Eccles;
Evolution of Brain |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Book |
Page |
|
Topic |
|
|
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
10 |
|
The product of a gene may affect many characters; a character may be affected by the products of many genes.
(diagram) |
|
|
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
14 |
|
Map of Africa with sites for hominid
evolution. |
|
4 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
42 |
|
The size indices of major brain
complements relative to basal insectivores (Tenrecinae). (diagram) |
|
28 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
43 |
|
Evolutionary development of the brain appears to be quantitative and qualitative. The histological structure has remained essentially unaltered. |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
44 |
|
Cortical column diagram -- Neuron connectivity in a cortical column or module -
(illustration) |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
45 |
|
Motor and sensory transmitting areas of the cerebral
cortex; Broca area; Wernicke area - (illustration) |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
54 |
|
Laetoli site
-- hominid footprints. |
|
9 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
58 |
|
Diagrammatic representation of pathways concerned with the execution and control of voluntary
movement.
Association cortex; basal ganglia; lateral cerebellar hemisphere;
ventral lateral thalamus; motor cortex; intermediate cerebellar hemisphere;
ventroanterior thalamic nucleus. (diagram) |
|
4 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
64 |
|
Schematic illustration of thalamus and cortex motor and sensory
paths. |
|
6 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
81 |
|
Wernicke's area is associated with the ideas aspect of speech. The aphasia is characterized by a failure to understand speech -- either written
or spoken. |
|
17 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
81 |
|
Wernicke patient can speak with normal speed and rhythm and with normal syntax; speech is remarkably devoid of content, being a kind of nonsense jargon that lacks
semantics. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
81 |
|
Broca area aphasia -- inability to speak fluently, although can understand spoken language. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
81 |
|
Motor aphasia
is not due to paralysis of
the vocal musculature but
two disorders in their usage. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
81 |
|
In about 5% of cases, the lateralization of speech is reversed, Wernicke and Broca areas being on the right side. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
81 |
|
There is good
but not complete correlation of handedness with laterality of speech. Almost all right handers
are left brain speakers. With left-handers, speech may be in the left or right hemispheres. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
82 |
|
Left hemisphere and speech areas - (illustration) |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
84 |
|
Brodman's area
map of the human brain - (illustration) |
|
2 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
87 |
|
Speech areas
of the human brain are formed before birth, being ontogenetically developed ready for the learning
of language. This is a genetically
coded process,
and the speech areas are competent for learning any
human language. |
|
3 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
87 |
|
From the higher
primates up to Homo sapiens, there has been no evolutionary change in the auditory system from the cochlea receptors up to the cerebral cortex. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
88 |
|
Schematic illustration of auditory pathways |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
88 |
|
Asymmetry and hypertrophy of human temperoral
lobes
associated with speech. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
98 |
|
Fornix is a great track with more than a million fibers. It is the main
efferent pathway from the hippocampus and circles around under the corpus callosum to end in the septal nuclei, the hypothalamus, and the mammalliary bodies. |
|
10 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
99 |
|
Anatomical interconnections between the limbic
system and brain stem - (illustration) |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
100 |
|
Connections from the neocortex to and from the mediodorsal thalamus and the limbic system - (illustration) |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
102 |
|
We can adopt the simplified hypothesis of MacLean that there are two main components in the limbic system, which correspond to agreeable and disagreeable effects. |
|
2 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
102 |
|
The septal
nuclei,
the medial forebrain bundle, and the associated hypothalamus are concerned with
providing agreeable affects and their associated emotions that often have the sexual overtones. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
102 |
|
Amygdala with
its projections in part by the stria terminalis give the adversive feelings. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
103 |
|
Medio-dorsal thalmic nucleus is a key structure
since it receives from the amygdala
and septum and projects
very widely to the neocortex, in particular to almost the whole prefrontal lobe. |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
103 |
|
Anterior thalamus is important by its projection to the cingulate gyrus and from there widely to the neocortex. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
103 |
|
Calming action
of reserpine
makes
it an effective antipsychotic, apparently by depletion of dopamine. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
104 |
|
Injected opiates accumulate in the amygdala plus associated nuclei
and in the hypothalamus. |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
104 |
|
Opioid binding
sites on the limbic
nuclei are related to drug
addiction.
