Edelman;
Bright Air |
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Book |
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Topic |
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Edelman; Bright Air |
23 |
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Development of the brain --
(diagram) |
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Edelman; Bright Air |
23 |
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At one time or another in their
careers all neurons are gypsies -- moving to their final positions on other cells. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
23 |
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Connections among cells are not precisely specified
in
the genes of the animal. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
25 |
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Network of the brain is created by cellular movement during development and by the extension and connection of increasing numbers of neurons. |
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2 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
25 |
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Brain is an
example of a self-organizing system. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
25 |
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Precise
point-to-point wiring cannot occur; the variation is too
great
for the information stored in the genome. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
25 |
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Developmental driving forces provided by cellular processes such as cell division, movement and death. |
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Edelman;
Bright Air |
25 |
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In some regions of the developing nervous system
up
to 70% of the neurons die before the
structure of the region is completed.
In general, uniquely specified connections
cannot exist. |
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Edelman; Bright Air |
25 |
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Neurons
generally send branches of their axons out in diverging arbors that overlap with those of other neurons. |
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Edelman; Bright Air |
25 |
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Arbors of dendrites on recipient neurons await the axon growth cones of incoming neurons. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
28 |
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In the visual
system, there may be more than 30 interconnected brain centers, each with its own map. |
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3 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
38 |
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Brain maps -- (nineteenth
century) electrically
stimulating parts of the brain, then noting specific bodily movements. |
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10 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
38 |
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Gestalt phenomena discovered by Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, Kurt Koffka. |
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Edelman; Bright Air |
39 |
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Gestalt phenomena -- (diagram) |
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1 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
39 |
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Gestalt phenomena demonstrate how context-dependent perception is. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
62 |
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Homeotic genes
control differentiation events. |
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23 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
62 |
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Homeotic genes are expressed in gradients across an animal, usually front
to back. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
62 |
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Cells express genes in time and space to govern morphoregulatory molecules, which in turn control cell movements and cell-to-cell adhesion. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
64 |
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Theory of Neuronal Group
Selection (TNGS) -
(1) Developmental selection,
(2) Experimental selection,
(3) Reentry - (illustration) |
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2 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
69 |
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Neurons
have treelike arbors that overlap and ramify in myriad ways. |
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5 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
83 |
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Neuronal group selection, reentry, global mapping |
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14 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
86 |
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Multiple maps of visual areas of the brain are reentrantly
connected to each
other. (diagram) |
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3 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
88 |
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Neuronal groups (diagram) |
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2 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
90 |
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Reentry (diagrams) |
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2 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
91 |
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Global mapping -- made up of multiple maps (diagram) |
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1 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
95 |
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Groups of cells fired together in time with a predominant oscillatory component at 40 Hz. |
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4 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
102 |
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Recall involves the activation of some
of the previously facilitated portions of global
mappings. |
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7 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
102 |
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Categorization response is similar to a previous response, but at a later
time the
neurons and synapses contributing to that response will
be different.
In general, they are likely to have been altered
by ongoing activity in the brain. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
102 |
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Perceptual categories are not immutable and are altered by the ongoing behavior. Memory in this view results from continual recategorization. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
102 |
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Different combinations of neuronal
groups can give rise to a similar
output;
a given categorical response in memory can be achieved
in several ways. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
103 |
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Distinction between REPLICATIVE memory and RECATEGORIZATION
memory - (diagram) |
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1 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
103 |
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Fundamental mechanism of memory is a change in synaptic strength. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
104 |
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Memory is
considered to be a form of recategorization. |
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1 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
104 |
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Cortex is an interconnected six-layer sheet of about ten billion neurons with about a million billion connections. |
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0 |
Edelman;
Bright Air |
104 |
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Cortex is arranged in functionally segregated maps that are reentrantly
connected that subserve all the different sensory modalities and motor responses. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
104 |
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Cortex is connected to three structures Edelman calls the organs of succession. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
104 |
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Structures involved in the output of the brain: (1) Cerebellum, (2) Hippocampus, (3) Basal
Ganglia. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
105 |
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Cerebellum, surrounding the upper
brain stem;
timing and smoothing of successions of movements. |
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1 |
Edelman;
Bright Air |
109 |
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Concept formation requires reentrant
connections from the higher cortical areas to: (1) other cortical areas, (2) hippocampus, (3) basal
ganglia. |
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4 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
114 |
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Qualia constitute the collection of personal or subjective experiences and sensations that accompany awareness. |
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5 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
115 |
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Qualia assumption distinguishes
between higher-order consciousness and primary consciousness. |
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1 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
115 |
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Higher-order consciousness is
based on a direct awareness in a human. |
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0 |
Edelman;
Bright Air |
115 |
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Primary consciousness may be composed of experiences such as mental images, but it is bound
to a time around the present and lacks
concepts of self, past,
and future. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
116 |
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Gottfried Leibniz's question of why there is something rather than nothing. |
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1 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
116 |
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Qualia may be viewed as forms of higher-order categorization. |
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0 |
Edelman;
Bright Air |
117 |
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Two kinds of nervous system
organization that are important to understanding how consciousness evolved: (1) brainstem, together with the limbic (hedonic) system. (2) thalamocortical system. |
