| Eichenbaum; Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory | |||||
| Book | Page | Topic | |||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | v | Memory is fundamentally based on alterations in the connectivity of neurons. | |||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | v | Brain's multiple memory systems are mediated by different brain structures and systems. | |||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | v | Memory consolidation is a process by which memories are transformed from labial trace into a permanent store. | |||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | vi | Two distinct stages of memory consolidation: (1) one stage involves molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie fixation of changes in the connection strengths introduced in forming the original mental image, (2) the other stage involves a reorganization and restructuring of the circuits that store and retrieve the long-term memory. | |||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 2 | Memory is encoded within the dynamics i.e. the changeability or plasticity, of connections between nerve cells. | |||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 2 | Memories are instantiated by alteration of the strengths of communication between cells via their synaptic connections. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 4 | Cerebral cortex is composed of many anatomically circumscribe "modules." | 2 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 4 | Multiple memory systems in the brain, all of which involve the cerebral cortex, but they diverge in pathways leading from the cortex to subcortical structures, which accomplish different kinds of memory. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 5 | First kind of memory consolidation called "fixation" involves a cascade of molecular and cellular events during which the changes in connections between cells become permanent in several minutes to hours after he memory is formed. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 5 | Second kind of memory consolidation called "reorganization" involves a prolonged period during which distinct brain structures interact with one another, and the outcome is that newly acquired information is integrated into one's previously existing body of knowledge. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 9 | Decapitated chickens -- coordinated flying movements in birds, even following decapitation, control of complex coordination can happen at a level below the brain, at the level of the spinal cord. | 4 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 12 | Conditioned reflex, Pavlov's dog. | 3 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 22 | Memories require a certain amount of time to be organized and fixed. | 10 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 25 | Four main themes in studies on the neurobiology of memory: connection, cognition, compartmentalization, and consolidation. | 3 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 28 | Bernard Katz in the 1950s showed that neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic ending of an axon in small packets of molecules called synaptic vesicles. | 3 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 28 | Protein synthesis is required for permanent modifications of cells for lasting memory. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 28 | Gene expression leading to proteins is a critical part of the consolidation process. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 29 | Neurons encode memories by modifications in the strengths of the functional connections. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 29 | Neuronal plasticity mediates habituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 30 | Synapse is a complicated structure composed of two main parts: presynaptic and postsynaptic elements. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 30 | Neurotransmitters must diffuse across the synaptic cleft to reach specialized receptors in the postsynaptic element. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 31 | Many different kinds of receptors, including distinct type of receptors for the same neurotransmitter, providing for a variety of effects of transmission on the target cells activities. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 31 | A prototypical principle neuron is the pyramidal cell of the cortex and hippocampus. These neurons have a long branching dendrite that extends upward from the cell body and receives inputs from other regions as well as multiple dendrites that branch laterally from the cell to receives inputs from local neurons. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 31 | Interneurons receives inputs and send their outputs within a local brain region. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 31 | Motor neurons of the spinal cord have many branching dendrites that extend in all directions, and a single long axon that extends very long distances to innervate skeletal muscles. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 31 | Sensory cells have specialized endings on their dendrites to receive information from specific sensory organs. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 39 | Initiation of a neuron's action potential typically requires summation of many synaptic inputs. The combination of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials have considerable variation in the likelihood of triggering an action potential. | 8 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 40 | Temporal and spatial summation of spikes on dendrites. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 40 | Degree to which individual synapses influence action potential depends on where on the dendrite the synapses are located. Synapses close to or on the cell body are most effective, because they will suffer less from the effects of detrimental conduction. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 41 | Three simple forms of learning -- (1) habituation, (2) sensitization, (3) classical conditioning. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 41 | Habituation | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 41 | All of us use habituation every day to help us learn not to respond to irrelevant stimuli. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 41 | Habituation is a very simple form of learning, but it has the lasting property that indicates it is indeed a form of long-term memory. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 43 | Sensitization | 2 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 43 | Sensitization is the opposite of a habituation -- it involves an increase in reflex magnitude as a result of prior stimulation. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 43 | As the result of sensitization, when we encounter a fearful stimulus, such as a loud noise, we've become for sometime more likely to startle, or startle more vigorously. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 46 | Classical conditioning | 3 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 46 | Classical conditioning involves the acquisition of an association between the first, or conditioned stimulus, and the second, unconditioned stimulus. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 46 | In Pavlov's dogs, the conditioned stimulus was a tone that did not initially elicit salivation. The tone was sounded in multiple trials prior to giving the dogs food. After several pairings, the tone came to elict the conditioned response of salvation. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 54 | Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) | 8 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 65 | LTP beyond the hippocampus | 11 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 87 | Amnesiac patient HM. In 1933, when H. M. was seven years old, he was knocked down by a bicycle, hit his head, and was unconscious for five minutes. Three years after that accident he began to have minor epileptic seizures, followed by his first major seizure while riding in his parents car on his 16th birthday. Seizures became more frequent, on average 10 minor attacks each day and a major one each week, and he eventually could not perform his job. | 22 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 92 | Spared learning abilities in amnesia. | 5 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 93 | Priming | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 95 | Skill learning | 2 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 96 | Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 97 | Sequence learning | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 99 | Distinction between "explicit memory" and "implicit" memory. | 2 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 100 | Distinction between "episodic memory" and "semantic memory". | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 100 | Semantic memory is the body of one's world knowledge, a vast organization of memories not bound to any specific experience. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 102 | H.M.’s amnesia is characterized by: (1) intact perceptual, motor, and cognitive functions, (2) intact immediate memory, (3) severe and global anterograde amnesia, (4) temporally graded retrograde amnesia, (5) spared remote memory. | 2 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 102 | Studies on many amnesiac patients have shown that the domain of spared learning in amnesia includes intact repetition priming, skill learning, Pavlovian conditioning, sequence learning, and more. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 103 | Memory impaired in amnesia is "declarative" memory; learning abilities spared in amnesia is "procedural" memory. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 121 | Distinction between "episodic memory" events tied to specific time and place, as contrasted with "semantic memory" for knowledge that is time- and event-independent. | 18 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 121 | Hippocampal memory as memory for unique episodes. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 125 | Declarative memory is a combination of "event" or episodic memory and "fact" or semantic memory. | 4 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 131 | Hippocampus plays an important role in spatial learning by supporting the interleaving of multiple overlapping experiences and using the resulting organized spatial representation. | 6 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 141 | Hippocampus is always active in encoding new information for declarative memory. | 10 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 141 | Functional brain imaging generally supports the distinction between declarative and procedural memory. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 141 | Verbal memory performance is selectively compromised at the left medial temporal lobe damage. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 141 | Nonverbal memory performance is selectively compromised after right temporal lobe damage. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 142 | Laterality for nonmemory processing of (verbal versus nonverbal) materials follows the well-known (left versus right) hemisphere distinctions. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 151 | Place cells -- existence of location-specific neural activity in hippocampal neurons. Pyramidal neurons of the CA1 and CA3 fields of the hippocampus fire at high rates when an animal is a particular location in the environment. | 9 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 156 | Hippocampal neurons encode nonspatial stimuli and events. | 5 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 160 | Hippocampal network mediates a "memory space". | 4 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 160 | Location-specific activity of hippocampal neurons -- place cells are parts of a neural representation that is both less than, and more than, a map of space. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 169 | Laterality of hemispheric differences in verbal versus nonverbal information processing throughout the cortex. | 9 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 169 | Medial temporal area is activated when a large amount of novel information is being processed. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 169 | Remembered locations are important components of information coded by hippocampal neurons. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 169 | Some hippocampal neurons fire only when an animal is in a particular place and is engaged in a particular behavior. These cells encode combinations of places and behaviors that define specific events. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 169 | Sequential activations of sets of "place cells" could be used to represent sequences of events in episodic memories. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 172 | Donald Hebb, "cell assemblies," defuse circuits of connected neurons that developed to represent specific percepts and concepts. | 3 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 173 | Hebb emphasized some kind of of reverberatory activity among a network of many cells. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 173 | Hebb suggested that short-term memory could be maintained within the reverberatory activity of such circuits, but long-term memory would require the ability to reinstantiate the activity within cell assemblies through changes in the conductivity of the elements and the particular pathways among them excited during learning. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 173 | Hebb's view of cell assemblies incorporated both the specificity of functions of connections in the cortex, and the distribution of global functions across cortical areas. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 173 | Structures in the medial temporal lobe including the hippocampus mediate one type of memory function, declarative memory. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 173 | Brain areas other than the hippocampus are sufficient to mediate nondeclarative memory functions. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 173 | Entire brain system in which the hippocampus operates to support declarative memory. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 176 | Cortical localization | 3 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 177 | Cortex can be divided into posterior areas that are involved in perceptual processing, and anterior areas that are involved in motor processing. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 177 | In the posterior cortex, most of the areas are divided by sensory modality. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 177 | Areas in both the anterior and posterior cortex involve processing hierarchies. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 177 | In the anterior cortex, there is the primary motor area just in front of the central sulcus, where the muscles of the body are mapped out in a topographic organization, with adjacent areas of cortex representing muscle groups in adjacent areas of the body. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 177 | Primary motor cortex is the origin of a progression of projections to higher-order processing areas that are involved in the sequencing and organization of response output and, more generally, in the planning, executing, and withholding of goal-directed behaviors. [Fuster's perception-action cycle] | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 177 | In the posterior cortex there are distinct primary areas for each sensory modality. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 178 | For each sensory modality, primary areas are the origins of a hierarchy of specialized processing regions leading to more and more complex perceptual areas. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 178 | Some of the streams of sensory processing are combined in multimodal cortical areas, which in turn project to supramodal processing areas in frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 182 | Adult cortex shows plastic changes in response to altered input activity. | 4 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 184 | Cortical reorganization occurs as a result of learning. | 2 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 187 | Inferotemporal cortex (IT) is the highest order cortical visual processing area. | 3 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 187 | IT cortex, identification of objects by their visual qualities. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 187 | IT cortex, site of long-term storage of memory about visual objects. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 188 | Neurons in the inferotemporal cortex change their firing patterns in accordance with their recent past history. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 191 | All cortical areas, both in development and in adulthood, demonstrate considerable plasticity in the form of alterations in the size in topographic organization of cortical areas corresponding to increases or decreases in the activity of inputs to these areas. | 3 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 192 | Working memory. Memory is encoded in the capacity of cortical cells to sustain or reactivate their normal sensory responses in the absence of the original stimulus. Hebb's reverberating circuit notion. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 192 | Capacity of cortical cells to regenerate item-specific firing patterns when cued by an associated event. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 192 | Hebb's model of complex memories as "phase sequences" involving replays of linked stimulus representations. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 192 | Memory should be conceived as intimately intertwined with information processing in the cortex. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 192 | Mechanisms of the cerebral cortex involve a combination of information processing and memory to constitute neural networks that contain the structure of our knowledge about the world. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 192 | Memory is represented by the acquired biases in evoked activity patterns and the ability to recreate those knowledge representations. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 195 | Multiple memory systems in the brain. | 3 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 200 | Three major memory systems in the brain. | 5 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 200 | Parallel memory systems in the brain -- Declarative memory, Procedural memory, Emotional memory (diagram) | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 210 | Hippocampus, striatum, and amygdala are three key structures for processing one of the many streams of cortical information outward to other brain systems. | 10 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 213 | Brain system for Declarative Memory. | 3 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 213 | Hippocampus has many synapses from sensory inputs and motor outputs, and so its contribution must be considered in the context of how the hippocampus performs its functions within the larger system of brain structures of which it is a part. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 213 | Hippocampus is only one of several structures that compose the full brain system that mediates declarative memory. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 214 | Anatomical characterization of the hippocampal memory system. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 214 | Declarative memory system comprises three major components: (1) cerebral cortex; (2) parahippocampal region, which serves as a convergence center for neocortical inputs and mediates two-way communication between cortical association areas and the hippocampus; and (3) the hippocampus itself | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 215 | Only highly preprocessed sensory information reaches the medial temporal lobe structures. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 216 | Parahippocampal region comprises three distinct and adjacent cortical zones: (1) entorhinal cortex, (2) perrirhinal cortex, (3) parahippocampal cortex. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 217 | Hippocampal system is composed of several subfields that are distinguished according to types and layouts of cells, and anatomical connections on the cells. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 217 | the hippocampus is connected to other brain areas by two main bidirectional routes. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 217 | one of these routes is via a major axonal bundle called the fornex, which carries input and output connections with the hippocampus and several subcortical areas. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 217 | this connection pathway supports multiple modulatory influences on the hippocampus, including attentional controls that tell the hippocampus when to become activated and rhythmic controls that pace the processing cycles. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 217 | the other route of communication for the hippocampus is via the parahippocampal region. This route support specific informational inputs to the hippocampus from a variety of cortical areas as well as outputs from the hippocampus to the same cortical areas. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 218 | Pathways within the hippocampus (diagram) | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 221 | Parahippocampal region and intermediate-term memory. | 3 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 229 | Hippocampus and parahippocampal region in relational memory. | 8 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 237 | Brain system for Procedural Memory. | 8 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 238 | Primary motor cortex, cortical area that is critically involved in directing the force and flow of muscle contractions. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 238 | Premotor cortex, plays a central role in the preparation for movement and the coordination of movements. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 238 | Primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex work in close concert with two major subcortical structures, the striatum and the cerebellum. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 238 | Each of the striatatum and cerebellum subcortical structures forms a nodal point in a major circuit loop than begins with downward projections from the cortex and ends in a route from the thalamus back to the cortex. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 239 | Striatum is the combination of the anatomically distinct caudate nucleus and putamen. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 239 | Striatum works with other components of the basal ganglia and is the focus of most of the recording and lesion studies on procedural memory. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 239 | Striatum receives its cortical inputs from the entire cerebral cortex, and these projections are capable of activity-dependent changes in responsiveness. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 239 | Cortical projections to the striatum are topographically organized into modules within the striatum that can sort and associate somatosensory and motor representations. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 239 | Striatum projects mainly to other components of the basal ganglia and to the thalamus, which projects back to both the premotor and motor cortex, and the prefrontal association cortex. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 239 | Pattern of anatomical connectivity suggests that striatum is not directly involved in controlling the details of motor output. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 239 | Connections to premotor and prefrontal cortex suggests that the cortical-striatal loop contributes to higher motor functions including the planning and execution of complex motor sequences. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 240 | Connections between parts of the striatal and the brain structures involved in motivation and emotion suggests that the striatum may be involved more generally in planning and execution of goal-oriented behavior. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 240 | Cerebellum is a distinctive structure, remarkable particularly for the regularity of its internal circuitry. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 240 | Cerebellum has a thalamic output route to the cerebral cortex, limited to the motor and premotor cortex. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 240 | Cerebellum receives somatosensory inputs directly from the spinal cord and has major bidirectional connections with the brainstem nuclei associated with spinal cord functions. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 240 | Cerebellum is believed to directly contribute to the execution of movement details, and to the acquisition of conditioned reflexes and body adjustments to changing environmental inputs. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 240 | Striatal habit subsystem. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 241 | Striatum is essential for learning that involves the acquisition of a consistent approach response to a specific stimulus. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 241 | Double dissociation of hippocampal and striatal memory functions. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 250 | Striatum is a key element in the pathway for sequence learning and other aspects of habit learning involving the acquisition of stereotyped and unconscious behavioral repertoires. | 9 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 261 | Brain system for Emotional Memory | 11 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 262 | Cingulate cortex, a major cortical division of the limbic lobe, connects to the hippocampal region. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 262 | Hippocampus connects to an area of the hypothalamus called the mammilary bodies. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 262 | Mammilary bodies connect to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 262 | Anterior nuclei of the thalamus project to the cingulate cortex, the beginning of the limbic system. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 262 | Sensory inputs from the posterior parts of the thalamus arrive into the Papez circuit via either of two routes: Either by inputs to the cingulate cortex from the lateral cortical areas or from the posterior thalamus directly into the hypothalamus. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 264 | Distinct components of emotional system in the brain were integrated into a more elaborate theoretical structure by Paul MacLean in 1949. | 2 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 265 | Amygdala lies in a central position between cortical information processing, limbic circuitry, and hypothalamic outputs to the brainstem that mediate emotional responses. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 265 | Schematic diagram of the amygdala, including its main inputs, intrinsic connections, and outputs. (diagram) | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 265 | Amygdala lies in the medial temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus, and surrounded by the parahippocampal cortical region. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 266 | Amygdala involves a complex of many highly interconnected nuclei. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 266 | Major input and output pathways of the amygdala -- sensory inputs from the thalamus and cortex project mainly to the lateral and basolateral nuclei, whereas outputs of the amygdala to the cortex and subcortical areas originate mainly in the central and medial nuclei. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 266 | Amygdala has several output pathways that direct a widespread influence of emotion expression. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 266 | Amygdala projects heavily to multiple basal forebrain areas that secondarily influence widespread cortical areas. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 266 | Basal amygdaloid nuclei project to components of the substantia nigra and striatum, and to subiculum (a part of the hippocampus). | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 267 | Complicated scheme of outputs from the amygdala supports a broad range of emotional responses in the syndrome of behaviors associated with emotional experience. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 267 | High emotional states induce increase heart rate and respiration, decreased salivation, urination and defection, and increased vigilance and freezing. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 267 | Amygdala is the recipient of multimodal information about lower-order of visceral structures of the body as well as crude sensory inputs from thalamus, and higher-order sensory information originating in the cortex; internal connectivity within the amygdala combines these inputs. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 267 | Amygdala orchestrates an enormous range of influences on behavior. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 267 | Amygdala influences the thalamic and cortical areas that provide sensory input, plus direct influences onto the systems important for different forms of memory, specifically the striatum and hippocampal regions. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 267 | Direct outputs from the amygdala to the autonomic, endocrine, and motor systems that generate diverse aspects of emotional expression. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 271 | Pathways through the amygdala that support the learning of fearful responses. | 4 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 272 | Auditory inputs to a part of the thalamus that projects to the primary auditory area of temporal cortex. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 272 | Primary auditory area of temporal cortex projects to secondary auditory temporal areas and the perirhinal cortex. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 272 | Secondary auditory cortical areas are the source of cortical inputs to the amygdala, particularly the lateral and basolateral nuclei. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 272 | Lateral and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala project into the central nucleus, which is the source of output to subcortical areas controlling a broad range of fear-related behaviors, including autonomic and motor responses. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 272 | Stereotypic behaviors, such as crouching or freezing. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 272 | Striatal system is not involved in emotional learning. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 273 | For the simple type of fear conditioning, either the direct thalamic input, which offers a crude identification of sound, or the thalamocortical input pathway, which provides a sophisticated identification of auditory signal, is sufficient to mediate conditioning. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 273 | "Contextual" fear conditioning: Rats appear to condition both to the tone and to the environmental context in which tones and shock have previously been paired. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 273 | Contextual fear conditioning is mediated by different pathway than tone-cued fear conditioning | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 273 | Fear conditioning involves a set of parallel and serial pathways to the amygdala. The most direct pathway is from areas within the auditory thalamus. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 273 | Secondary pathway for tone-cued conditioning involves the auditory thalamocortical circuit. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 273 | Contextual fear conditioning involves a yet more indirect pathway through the multimodal information that arrives in the hippocampus and is sent to the amygdala via the subiculum. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 274 | Fear-potentiated startle -- when animals or people are in a fearful state, the startle response is magnified. Jump at a sudden noise, while listening to a scary story. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 280 | Distinct brain system that mediates the perception and appreciation of emotional stimuli as well as emotional expression. The system involves a complex set of cortical and subcortical areas in widespread areas of the brain. The amygdala is a critical element of emotional perception and expression. | 6 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 280 | Lateral and basolateral components of the amygdala receive both subcortical and cortical sensory inputs from both visceral and external stimuli. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 280 | Central and basal nuclei of the amygdala send a broad range of outputs back to cortical areas, to subcortical areas involved in other memory systems and behavior, and to autonomic system and brainstem outputs for the expression of emotion through a variety of systems. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 280 | Damage to the amygdala results in selective impairment in emotional perception and appreciation, as well as emotional expression. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 280 | Plasticity within the amygdala pathways supports emotional memory in the absence of conscious recollection. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 280 | Pathways through the amygdala are enhanced during emotional learning, leading to the appearance of emotional expression to previously neutral stimuli. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 280 | Amygdala system mediates fear conditioning and the modulation of other behaviors by conditioned fear (fear-potentiated startle). | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 285 | Transition of memories from a short-term store to long-term memory on a timescale of seconds or minutes. In principle, these events can occur in any brain structure that participates in memory. | 5 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 285 | Molecular events that mediates the formation of permanent structural changes associated with memory. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 286 | Highly integrated "cell assemblies" and on intracellular events that initiate nuclear transcription mechanisms for protein synthesis. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 286 | Molecular mechanisms of long term potentiation and protein synthesis as required for permanent physiological and microstructural alterations for long term potentiation (LTP) or for learning. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 286 | Specific proteins such as CREB are critical for the formation of LTP and permanent memory. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 286 | Cellular events began immediately after learning and continue during the minutes and hours after learning. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 286 | Treatments that disrupt the activity of cell assemblies and the molecular cascade leading to new protein synthesis are effective only within the relatively brief period, suggesting the timescale of memory consolidation. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 308 | Two aspects of memory consolidation: (1) a short-term one that involves molecular and cellular processes that support the fixation of memory within synapses over a period of minutes or hours, and (2) another that involves interactions within the declarative memory system to support a reorganization of memories that occurs over weeks to years. | 22 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 311 | While the entire cortex is involved in memory processing, the chief brain area that mediates these processes is the prefrontal cortex, in the frontal lobe. | 3 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 311 | Prefrontal cortex is generally viewed as mediating working memory. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 313 | Prefrontal cortex in humans is a diverse area, composed of several distinct subdivisions. | 2 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 313 | Prefrontal cortex has four general regions based upon functional evidence: (1) medial, (2) dorsolateral, (3) ventrolateral, and (4) orbital areas. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 313 | Working memory functions in monkeys and humans have focused on the dorsolateral and ventrolateral areas; these areas are partially distinct in their connections with more posterior parts of the cerebral cortex. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 313 | Each of the prefrontal subdivisions receives input from a diverse set of rostral and caudal cortical areas, and each has a distinctive input pattern. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 313 | Prefrontal areas are characterized by considerable associative connections with other prefrontal areas. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 314 | Dorsolateral prefrontal area receive inputs mainly from medially and dorsolaterally located cortical areas that preferentially represents somatosensory and visuospatial information. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 314 | Lateral prefrontal areas receive inputs mainly from ventrolateral and ventromedial cortical areas that represent auditory and visual pattern information. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 315 | Prefrontal cortex putative role as "central executive" of the working memory system. | 1 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 315 | Role of the prefrontal cortex in human memory is viewed as only a part of his role in multiple higher cognitive functions including personality, affect, motor control, language, and problem-solving. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 315 | Deficits in memory are secondary to an impairment in attention and problem-solving. | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 315 | Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) [Fuster; Prefrontal Cortex, 180] | 0 | ||
| Eichenbaum; Neuroscience of Memory | 330 | Parcellated processing within the prefrontal cortex. | 15 | ||
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