Electrical stimulation of the septum, medial longitudinal bundle, and lateral
amygdala
give pleasurable feelings with sexual overtones. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
104 |
|
Receptor sites
responsible for desirable
physiological and psychological action
are
open for attachments by
the addictive drugs. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
106 |
|
Stimulation
and ablation of the cingulate gyrus result in a diverse
range of emotional
experiences
corresponding to those described for the amygdala and septum. It can be assumed that the cingulate gyrus acts as an intermediary to the prefrontal
cortex and orbital
cortices. |
|
2 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
118 |
|
Visual pathways showing the left half and right half visual fields. Crossing in the optic chiasm so that the right half of
the visual field of each eye goes to the left visual cortex after relay in
the lateral geniculate body. Correspondingly for the left visual field to the right visual cortex. (diagram) |
|
12 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
125 |
|
Visual cortical areas and their connections - (diagram) |
|
7 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
126 |
|
In area TE of the temporal lobe there are remarkable feature detection neurons. |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
126 |
|
Area TE contains
neurons uniquely
specified for squares, for rectangles, for triangles, for stars. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
126 |
|
Area TE
includes neurons
representing a remarkable selection of visual information with respect to some
feature.
In some cases it also signals an additional feature, namely the significance to the animal. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
126 |
|
Each stage in the processing of visual information from the retina to cortical areas 20 and 21 can be regarded as having a hierarchical order with features in sequential
array. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
126 |
|
The visual
field becomes progressively
less specific.
This increasing generalization results and a foveal
representation for all neurons of areas 20 and 21. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles;
Evolution of Brain |
126 |
|
In area TE of the temporal
lobe,
there are small neuronal assemblies that are uniquely
active for features such as squares, rectangles, triangles,
stars, etc.
More abstractly, there are small number of
neurons that respond specifically to hands or
faces, etc.
In some cases there are also representations of features of special
significance to an animal. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
140 |
|
Two distinct types of learning
and memory: (1) motor learning, all skilled movements, (2) cognition;
perception, ideas, linguistic expression, whole of culture. |
|
14 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
140 |
|
Jane Goodall (1971), In the Shadow of Man, study of a group
of about 50 champanzees
living freely in a natural habitat in Tanzania. Purely
matriarchal system; paternity
is unknown in the promiscuous society. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
145 |
|
Chimpamzee performance attains a level no better than that of
a young child about 3 years
old. |
|
5 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
148 |
|
Synaptic endings on neurons; diversity of synaptic
endings of the apical and basal
dentrites,
and the inhibitory
synaptic endings
on the soma -
(illustration) |
|
3 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
150 |
|
Experimental prodedures on the rabbit hippocampus began the modern era, 1973. |
|
2 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
150 |
|
LTP, four brief stimulating tetani (15/sec for 15
sec); synapses were strengthened to about double, remained so beyond 10 hours. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
150 |
|
Learning is
not just the remembrance of
some initial intense stimulation. It is even more
importantly the remembering
of associated experiences. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
151 |
|
The essential
nature of LTP is that it
is primarily postsynaptic. |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
156 |
|
Connections in
the neocortex showing pathways and synapses in the proposed theory of cerebral learning. Modules
are vertical functional elements of the neocortex, each with about 4,000 neurons. - (illustration) |
|
5 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
157 |
|
So much of human
cognitive memory is coded in language. |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
157 |
|
Newborn babies of humans and apes
are in an extremely helpless state with few
instinctive movements. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
158 |
|
Cerebro-cerebella pathways linking association and motor cortices with the cerebellar hemisphere. - (illustration) |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
167 |
|
Relative to the duration of human
memory,
we have to consider the effects of repeated recall in extending it
indefinitely. |
|
9 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
169 |
|
With hippocampal
lesions,
there is amnesia
for declarative memory but not for procedural memory, which presumably depends on quite different neural
circuitries, where supplementary motor area, premotor area, the cerebellum, and basal ganglia are principally
involved. |
|
2 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
173 |
|
Every normal person thinks about objects and events
that are remote in time and place
from the immediate flow
of sensations. This is what is meant by mental experiences. |
|
4 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
173 |
|
The presence of mental images and their use by an animal to regulate its behavior, provides a pragmatic working
definition of consciousness. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
184 |
|
There are about 10,000 spine
synapse is on each pyramidal cell. |
|
11 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
185 |
|
The bouton of a presynaptic neuron contains about 2000 synaptic vesicles. Only about 30 to 50 of
the synaptic vesicles are embedded in the firing zone of the presynaptic vesicular grid. The remainder are loosely arranged in the interior of the bouton. |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
195 |
|
Map of some functions of right hemisphere - (diagram) |
|
10 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
200 |
|
Modular design
of the cerebral neocortex. |
|
5 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
201 |
|
Some pyramidal
cells of a module project in
an overlapping manner to other modules. (axon bifurcates and goes to two modules) |
|
1 |
|
Eccles;
Evolution of Brain |
202 |
|
Corticocortical connectivity diagram. - Connections are established in highly specific
patterns
between vertical columns with a diameter 200-300
microns in
both hemispheres. Ipsilateral connections are derived mainly from cells in Layer
III. Contralateral connections derive from Layers II to IV. The semantic
connections have profuse
branching in all laminae. - (illustration) |
|
1 |
|
Eccles;
Evolution of Brain |
207 |
|
Roger Sperry
and associates develop testing procedures for 'split-brain'
patients.
