Critical neural patterns that are the proximate cause of the feeling state occur in body sensing regions such as the insula. | 2 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 121 | Brain's body sensing maps as a basis for the generation of feelings. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 121 | Introspective analysis of substance abusers who take drugs with the express purpose of producing an intense state of happiness. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 122 | First-person accounts of some substance abuses -- it felt like a total body orgasm; a relaxed feeling like you get after sex, but better; feels like every cell and bone in your body is jumping with delight; a generalized tingly, warm sensation. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 123 | Cocaine and amphetamine act on the dopamine system. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 123 | Ecstasy acts on the serotonin system. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 123 | Heroin and other opium related substances act on the opioid receptors. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 123 | Alcohol works through the GABA A receptors and through the NMDA glutamate receptors. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 123 | Both natural feelings and feelings experienced via substances of abuse have the cingulate cortex and the insula as the dominating sites of engagement. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 123 | The anatomical distribution of the receptors on which the different substances act is quite varied, the pattern being somewhat different for each of the drugs. And yet the feelings they produce are quite similar. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 123 | The feeling effect experienced comes from changes in a shared neural site or sites, which result from different cascades of system changes initiated by different substances. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 123 | All feelings contain some aspect of pain or pleasure as a necessary ingredient. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 123 | Mental images we call feelings arise from the neural patterns exhibited in body maps. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 124 | Pain and its variants occur when the brain's body maps have certain configurations. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 124 | Pleasure and its variants are the result of certain body map configurations in the brain. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 124 | Feeling pain or feeling pleasure consists of having biological processes in which our body image, as depicted in the brain's body maps, is conformed in a certain pattern. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 124 | Drugs such as morphine or aspirin alter the brain's pattern of pain or pleasure. So do ecstasy and scotch. So do anesthetics. So do certain forms of meditation. So do thoughts of despair. So do thoughts of hope and salvation. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 126 | Background feelings -- a part of the neural signaling that goes on in the brainstem and hypothalamus is continually made conscious. | 2 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 126 | Background feelings -- the way you feel when you're coming down with a cold, or better still, "on top of the world." | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 128 | Our brains receives signals from deep in the living flesh and provide local as well as global maps of the intimate anatomy and intimate functional state of the living flesh. | 2 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 130 | Feelings are based on composite representations of the state of life in the process of being adjusted for survival. | 2 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 132 | Contents of feelings are the configuration of body state represented in somatosensing maps. | 2 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 137 | What are feelings for -- of what use are feelings? | 5 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 137 | Mental state we call joy and its variants is something like a score composed in the key of pleasure. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 137 | Mental state we called sorrow encompasses negative states such as anguish, fear, guilt, and despair. These are scores composed in the key of pain. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 137 | Brain maps associated with joy signifies states of equilibrium for the organism; they are not only conducive to survival but to survival with well-being. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 195 | Mind arises in a brain that is integral to the organism. | 58 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 195 | Body, brain, and mind are manifestations of a single organism. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 195 | Brain produces two kinds of images: (1) images from the flesh, state of the viscera, (2) images from special sensory probes, e.g., retina, cochlea,etc. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 197 | Images in the stream of mind are a collection of brain maps, i.e., a collection of patterns of neuron activity and inactivity (neural patterns) in the various sensory regions. | 2 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 197 | Brain maps represent the structure and state of the body at any given time. Some maps relate to the world within, the organism's interior. Other maps relate to the world outside, the physical world of objects that interact with the organism. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 208 | Sense of self brings orientation -- sense of self introduces the notion that all the current activity represented in brain and mind pertain to a single organism whose auto-preservation needs are the basic cause of most events currently represented. | 11 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 208 | Sense of self orientation is only possible because feelings are integral to the cluster of operations that constitutes the sense of self, and because feelings are continuously generating, within the mind, a concern for the organism. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 208 | Without mental images, the organism would not be able to perform in timely fashion the large-scale integration of information critical for survival, not to mention well-being. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 208 | Without a sense of self and without the feelings that integrate it, large-scale mental integrations of information would not be oriented to the problems of life, survival and the achievement of well-being. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 208 | Mind as emerging from the cooperation of many brain regions. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 209 | Mind as inseparable from body. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 213 | Mind is made up of images, representations, or thoughts in spontaneous action or in the process of modifications caused by objects in the environment. | 4 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 214 | Mind is filled with images from the flesh and images from the body's special sensory probes. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 215 | The most basic kind of self or consciousness is a second-order idea based on two first-order ideas -- (1) idea of the object that we are perceiving and (2) idea of our body as modified by the perception of the object. | 1 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 215 | Our body is engaged in interacting with a mental object when we experience consciousness. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 215 | We have a conscious mind when the flow of images that describes objects and events in the varied sensory modalities is accompanied by images of the self. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 215 | Consciousness is a mind process that integrates the simultaneous and ongoing relationships to objects and to organisms that harbor it. | 0 | ||
| Damasio; Looking for Spinoza | 327 | We go from the "neural-map" level to the "mental" level via emergent properties. There is nothing magical about those emergent properties. | 112 | ||