Edelman; Remembered Present
Book Page   Topic    
Edelman; Remembered Present 10 Theory of Neuronal Group Selection (TNGS)
Edelman; Remembered Present 37 Neural Darwinism 27
Edelman; Remembered Present 41 Rich nervous systems like those of vertebrates cannot have precise, prespecified, point-to-point wiring. 4
Edelman; Remembered Present 43 Theory of Neuronal Group Selection (TNGS) - (1) Developmental selection, (2) Experimental selection, (3) Reentry 2
Edelman; Remembered Present 45 Three fundamental mechanisms in neuronal group selection - (diagram) 2
Edelman; Remembered Present 49 Perception    is the adaptive discrimination    of an object or event    from background. 4
Edelman; Remembered Present 51 Although single neurons could occasionally serve as units of selection, in general, only collections of neurons    in groups    provide a sufficient basis    for  mapping interactions. 2
Edelman; Remembered Present 64 Primary consciousness    is supposed to arise as a result of reentrant circuits    connecting special memory functions    to those mediating current perceptual categorizations. 13
Edelman; Remembered Present 67 Some anatomical patterns showing reentrant connectivity. - (diagram) 3
Edelman; Remembered Present 72 Reentrant integration obviates the need for a higher-level command center. 5
Edelman; Remembered Present 91 Consciousness is a process;    it depends upon the particular organization of certain parts of the brain,    and not upon the whole brain. 19
Edelman; Remembered Present 92 Proposed adaptive functions of consciousness - (table) 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 93 Memory is a process of continual recategorization. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 93 Learning involves relating perceptual categorization and memory to a definite set of values. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 101 Mental image -    reentrant connection    of the value-category memory    to cortical systems    carrying out perceptual categorizations. 8
Edelman; Remembered Present 109 Memory    arises from alterations of synaptic efficacies    in global mappings    as a result of facilitation of particular categorizations    or of motor patterns. 8
Edelman; Remembered Present 120 Brain deals mainly with patterns of movement,    more specifically with gestures. [FAPs] 11
Edelman; Remembered Present 121 Synergy -    a class of related gestures. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 121 Perceptual categorization    depends upon global mappings    that relate gestural movements    to sensory signals. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 121 Global mappings are dynamic systems consisting of multiple reentrant local maps that correlate sensory input with motor activity.  [Fuster's  perception-action cycle] 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 121 Cerebellum,    motor cortex,    spinal cord,    contribute to global mappings    that allow smooth succession of movements. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 121 Categorization of motion,    particularly in novel tasks and situations;    categorization of gestures. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 122 Cerebellum    has a very large sensory input.    Mossy fiber inputs come from spinal cord tracts serving somatosensory roles    as well as from vestibular nuclei and the pons. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 122 Cerebellum receives climbing fiber inputs arising in the inferior olive. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 122 Simplified diagram of basic features of working of cerebellum with brain stem area and cerebral cortex.    Pons,    mossy fiber projection,    granular cell layer of cerebellar cortex;    Inferior Olive,    climbing fibers to Purkinje cells. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 124 Motor cortex signals initiating a movement    is relayed via climbing fibers to Purkinje cell.    Connections with the inferior olive are involved in sequencing these signals. 2
Edelman; Remembered Present 126 Cerebellum -    rapid response to successive sensory inputs;    "sculpt" a series of cortical or spinal outputs for gestures. 2
Edelman; Remembered Present 126 Cerebellum    acts to carry out synchronization    and reflex gain control    in motor programs,    but it is not likely to initiate motor sequences. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 126 Cerebellum is a modulating device,    working with the cortex    to categorize together    the smooth succession of motions in gestures    and the succession of gestures in synergies. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 126 Selection    of spontaneous gestures    during motor learning.  [FAPs] 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 126 Rapid, parallel    sensory activity    engaging many parts of the cerebellum    in different successions    that yields the basis of the smoothing of motor activity    that is essential to the categorical perceptions    leading to consciousness. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 126 Motor activity    is rapid and reflexive    and is carried out in global mappings    without conscious intervention.   [FAPs] 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 126 Cerebellum    is essential in early motor learning    that relates the categorization of gestures    to perceptual categorizations. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 126 Cerebellum    contributes to feature correlation    and is an indispensable early component in forming the basis of memory    and ultimately of primary consciousness. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 126 Cerebellum has no direct role in consciousness. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 127 Succession of such perceptual categorizations    yielding a short-term memory,    critical to consciousness;    hippocampus as an organ of succession. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 127 Structure of the cortex    suggests that it has no direct role    in linking categorizations    that are successive in time. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 128 Hippocampus anatomy and principal connections 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 128 Major efferents of the hippocampal formation    travel in a massive fiber bundle,    the fornix. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 128 Another portion of the fornix contains fibers traveling to the mammillary bodies,    which in turn connect to the anterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus,    then to the cingulate gyrus,    and other regions of the limbic such as the entorhinal cortex itself. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 128 Route from the hippocampus    via mammillary bodies and thalamus    to the cingulate gyrus    makes up the outer loop of the limbic system sometimes called the Papez loop. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 129 Hippocampus    is one of the regions engaged in matching    perceptually significant input from sensory stimuli    with subcortical signals arising from centers mediating adaptive internal values and hedonic states. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 129 Septal inputs    and other subcortical inputs    can influence the structure of firing patterns in the hippocampus    and alter the efficiency of global mappings. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 129 Hippocampus role in attention states    and in laying down long-term value-category memory in the cortex. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 129 Hippocampus inner-loop structure    links the entorhinal area    to the hippocampal subfields    and the subiculum. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 129 Extrinsic connections   that link the entorhinal area    and the cingulate    to a large variety of secondary or tertiary areas    in the temporal,    frontal    and parietal cortices    are strongly reentrant. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 130 Entorhinal area is small    in comparison with the various input and output areas,    suggesting extensive convergence and divergence in the circuitry. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 130 Within the hippocampus,    main input from the entorhinal area    proceeds into the dentate fascia via granule cell mossy fibers    to the pyramidal cells of subfield CA3. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 130 CA3 cells    send Schaffer collaterals    to the pyramidal cells of subfield CA1,    which in turn connect to the subiculum. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 130 Subiculum    connects back to the entorhinal area    to close the loop.    Edelman calls this the inner loop. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 130 Laminar structure of the subfields    is essentially made of a single layer of principal cells    in CA1,    CA3,    and dentate fascia. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 130 Fornical-thalamocortical path 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 130 Fornical connections    terminating in the cingulate cortex    originate exclusively in the subiculum.    Reentry from the subiculum    to the entorhinal area.    Edelman calls this the outer loop. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 130 Brain stem and hypothalamic inputs    enter the septum,    which sends reentrant connections    to the entorhinal area. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 130 Fornical outputs    connect to the mammillary bodies,    then to the thalamus,    and then to the cingulate gyrus. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 130 Edelman's outer loop    including the fornix connecting the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus    is important for primary consciousness. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 131 Cortical areas    involving different modalities    terminate on a given portion of the entorhinal area. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 131 Excitation in a particular part of the entorhinal area    passes through the inner hippocampal loop    and finds its way back roughly into the cortical region where it started 10-20 msec earlier. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 131 Through reentry,    a number of the hippocampal groups would be repeatedly activated,    allowing synaptic change involving long-term potentiation    and an integrated response to perceptual input. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 132 Hippocampal anatomy;    convergent-divergent  reentrant loop to the cortex;    synaptic change by LTP;    fornical connections related to value;    temporal ordering of perceptual categorizations;    short-term memory over seconds to minutes;    initiation of long-term memory. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 133 Succession    of motor and sensory components   of perceptual categorization    may be related to a special long-term memory system. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 133 Long-term memory    links    past value-category associations    to present categorized input    in a way to yield the basis of primary consciousness. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 133 Succession,    planning,    and choice;    the Basal Ganglia 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 133 Motor programs    are sets of muscle commands    put together before    the beginning of a movement sequence.  [Stereotyped motor programs, hierarchies of FAPs] 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 133 Motor programs    permit the movement sequence to be carried out    without peripheral feedback    and are linked by the motor system    into complexes.   [Stereotyped motor programs, hierarchies of FAPs] 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 134 Parallel organization    of the functionally segregated circuits    going to and from    cortex    to basal ganglia    to thalamus    and back to cortex. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 135 Main anatomical connections    of the basal ganglia    and their relation to the cerebral cortex. - (diagram) 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 136 Parkinson's disease,    nigral dopaminergic neurons    are destroyed;    central role of the basal ganglia    in motion    and in the construction of motor plans.   [Stereotyped motor programs, hierarchies of FAPs] 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 137 Cerebellum,    signaling of errors in movement control,    300 msec intervals or less,    timing and synchronization    of smooth movements. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 138 Organs of Succession - (table) 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 138 Hippocampus    is important in connecting perceptual responses    to the flux of external events,    its responses extend    over time periods longer than the cerebellum. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 139 Hippocampus    is necessary for long-term memory,    but does not subserve it.    Changes in cortical synapses    subserve long-term memory. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 139 Successions    directly controlled by the hippocampus    concern events in reentrant systems    related to short-term memory,    act in time periods up to minutes. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 139 Basal ganglia    may be involved in choices and initiations of output    during planning of successions of motor programs,    main activity is in short time periods, between 300 msec and several seconds. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 139 Basal ganglia    are among the major areas to increase in size    during evolution of the mammalian brain    in the therapsid-mammalian transition    and during primate evolution. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 139 Cortex    has the major correlative role    in perceptual categorization.    Perceptual experience and memory of any duration    require the interactive ensemble of the cortex and its appendages. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 140 Primary consciousness    links immediate perceptual categorization    to memory. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 140 Value-category memory,    essential for primary consciousness. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 140 Animals without true linguistic abilities,    such as chimpanzees,    have concepts. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 140 Ability to have concepts    is acquired prior to    language. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 141 An animal capable of concepts    is able to identify a particular thing or action    and control its future behavior    on the basis of that identification. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 142 Perceptual categorization,    long-term memory,    and learning    are all necessary capacities for concept formation. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 143 Frontal,    prefrontal,    and temporal cortex    and the basal ganglia;    together are good candidates to mediate the formation of concepts. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 143 Lobsters and perhaps even birds    do not have concepts;    dogs might. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 143 Brain areas for concept formation    include frontal (and possibly temporal and parietal) neocortex    and basal ganglia. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 143 Global mappings    are dynamic metastable patterns of activity    involving mapped classification couples    and nonmapped regions. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 143 Global mappings    involve large parts of the brain    and various combinations of local maps for different modalities. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 143 Global mappings involve both spatial and temporal relations. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 144 Concept formation:  categorize, discriminate, and recombine patterns of activity in different kinds of global mappings. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 144 Brain structures responsible for concept formation:    mainly frontal,    temporal    and parietal cortex    and basal ganglia. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 144 Prelinguistic infants appear to be able to construct concepts. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 145 Connections via the basal ganglia    could provide the necessary pathway for concepts of action. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 145 Relate limbic activities    to particular comparator functions    of the cortical regions    including cingulate cortex. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 145 Through reentry,    the frontal,    parietal    and temporal cortex    may compare the activities    of different combinations of brain regions,    composing portions of global mappings. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 145 Cortical areas    could give rise to classifications    of global mappings. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 145 Frontal cortex    ability to recombine or compare    different portions    of global mappings. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 145 Frontal cortex connections    to basal ganglia and limbic system,    establish relations among values and categorizations    of sensory experience. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 145 In the proposed model for concepts,    brain categorizes its own activities. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 146 Long-term memories used in concept formation. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 146 Concept formation essential for primary consciousness. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 147 Concept formation    is not the same    as thinking,    deducing,    or inducing. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 148 Thought -    the building of conceptual theories about the world. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 151 Perceptual categorization    occurs through disjunctive sampling sensorimotor systems    yielding signals to local reentrant maps,    which interact to give global mappings    that are continually modified by behavior    and particularly by movements. 3