Each disconnected hemisphere behaved as if it were not conscious of the cognitive events in partner hemisphere. Each brain half appeared to have its own, largely separate, cognitive
domain with its own private perceptual, learning and memory experiences, all of which were seemingly oblivious of corresponding events and the other hemisphere. |
|
5 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
207 |
|
In contrast to the crossed projection of vision, the predominately crossed projection of hearing, and the crossed
representations of both motor and sensory innervation
of hands, there is the strictly
unilateral projection of smell. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
207 |
|
Arithmetical calculation is predominant in the left hemisphere. Only very simple additions can be carried
out by the right hemisphere. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
207 |
|
The right hemisphere is a very highly developed brain except
that it cannot express
itself in language, so it is not able to disclose any experience of consciousness that we can recognize. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
208 |
|
Each of the disconnected
hemispheres of split-brain
patients has its own Gnostic functions. Each hemisphere in the lateralized testing procedures appeared to be using
its own
percepts, mental images, and associations and ideas. |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
208 |
|
The consciousness in the right
hemisphere is obscured by its lack of expressive language. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
208 |
|
The left hemisphere has a normal
linguistic performance, so it can be recognized as being associated with the
prior existence of the self with all the memories of the past before the
commissural section. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
208 |
|
In general, the dominant hemisphere is specialized in respect to fine imaginative
details
in all descriptions and reactions, i.e. it is analytical and sequential. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
208 |
|
The dominant hemisphere can add, subtract, and multiply and carry out other computer like operations. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
208 |
|
The dominant
hemisphere's dominance derives from its verbal and ideational
abilities and its liaison to self-consciousness. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
208 |
|
The minor
hemisphere is preeminent in many important properties, particularly in
respect to its spatial
abilities with a strongly
developed pictorial and pattern
sense. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
209 |
|
The right
hemisphere has access to a considerable auditory vocabulary, being able to recognize
commands
and to relate words presented by hearing or vision to pictorial
representations. |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
211 |
|
The human cerebral hemispheres exist in a symbiotic
relationship
in which both the capacities and motivations to act
are complementary. |
|
2 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
211 |
|
Each side of
the brain is able to perform and chooses to perform a certain set of cognitive tasks that the other side finds difficult. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
211 |
|
The right
hemisphere
notes visual similarities to the exclusion of conceptual similarities. The left hemisphere does the opposite. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
211 |
|
The right hemisphere perceives form, the left hemisphere perceives detail. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
211 |
|
The right hemisphere codes sensory
input in terms of images, the left hemisphere in terms of linguistic descriptions. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
211 |
|
The right
hemisphere
lacks a phonological analyzer; the left
hemisphere
lacks a Gestalt synthesizer. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
211 |
|
The right
hemisphere specialties are all nonverbal, nonmathematical and non-sequential in nature. They are largely spatial and imagistic. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
212 |
|
Neural tube of a 97-day monkey fetus in process of forming the neocortex
- (diagram) |
|
1 |
|
Eccles;
Evolution of Brain |
213 |
|
It is proposed that the neo-neocortical areas are developed
in evolution
for
the special gnostic functions that are unique features in hominid
evolution.
Brodmann areas 39 and 40 are the most clearly defined areas of the neo-neocortex, but the middle
prefrontal and inferior temporal lobules also qualify. |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
214 |
|
Nerve cells
arranged in a clonal vertical minicolumn as
envisaged by Mountcastle. |
|
1 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
214 |
|
Wide range of specialization for gnostic
functions of the most
diverse kinds. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
214 |
|
Late development of the neocortex should be indicated by the delayed mitoses in large patches of neuroepithelial cells of the human neural tube. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
214 |
|
Special internal connectivities characterizing the unique gnostic functions and the asymetrical
distribution
of these functions. |
|
0 |
|
Eccles; Evolution of Brain |
216 |
|
By puberty (about 14 years) the functional asymetries have been fixed. |
|
2 |
|
Eccles;
Evolution of Brain |
237 |
|
Eccles view [I
don't agree with it.]: "Since materialist
solutions fail to account for our experienced uniqueness, I am constrained to
attribute the uniqueness of the Self or Soul to a supernatural
spiritual creation. Each Soul is a new Devine creation which is implanted into the growing fetus at some
time between conception and birth." |
|
21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|