Eccles; Evolution of Brain
Book Page Topic
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 10 The product of a gene    may affect many characters;    a character may be affected by    the products of many genes. (diagram)
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 14 Map of Africa    with sites for hominid evolution. 4
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 42 The size indices of major brain complements relative to basal insectivores (Tenrecinae). (diagram) 28
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 43 Evolutionary development of the brain    appears to be quantitative and qualitative.    The histological structure has remained essentially unaltered. 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 44 Cortical column diagram --    Neuron connectivity in a cortical column or module - (illustration) 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 45 Motor and sensory transmitting areas    of the cerebral cortex;    Broca area;    Wernicke area - (illustration) 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 54 Laetoli site -- hominid footprints. 9
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 58 Diagrammatic representation of pathways    concerned with the execution and control    of voluntary movement.    Association cortex; basal ganglia; lateral cerebellar hemisphere; ventral lateral thalamus; motor cortex; intermediate cerebellar hemisphere; ventroanterior thalamic nucleus. (diagram) 4
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 64 Schematic illustration of thalamus and cortex    motor and sensory paths. 6
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 81 Wernicke's area is associated with the ideas aspect of speech.    The aphasia is characterized by a failure to understand speech -- either written or spoken. 17
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 81 Wernicke patient    can speak with normal speed and rhythm    and with normal syntax;    speech is remarkably devoid of content,    being a kind of nonsense jargon    that lacks semantics. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 81 Broca area aphasia --    inability to speak fluently,   although can understand spoken language. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 81 Motor aphasia is not due to paralysis of the vocal musculature but two disorders in their usage. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 81 In about 5% of cases, the lateralization of speech is reversed,    Wernicke and Broca areas being on the right side. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 81 There is good but not complete correlation    of handedness    with laterality of speech.    Almost all right handers are left brain speakers.    With left-handers, speech may be in the left or right hemispheres. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 82 Left hemisphere and speech areas - (illustration) 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 84 Brodman's area map of the human brain - (illustration) 2
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 87 Speech areas of the human brain are formed before birth,    being ontogenetically developed    ready for the learning of language.    This is a genetically coded process,    and the speech areas are competent for learning any human language. 3
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 87 From the higher primates up to Homo sapiens,    there has been no evolutionary change in the auditory system    from the cochlea receptors up to the cerebral cortex. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 88 Schematic illustration of auditory pathways 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 88 Asymmetry and hypertrophy    of human temperoral lobes    associated with speech. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 98 Fornix is a great track with more than a million fibers.    It is the main efferent pathway from the hippocampus    and circles around    under the corpus callosum    to end in the septal nuclei,    the hypothalamus,    and the mammalliary bodies. 10
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 99 Anatomical interconnections    between the limbic system and brain stem - (illustration) 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 100 Connections from the neocortex    to and from the mediodorsal thalamus    and the limbic system - (illustration) 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 102 We can adopt the simplified hypothesis of MacLean    that there are two main components in the limbic system,    which correspond to agreeable and disagreeable effects. 2
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 102 The septal nuclei,    the medial forebrain bundle,    and the associated hypothalamus    are concerned with providing agreeable affects    and their associated emotions    that often have the sexual overtones. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 102 Amygdala with its projections in part by the stria terminalis give the adversive feelings. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 103 Medio-dorsal thalmic nucleus is a key structure    since it receives from the amygdala and septum    and projects very widely to the neocortex,    in particular to almost the whole prefrontal lobe. 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 103 Anterior thalamus is important    by its projection to the cingulate gyrus    and from there widely to the neocortex. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 103 Calming action of reserpine    makes it an effective antipsychotic,    apparently by depletion of dopamine. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 104 Injected opiates accumulate in the amygdala    plus associated nuclei and in the hypothalamus. 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 104 Opioid binding sites on the limbic nuclei    are related to drug addiction.    Electrical stimulation of the septum,    medial longitudinal bundle,    and lateral amygdala    give pleasurable feelings with sexual overtones. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 104 Receptor sites responsible for desirable physiological and psychological action    are open for attachments by the addictive drugs. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 106 Stimulation and ablation of the cingulate gyrus    result in a diverse range of emotional experiences    corresponding to those described for the amygdala and septum.    It can be assumed that the cingulate gyrus acts as an intermediary to the prefrontal cortex and orbital cortices. 2
