Edelman; Bright Air
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Edelman; Bright Air 23 Development of the brain -- (diagram)
Edelman; Bright Air 23 At one time or another in their careers    all neurons are gypsies --    moving to their final positions on other cells. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 23 Connections among cells    are not precisely specified    in the genes of the animal. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 25 Network of the brain    is created by cellular movement during development    and by the extension and connection of increasing numbers of neurons. 2
Edelman; Bright Air 25 Brain is an example of a self-organizing system. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 25 Precise point-to-point wiring cannot occur;    the variation is too great    for the information stored in the genome. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 25 Developmental driving forces provided by cellular processes such as cell division, movement and death. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 25 In some regions of the developing nervous system    up to 70% of the neurons die    before the structure of the region is completed.    In general, uniquely specified connections cannot exist. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 25 Neurons generally send branches of their axons out in diverging arbors that overlap    with those of other neurons. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 25 Arbors of dendrites    on recipient neurons    await the axon growth cones    of incoming neurons. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 28 In the visual system, there may be more than 30 interconnected brain centers, each with its own map. 3
Edelman; Bright Air 38 Brain maps -- (nineteenth century) electrically stimulating parts of the brain, then noting specific bodily movements. 10
Edelman; Bright Air 38 Gestalt phenomena discovered by Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, Kurt Koffka. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 39 Gestalt phenomena -- (diagram) 1
Edelman; Bright Air 39 Gestalt phenomena demonstrate how context-dependent perception is. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 62 Homeotic genes control differentiation events. 23
Edelman; Bright Air 62 Homeotic genes    are expressed in gradients across an animal,    usually front to back. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 62 Cells express genes in time and space    to govern morphoregulatory molecules,    which in turn control cell movements    and cell-to-cell adhesion. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 64 Theory of Neuronal Group Selection (TNGS) -    (1) Developmental selection,    (2) Experimental selection,    (3) Reentry - (illustration) 2
Edelman; Bright Air 69 Neurons have treelike arbors    that overlap    and ramify    in myriad ways. 5
Edelman; Bright Air 83 Neuronal group selection,    reentry,    global mapping 14
Edelman; Bright Air 86 Multiple maps    of visual areas    of the brain    are reentrantly connected to each other. (diagram) 3
Edelman; Bright Air 88 Neuronal groups (diagram) 2
Edelman; Bright Air 90 Reentry (diagrams) 2
Edelman; Bright Air 91 Global mapping -- made up of multiple maps (diagram) 1
Edelman; Bright Air 95 Groups of cells    fired together in time    with a predominant oscillatory component    at 40 Hz. 4
Edelman; Bright Air 102 Recall    involves the activation    of some of the previously facilitated portions    of global mappings. 7
Edelman; Bright Air 102 Categorization response    is similar to a previous response,    but at a later time    the neurons and synapses contributing to that response will be different.    In general, they are likely to have been altered by ongoing activity in the brain. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 102 Perceptual categories    are not immutable    and are altered by the ongoing behavior.    Memory    in this view results from continual recategorization. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 102 Different combinations of neuronal groups    can give rise to a similar output;    a given categorical response in memory    can be achieved in several ways. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 103 Distinction between REPLICATIVE memory    and RECATEGORIZATION memory - (diagram) 1
Edelman; Bright Air 103 Fundamental mechanism of memory is a change in synaptic strength. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 104 Memory is considered to be a form of recategorization. 1
Edelman; Bright Air 104 Cortex is an interconnected six-layer sheet of about ten billion neurons with about a million billion connections. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 104 Cortex    is arranged in functionally segregated maps    that are reentrantly connected    that subserve all the different sensory modalities and motor responses. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 104 Cortex is connected to    three structures    Edelman calls the organs of succession. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 104 Structures involved in the output of the brain:    (1) Cerebellum,    (2) Hippocampus,    (3) Basal Ganglia. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 105 Cerebellum,    surrounding the upper brain stem;    timing and smoothing    of successions of movements. 1
Edelman; Bright Air 109 Concept formation    requires reentrant connections    from the higher cortical areas to:    (1) other cortical areas,    (2) hippocampus,    (3) basal ganglia. 4
Edelman; Bright Air 114 Qualia    constitute the collection of personal or subjective experiences and sensations    that accompany awareness. 5
Edelman; Bright Air 115 Qualia assumption distinguishes between higher-order consciousness and primary consciousness. 1
Edelman; Bright Air 115 Higher-order consciousness is based on a direct awareness in a human. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 115 Primary consciousness    may be composed of experiences such as mental images,    but it is bound to a time around the present    and lacks concepts of self,    past,    and future. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 116 Gottfried Leibniz's question of why there is something rather than nothing. 1
Edelman; Bright Air 116 Qualia    may be viewed as forms of higher-order categorization. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 117 Two kinds of nervous system organization that are important to understanding how consciousness evolved:  (1) brainstem, together with the limbic (hedonic) system.  (2) thalamocortical system. 1