Edelman; Remembered Present 151 Cerebellum and cortex    provide a basis for smooth movement patterns    or synergies.   [Stereotyped motor programs, hierarchies of FAPs] 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 152 Short-term memory    emerges in terms of successions of categories    that depend upon cyclic reentry    between various cortical regions    and the hippocampus. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 152 Portions of the cortex become adapted to classifying different types of global mappings leading to a conceptual memory. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 152 Learning arises as a specific linkage between category and value in terms of adaptive responses that lead to changes in behavior. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 152 Patterns of internal value and hedonic responses are based on evolutionary selection for homeostatic and endocrine functions mediated by brain-stem and limbic structures in particular phenotypes. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 152 Matching or linking between category and value is based on two very different kinds of nervous structures and functions: (1) the limbic and brain-stem system, (2) the thalamocortical system. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 152 Limbic and brain-stem system; appetitive, consummatory, and defensive behavior; includes the hypothalamus, brain-stem reticular formation, amygdala, hippocampus, and septum; receives much interoceptive input from many different organ systems and the autonomic nervous system. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 152 Limbic and brain-stem system; temporal responses occur in slow cycles. Loops depend extensively on biochemical as well as neural circuits. Appeared in evolution well before the cortex and its thalamic connections. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 152 Thalamocortical system; strongly linked  to exteroceptors; consists of thalamocortical reentrant system, primary and secondary sensory areas, and association areas; strongly linked to the main cortical appendages, cerebellum, hippocampus, and basal ganglia. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 152 Thalamocortical system main functions are correlated with perceptual and conceptual categorization, memory, and learning. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 152 Thalamocortical system is highly interconnected,    reentrant,    and layered local synaptic structure.    Appeared as a later evolutionary development    permitting increasingly sophisticated motor behavior. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 152 Cortical systems served to extend the range of adaptive behavior in increasingly complex environments both to reduce threat and to serve appetitive needs. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 153 Matching of the two disparate neural systems, limbic and thalamocortical, with the emergence of connective patterns. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 153 Loci candidates for matching between the two systems: fornix and septal systems, hippocampus, temporal cortex, forebrain, and cingulate gyrus. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 153 Value is mainly self-determined; evolutionary and ethological constraints related to the phenotype. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 154 Categorized exteroceptive signals and interoceptive signals reflect homeostatic needs. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 154 Primary consciousness    arises as a discriminative comparison    of previous "self categories"    with the current or immediately categorized    exteroceptive input. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 155 Perceptual experience    arises from the correlation by a conceptual memory    of an ongoing set    of perceptual categorizations. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 155 Categorizations perforce involve motor acts,    so actions and responses    are a key part of the consciousness model. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 155 Discriminative comparison    between a value-dominated memory    involving the conceptual system    and current ongoing perceptual categorization    that generates primary consciousness    of objects and events. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 155 Primary consciousness    results from the interaction in real time    between memories of past value-category correlations    and present world input    as it is categorized by global mappings. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 155 Consciousness    is an outcome of a recursively comparative memory    in which previous self-nonself categorizations    are continually related    to ongoing present perceptual categorizations    and their short-term succession. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 156 Edelman's Primary Consciousness Model - (diagram) 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 157 Primary consciousness    depends on the difference in the workings    of two different neural orders --    (1) regulatory changes that are relatively slow,   and (2) highly dense, rapidly changing    exteroceptive input. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 157 Memory as recategorization    plays a major role in all neural processes leading to primary consciousness. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 158 Reentry    has a strong temporal and rhythmic character. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 160 Prefrontal cortex --    formation of motor plans    and their conversion via the basal ganglia and motor cortex    to motor programs. 2