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 118 Visual pathways showing the left half and right half visual fields.    Crossing in the optic chiasm    so that the right half of the visual field of each eye    goes to the left visual cortex    after relay in the lateral geniculate body.    Correspondingly for the left visual field to the right visual cortex. (diagram) 12
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 125 Visual cortical areas and their connections - (diagram) 7
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 126 In area TE of the temporal lobe    there are remarkable feature detection neurons. 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 126 Area TE contains neurons    uniquely specified for squares,    for rectangles,    for triangles,    for stars. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 126 Area TE includes neurons    representing a remarkable selection of visual information    with respect to some feature.    In some cases it also signals an additional feature, namely the significance to the animal. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 126 Each stage    in the processing of visual information    from the retina to cortical areas 20 and 21    can be regarded as having a hierarchical order    with features in sequential array. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 126 The visual field becomes progressively less specific.    This increasing generalization    results and a foveal representation for all neurons of areas 20 and 21. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 126 In area TE of the temporal lobe,    there are small neuronal assemblies    that are uniquely active    for features such as squares, rectangles, triangles, stars, etc.     More abstractly, there are small number of neurons    that respond specifically    to hands or faces, etc.     In some cases there are also representations of features of special significance to an animal. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 140 Two distinct types of learning and memory: (1) motor learning, all skilled movements, (2) cognition; perception, ideas, linguistic expression, whole of culture. 14
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 140 Jane Goodall (1971), In the Shadow of Man, study of a group of about 50 champanzees living freely in a natural habitat in Tanzania.    Purely matriarchal system;    paternity is unknown in the promiscuous society. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 145 Chimpamzee performance attains a level no better than that of a young child about 3 years old. 5
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 148 Synaptic endings on neurons;    diversity of synaptic endings of the apical and basal dentrites,    and the inhibitory synaptic endings    on the soma - (illustration) 3
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 150 Experimental prodedures on the rabbit hippocampus began the modern era, 1973. 2
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 150 LTP, four brief stimulating tetani (15/sec for 15 sec); synapses were strengthened to about double,    remained so beyond 10 hours. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 150 Learning is not just the remembrance of some initial intense stimulation.    It is even more importantly the remembering of associated experiences. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 151 The essential nature of LTP is that it is primarily postsynaptic. 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 156 Connections in the neocortex showing pathways and synapses in the proposed theory of cerebral learning.    Modules are vertical functional elements of the neocortex, each with about 4,000 neurons. - (illustration) 5
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 157 So much of human cognitive memory is coded in language. 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 157 Newborn babies of humans and apes are in an extremely helpless state with few instinctive movements. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 158 Cerebro-cerebella pathways    linking association and motor cortices    with the cerebellar hemisphere. - (illustration) 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 167 Relative to the duration of human memory,    we have to consider the effects of repeated recall    in extending it indefinitely. 9
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 169 With hippocampal lesions,    there is amnesia for declarative memory    but not for procedural memory,    which presumably depends on quite different neural circuitries,    where supplementary motor area,    premotor area,    the cerebellum,    and basal ganglia    are principally involved. 2
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 173 Every normal person thinks about objects and events that are remote in time and place from the immediate flow of sensations.    This is what is meant by mental experiences. 4
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 173 The presence of mental images and their use by an animal to regulate its behavior, provides a pragmatic working definition of consciousness. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 184 There are about 10,000 spine synapse is on each pyramidal cell. 11
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 185 The bouton of a presynaptic neuron contains about 2000 synaptic vesicles.    Only about 30 to 50 of the synaptic vesicles are embedded in the firing zone of the presynaptic vesicular grid.    The remainder are loosely arranged in the interior of the bouton. 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 195 Map of some functions of right hemisphere - (diagram) 10
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 200 Modular design of the cerebral neocortex. 5