Edelman; Bright Air 117 Brain stem, together with the limbic (hedonic) system    concerned with appetite,    sexual and sonsummatory behavior,    evolved defensive behavior patterns.    It is a value system. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 117 Value system    is extensively connected    to many different body organs,    the endocrine system,    and the autonomic nervous system. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 117 Value systems    regulate heart and respiratory rate,    sweating,   digestive functions,    as well as bodily cycles    related to sleep and sex. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 117 Limbic-brainstem systems    are often arranged in loops;    they respond relatively slowly (seconds to months),    and do not consist of detailed maps. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 117 Value systems    evolved early    to take care of bodily functions. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 117 Thalamocortical system    evolved to receive signals from sensory receptors    and give signals to voluntary muscles. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 117 Thalamocortical system    is very fast in its responses (milliseconds to seconds),    although its synaptic connections undergo some changes that last a lifetime. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 117 Cerebral cortex    is arranged as a set of maps    that receive inputs via the thalamus. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 117 Thalamocortical system    does not contain loops so much as highly connected layered local structures    with massively reentrant connections. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 118 Cortex    is concerned with the categorization of the world;    limbic system is concerned with value. 1
Edelman; Bright Air 118 Two systems, limbic-brain stem and thalamocortical, were linked during evolution.    The later-evolving cortical system served learning behavior    that was adapted to increasingly complex environments. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 118 Learning    can be seen as the means by which categorization occurs on the background of value    to result in adaptive changes in behavior. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 118 Learning certainly occurs in animals that show no evidence of conscious behavior. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 119 Humans experience primary consciousness    as a "picture" or "mental image"    of ongoing categorized events. 1
Edelman; Bright Air 119 No actual image in the brain;    "image" is a correlation between different kinds of categorizations. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 120 Primary consciousness is a kind of "remembered present". 1
Edelman; Bright Air 123 Consciousness is about 300 million years old. 3
Edelman; Bright Air 144 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was the single most important figure in pointing up the role of unconscious processes in our behavior and feelings. 21
Edelman; Bright Air 149 Consciousness appeared as a result of natural selection. 5
Edelman; Bright Air 149 Consciousness is efficacious,    enhancing fitness in certain environments. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 149 Consciousness arises from a special set of relationships between perception,    concept formation    and memory. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 149 The psychological functions of perception,    concept formation    and memory depend on categorization mechanisms in the brain. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 149 Memory    is influenced by evolutionarily established value systems    and by homeostatic control systems characteristic of each species. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 149 Primary consciousness    is achieved by the reentry    of a value-category memory    to current ongoing perceptual categorizations    that are carried out simultaneously in many modalities. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 149 Primary consciousness    is limited to the remembered present. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 149 Primary consciousness is necessary for the emergence of higher-order consciousness,    and it continues to operate in animals capable of higher-order consciousness. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 149 Higher-order consciousness    arises with the evolutionary onset of semantic capabilities,    and it flowers with the accession of language and symbolic reference. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 149 Linguistic capabilities    require a new kind of memory for the production and audition of the coarticulated sounds    that were made possible by the evolution of a supralaryngeal space. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 150 Cortical appendages constitute the organs of succession --    Cerebellum for smooth movement,    Hippocampus for laying down long-term memory,    and basal ganglia for choosing motor patterns and attentional plans. 1
Edelman; Bright Air 151 Qualia    are categorizations by higher-order consciousness    of the "scenes" and "memories" provided by primary consciousness. 1
Edelman; Bright Air 151 Three levels of sensory properties in the evolution of animals with neurons:    (1) example, Lobster; Responses to stimuli with aversive and consummatory responses; no primary consciousness,    (2) example Dogs; primary consciousness,    (3) Humans; higher-order consciousness. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 151 Higher-order consciousness    leads to the construction of an imaginative domain,    one of feeling,    emotion,    thought,    fantasy,    self,    and will. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 152 Categorization mechanisms    work through global mappings    that necessarily involve our bodies    and our personal history. 1
Edelman; Bright Air 152 Behavior is driven by a recategorical memory under the influence of dynamic changes of value. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 152 Cognitive science view of the mind based on computational or algorithmic representations is ill-founded. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 166 To reduce a theory of an individual's behavior to a theory of molecular interactions is simply silly. 14
Edelman; Bright Air 166 Brain is made up of 1011 cells with at least 1015 connections.    Each cell has an intricate regulatory biochemistry    constrained by a particular set of genes.    Cells come together during morphogenesis and exchange signals in a place-dependent fashion to make a body with enormous numbers of control loops, all obeying the homeostatic mechanisms that govern survival. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 166 An animal's survival and motion in the world    allow perceptual and conceptual categorization    to occur continually in global mappings.    Memory dynamically interacts    with perceptual categorization    by reentry. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 167 Selfhood --    not just the individuality that emerges from genetics or immunology,    but the personal individuality    that emerges from developmental and social interactions. 1
Edelman; Bright Air 167 Memory is the key element in consciousness. 0
Edelman; Bright Air 176 Emotions    may be considered the most complex of mental states or processes    insofar as they mix with all other processes. 9
Edelman; Bright Air 198 Higher order consciousness    leads to a rich cognitive, affective, and imaginative domain --    feelings (qualia),    thought,    emotions,    self-awareness,    will,    and imagination. 22
Edelman; Bright Air
Edelman; Bright Air