Edelman; Remembered Present 160 Prefrontal cortex    is concerned with recognition of novelty;    with foresight,    choice    and attention. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 160 Orbital and mediolateral portions of the prefrontal lobe    are functionally correlated with emotional alterations    and disinhibition of behavior. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 161 Prefrontal area is important in short-term memory, anticipatory set, formation of concepts, presyntax, and attentional suppression of interference. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 162 Prefrontal cortex is an example of an area carrying out  C[C(W)  C(I)].   [see Sidebars - Consciousness -  "Edelman's Core Consciousness Diagram"] 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 162 C(I) takes place at the midbrain level    through the mesencephalic reticular formation    and the diencephalic level    through hypothalamic responses.    It receives input from autonomic and visceral systems.   [see Sidebars - Consciousness -  "Edelman's Core Consciousness Diagram"] 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 163 C(W) occurs via the thalamocortical systems leading to primary and secondary cortex for each modality and via loops involving the motor cortex.    Smoothing of responses by the cerebellum.   [see Sidebars - Consciousness -  "Edelman's Core Consciousness Diagram"] 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 163 [C(W)  C(I)]  occurs in the amygdala,    septum,    and hippocampal formation,    along with the basal ganglia.   [see Sidebars - Consciousness -  "Edelman's Core Consciousness Diagram"] 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 163 C[C(W)  C(I)]   is likely to occur as a result of global mappings (involving all cortical appendages at one time or another) in frontal,    parietal,    temporal,    and cingulate cortex.   [see Sidebars - Consciousness -  "Edelman's Core Consciousness Diagram"] 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 163 Reentrant process between C(W) and C[C(W)  C(I)]   that leads to primary consciousness.   [see Sidebars - Consciousness -  "Edelman's Core Consciousness Diagram"] 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 166 Reentrant model    of primary consciousness    implies that considerable neural processing    is required before registration of a percept. 3
Edelman; Remembered Present 201 Input to the motor cortex    leads to output to the spinal cord,    which causes particular movements in accordance with motor plans. 35
Edelman; Remembered Present 201 Output from the motor cortex    is routed to the basal ganglia,    which disinhibits the thalamus;    this leads to anticipatory arousal    of specific cortical areas,    resulting in enhanced sensitivity    to the cerebral cortex. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 202 Attention and consciousness - neuronal connections in the vertebrate central nervous system that may mediate attention and motor programming. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 202 Motor and premotor cortices project to inhibitory neurons in the striatum. These then prevent the spontaneous firing of pallidal and nigral neurons, which send inhibitory signals to VM, VA, and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 202 Distribution of thalamocortical neurons may enhance the sensitivity of neurons in primary and sensory cortical areas. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 202 All components of the attention and consciousness system    are innervated by diffuse ascending monoaminergic    and cholinergic neurons    in the brain stem. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 202 Neuroanatomical connections    in the mammalian cortex    may underlie the reentrant neuronal circuits    involved in motor programs,    attention,    and consciousness. - (diagram) 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 202 Subcortical structures that may be involved in attention    and consciousness:    globus pallidus/substantia nigra;    thalamic nuclei;    brain stem nuclei. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 202 Brain stem structures:    LC, locus ceruleus;    PPT, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus;    RN, raphe nucleus;    VTA, vertical tegmental area. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 204 Basal ganglia    serve to specify    which cortical areas    will be reinforced. 2
Edelman; Remembered Present 204 Anticipatory sustained enhancement    of neuronal sensitivity    may have been the chief contribution of the attention system    in early vertebrates,    leading to the subsequent evolution    of higher brain functions. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 204 Frontal and prefrontal areas    are necessary for the formation of concepts    related to motor plans. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 206 Hippocampus and basal ganglia,    both organs of succession, may be required to maintain focal attention. 2
Edelman; Remembered Present 206 Recovery    of a particular episode of attention    requires short-term memory. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 207 Machinery of perceptual categorization -    classification couples    and global mappings. 1
Edelman; Remembered Present 207 Conceptual categorization    is recombinational    and relational. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 211 Memory is an ability -- the ability to recategorize. 4
Edelman; Remembered Present 211 Veridicality of what is remembered    cannot be described in terms of information theory,    because a given memory is not replicative. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present 211 Dream states    represent a state of consciousness    in which there is a sharp decrease in world (W) input. 0
Edelman; Remembered Present