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 201 Some pyramidal cells of a module    project in an overlapping manner    to other modules. (axon bifurcates and goes to two modules) 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 202 Corticocortical connectivity diagram. -    Connections are established in highly specific patterns    between vertical columns    with a diameter 200-300 microns    in both hemispheres.    Ipsilateral connections are derived mainly from cells in Layer III.    Contralateral connections derive from Layers II to IV.    The semantic connections have profuse branching in all laminae.  - (illustration) 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 207 Roger Sperry and associates develop testing procedures for 'split-brain' patients.    Each disconnected hemisphere behaved as if it were not conscious of the cognitive events in partner hemisphere.    Each brain half    appeared to have its own, largely separate, cognitive domain    with its own private perceptual, learning and memory experiences,    all of which were seemingly oblivious of corresponding events and the other hemisphere. 5
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 207 In contrast to the crossed projection of vision,   the predominately crossed projection of hearing,    and the crossed representations of both motor and sensory innervation of hands,    there is the strictly unilateral projection of smell. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 207 Arithmetical calculation is predominant in the left hemisphere.    Only very simple additions can be carried out by the right hemisphere. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 207 The right hemisphere is a very highly developed brain except that it cannot express itself in language,    so it is not able to disclose any experience of consciousness    that we can recognize. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 208 Each of the disconnected hemispheres    of split-brain patients    has its own Gnostic functions.    Each hemisphere in the lateralized testing procedures appeared to be using its own    percepts,    mental images,    and associations    and ideas. 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 208 The consciousness in the right hemisphere is obscured by its lack of expressive language. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 208 The left hemisphere has a normal linguistic performance, so it can be recognized as being associated with the prior existence of the self with all the memories of the past before the commissural section. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 208 In general, the dominant hemisphere is specialized in respect to fine imaginative details    in all descriptions and reactions,    i.e. it is analytical and sequential. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 208 The dominant hemisphere can    add,    subtract,    and multiply    and carry out other computer like operations. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 208 The dominant hemisphere's dominance    derives from its verbal and ideational abilities and its liaison to self-consciousness. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 208 The minor hemisphere is preeminent in many important properties,    particularly in respect to its spatial abilities    with a strongly developed pictorial and pattern sense. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 209 The right hemisphere has access to a considerable auditory vocabulary,    being able to recognize commands    and to relate words    presented by hearing or vision    to pictorial representations. 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 211 The human cerebral hemispheres    exist in a symbiotic relationship    in which both the capacities and motivations to act    are complementary. 2
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 211 Each side of the brain    is able to perform    and chooses to perform    a certain set of cognitive tasks    that the other side finds difficult. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 211 The right hemisphere    notes visual similarities    to the exclusion of conceptual similarities.    The left hemisphere does the opposite. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 211 The right hemisphere    perceives form,    the left hemisphere    perceives detail. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 211 The right hemisphere    codes sensory input    in terms of images,    the left hemisphere    in terms of linguistic descriptions. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 211 The right hemisphere    lacks a phonological analyzer;    the left hemisphere    lacks a Gestalt synthesizer. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 211 The right hemisphere specialties    are all nonverbal,    nonmathematical    and non-sequential in nature.    They are largely spatial    and  imagistic. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 212 Neural tube    of a 97-day monkey fetus    in process of forming the neocortex - (diagram) 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 213 It is proposed that the neo-neocortical areas    are developed in evolution    for the special gnostic functions    that are unique features    in hominid evolution.    Brodmann areas 39 and 40    are the most clearly defined areas of the neo-neocortex,    but the middle prefrontal and inferior temporal lobules also qualify. 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 214 Nerve cells arranged in a clonal vertical minicolumn as envisaged by Mountcastle. 1
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 214 Wide range of specialization    for gnostic functions    of the most diverse kinds. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 214 Late development of the neocortex    should be indicated by the delayed mitoses    in large patches of neuroepithelial cells    of the human neural tube. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 214 Special internal connectivities    characterizing the unique gnostic functions    and the asymetrical distribution    of these functions. 0
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 216 By puberty (about 14 years)    the functional asymetries    have been fixed. 2
Eccles; Evolution of Brain 237 Eccles view [I don't agree with it.]: "Since materialist solutions fail to account for our experienced uniqueness, I am constrained to attribute the uniqueness of the Self or Soul to a supernatural spiritual creation. Each Soul is a new Devine creation which is implanted into the growing fetus at some time between conception and birth." 21