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1 |
Edelman;
Bright Air |
117 |
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Brain stem,
together with the limbic (hedonic) system concerned with appetite, sexual and sonsummatory behavior, evolved defensive behavior patterns. It is a value system. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
117 |
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Value system is extensively
connected
to many different body organs, the endocrine
system,
and the autonomic
nervous system. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
117 |
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Value systems
regulate heart and respiratory
rate, sweating, digestive
functions,
as well as bodily cycles related to sleep and sex. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
117 |
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Limbic-brainstem systems are often arranged
in loops; they respond relatively slowly (seconds to months), and do not
consist of detailed maps. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
117 |
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Value systems evolved early to take care of bodily
functions. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
117 |
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Thalamocortical system evolved to receive signals from sensory receptors and give signals to voluntary muscles. |
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0 |
Edelman;
Bright Air |
117 |
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Thalamocortical system is very fast
in its responses (milliseconds to seconds), although its synaptic connections undergo some
changes that last a lifetime. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
117 |
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Cerebral cortex is arranged as a set of maps that receive inputs via the thalamus. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
117 |
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Thalamocortical system does not contain loops so much as highly connected layered local structures with massively
reentrant connections. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
118 |
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Cortex is concerned with the categorization of the world; limbic system is concerned with value. |
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1 |
Edelman;
Bright Air |
118 |
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Two systems,
limbic-brain stem and thalamocortical, were linked during evolution. The later-evolving
cortical system
served learning behavior that was adapted to increasingly complex environments. |
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Edelman; Bright Air |
118 |
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Learning can be seen as the means by which categorization occurs on the background of value to result in adaptive
changes in behavior. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
118 |
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Learning
certainly occurs in animals that show no evidence of conscious
behavior. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
119 |
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Humans
experience primary consciousness as a "picture" or "mental image" of ongoing categorized events. |
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1 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
119 |
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No actual image in the brain; "image" is a correlation between different kinds of categorizations. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
120 |
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Primary consciousness is a kind of "remembered
present". |
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1 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
123 |
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Consciousness
is about 300 million years old. |
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3 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
144 |
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Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939) was the
single most important figure in pointing up the role of unconscious processes in our behavior and feelings. |
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21 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
149 |
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Consciousness
appeared as a result of natural selection. |
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5 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
149 |
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Consciousness
is efficacious, enhancing
fitness in certain environments. |
|
0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
149 |
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Consciousness
arises from a special set of relationships between perception, concept formation and memory. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
149 |
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The
psychological functions of perception, concept formation and memory depend on categorization mechanisms in the brain. |
|
0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
149 |
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Memory is influenced by evolutionarily established value
systems and by homeostatic
control systems characteristic of each species. |
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0 |
Edelman;
Bright Air |
149 |
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Primary consciousness is achieved by the reentry of a value-category memory to current ongoing perceptual
categorizations that are carried out simultaneously in many modalities. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
149 |
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Primary consciousness is limited to the remembered present. |
|
0 |
Edelman;
Bright Air |
149 |
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Primary consciousness is necessary for the emergence of higher-order
consciousness,
and it continues to operate in animals capable of higher-order
consciousness. |
|
0 |
Edelman;
Bright Air |
149 |
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Higher-order consciousness arises with the evolutionary onset of semantic capabilities, and it flowers with
the accession of language and symbolic reference. |
|
0 |
Edelman;
Bright Air |
149 |
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Linguistic capabilities require a new kind of memory for the production and audition of the coarticulated sounds that were made possible by the evolution of a supralaryngeal space. |
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0 |
Edelman;
Bright Air |
150 |
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Cortical appendages constitute the organs of
succession --
Cerebellum for
smooth movement, Hippocampus for laying down long-term memory, and basal ganglia for choosing motor patterns and attentional plans. |
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1 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
151 |
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Qualia are categorizations by higher-order consciousness of the
"scenes" and "memories" provided by primary
consciousness. |
|
1 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
151 |
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Three levels of
sensory properties in
the evolution of animals with neurons: (1) example, Lobster; Responses
to stimuli with aversive and consummatory
responses; no primary consciousness,
(2) example Dogs;
primary consciousness, (3) Humans; higher-order consciousness. |
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0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
151 |
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Higher-order consciousness leads to the construction of an imaginative domain, one of
feeling, emotion, thought, fantasy, self,
and will. |
|
0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
152 |
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Categorization
mechanisms
work through global
mappings that necessarily
involve our bodies and our personal history. |
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1 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
152 |
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Behavior is
driven by a recategorical memory under the influence of dynamic
changes of value. |
|
0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
152 |
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Cognitive science view of the mind based on computational
or algorithmic representations is ill-founded. |
|
0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
166 |
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To reduce a theory of an
individual's behavior to a theory of molecular interactions is simply silly. |
|
14 |
Edelman;
Bright Air |
166 |
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Brain is
made up of 1011 cells with at least 1015 connections. Each cell has an intricate regulatory
biochemistry constrained by a particular set of
genes. Cells come together during morphogenesis and exchange signals in a place-dependent fashion to make a body with enormous numbers of control loops, all obeying the homeostatic mechanisms that govern survival. |
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0 |
Edelman;
Bright Air |
166 |
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An animal's
survival and motion in the world allow perceptual and conceptual categorization to occur continually in global mappings. Memory dynamically interacts with perceptual categorization
by reentry. |
|
0 |
Edelman;
Bright Air |
167 |
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Selfhood
-- not just the individuality that emerges from genetics or immunology, but the personal
individuality that emerges from developmental and social interactions. |
|
1 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
167 |
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Memory is
the key element in consciousness. |
|
0 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
176 |
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Emotions may be considered
the most complex of mental states or processes
insofar as they mix
with all other processes. |
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9 |
Edelman;
Bright Air |
198 |
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Higher order consciousness leads to a rich cognitive, affective, and imaginative domain -- feelings
(qualia),
thought,
emotions,
self-awareness, will, and imagination. |
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22 |
Edelman; Bright Air |
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Edelman; Bright Air |
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