Joaquín Fuster; Memory in the Cerebral Cortex
Book	Page		Topic
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	3		Perceptual and motor memory relationships, and the interplay of their networks, constitute the basis of the perception-action cycle.
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	3		Entire neocortex as a mnemonic unit.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	4		Short-term and long-term memory share much of the same cortical substrate and simply reflect different activation states of that substrate.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	4		There is no such thing as an entirely new experience or memory.  All that is apparently new to us happens in the context of old and well-established memory		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	4		We interpret the new always in light of (I.e. in association with) the old.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	4		Storage of short-term memories is inextricable from the reactivation of a long-term memories.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	5		Working memory, which has also been called operant memory, is an operant concept of active memory,.but the two are not identical.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	9		Individual versus phyletic memory		4
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	9		Phyletic memory, or memory of the species.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	10		Phyletic memory contains the innate capacity to respond to and to reenact (to recall) the elementary features of sensation and movement that are common to the repertoires of all members of the species.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	10		Individual memory is contained in higher cortex, mostly (but not exclusively) in cortex of association.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	10		Phyletic and individual memory probably blend smoothly both structurally and functionally, from one to the other.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	10		In an awake organism, there is a constant dynamic interaction between phyletic an individual memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	11		All memory is essentially associative.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	11		Individual memories are formed by the facilitation, or perhaps creation, of synaptic connections between neurons that represent different sensory or motor features, when such features co-occur in the internal or external environment.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	11		Informational content of memory networks resides in the associative relationships among neuronal elements.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	12		Two basic forms of information content -- perceptual and motor memory.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	12		Activation state of memory -- a memory trace (subnetwork) is active or inactive.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	12		Short-term versus long-term memory		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	12		An essential criterion for the distinction between short-term and long-term memory is their temporal persistence -- the length of time during which it memory is retained and retrievable.  That length of time may be seconds to minutes in short-term memory and up to years in long-term memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	12		Information capacity is another distinction between short-term and long-term memory.  The capacity of short-term memory is limited, whereas that of long-term memory supposedly is not.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	12		Another difference between short-term and long-term memory is that the retrieval of long-term memory is facilitated by specific cues, whereas that of short-term memory is not.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	13		Several kinds of short-term memory have been described, mainly on the basis of storage time distinctions or neuropsychological data. The shortest of short-term memories is iconic memory, which is the capacity to retain a sensory image or up to one second after presentation. Immediate memory would last a few seconds longer than iconic memory.  It coincides of what is commonly understood as short-term memory.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	14		Working memory, a concept of short-term memory is essentially a temporary storage used in performance of cognitive behavioral tasks.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	16		It is a reasonable presumption that all types of short-term memory as well as long-term memory essentially share the same cortical substrate.  The basic differences between them would lie in the degree and distribution of neuronal activity within the substrate.		2
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	16		Short-term memory probably, and essentially, involves the sustained activation of a vast cortical network.  The activation of a vast network is the physiological basis of what we can understand to be active memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	16		Declarative versus non-declarative memory		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	20		Perceptual versus motor memory		4
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	23		3 - Principles of neural memory formation		3
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	23		Hebb's postulate		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	26		Synchronous convergence		3
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	33		Synchronous divergence		7
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	36		Limbic system and memory consolidation		3
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	38		Cortical connections of the barrel hippocampal gyrus. (diagram)		2
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	40		Neurotransmitters and memory consolidation		2
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	47		4 - Anatomy of cortical memory		7
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	47		Basic Architecture of the Cortex		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	47		Structure of the neocortex is remarkably similar throughout.  Horizontal and vertical regularities in its cells and fibers.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	47		Architectonic differences between cortical areas are ontogenetically determined by afferent connections.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	47		Thalamic afferents as the crucial determining factor of cortical functions.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	47		Functional specificity may not be determined only by thalamocortical afferents but by corticocortical connections as well.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	48		Lamina organization of the neocortex with its characteristic six layers.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	48		Recurrent collaterals from pyramids usually follow a horizontal or oblique course and spread around as much is 2 to 3 mm.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	48		Arrays of fibers that run vertically, perpendicular to the cortical surface.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	48		Apical dendrites of pyramidal cells that group themselves  into bundles approximately 100 µ thick.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	48		Corticocortical afferents from afar commonly terminate on apical dendrites in layers I to III.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	49		Vertical  plexuses of  thalamic afferents ascending to layer IV.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	49		Axons from pyramidal cells in layers III, V, and VI, descending to the white matter with subcortical or cortical destination.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	49		Geometry of cortical connectivity contains, implicitly, the potential for extensive parallel processing along vertical arrays of neural elements as well as for corticocortical association.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	49		One of the most significant characteristics of sensory cortical areas is there a modular organization.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	49		Sensory cortical areas are arranged in columns (50 to 80 µ wide) that traverse the cortex orthogonal to its surface.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	49		The column, or minicolumn, could be conceptualized as the ubiquitous and irreducible functional unit of the cortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	49		Outside of primary sensory areas, the modular organization is less clear.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	49		Cortical pyramidal cell surrounded by recurrent collaterals.  (diagram)		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	50		Most of the thalami afferents and some of the cortical afferents to a column terminate on the neurons of layer IV.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	50		Most corticocortical fibers originate and terminate in cells of supragranular layer 3.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	50		Important outputs to cortical and subcortical locations emerge from layers III, V, and VI.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	50		Corticocortical inputs and outputs are pervasive in the neocortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	51		Idealized column of cortex.  (diagram)		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	52		PHYLETIC CORTICAL MEMORY		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	52		At least some cortical information processing along ontogenetic gradients, from early-maturing sensory areas to late-maturing areas of association.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	52		Sensory Phyletic Memory		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	52		At birth, the primary sensory systems of the mammalian brain are almost  entirely developed anatomically.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	52		At birth, the basic architecture of the adult sensory cortex has been attained, its neural elements are in place, and its connectivity is virtually complete.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	52		After an overproduction of cortical cells and synapses, both will decrease in numbers postnatally and eventually will stabilize at adult levels.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	52		To achieve its full functional development, the visual cortex needs visual experience during a critical period of early life.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	53		Arborization of thalamic axons that reach cortical layer IV.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	53		Ocular dominance columns		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	53		Inputs compete in early ontogeny for development of synapses.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	53		Sparing of synapses from normal perinatal attrition -- after overproduction -- depends on the availability of input.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	54		Motor phyletic memory		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	56		Late plasticity of primary areas		2
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	60		Sight, sound, and touch		4
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	67		Hierarchical processing of visual information along the primary visual pathway, within what could be ascribed to phyletic memory, was a direct inference from the studies of Hubel and Wiesel (1962, 1968).		7
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	76		Taste and Smell		9
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	76		Taste and smell are supposed to be phylogenetically older than the other senses and, perhaps because of their ancient origin, have their cortical representation in phylogenetically older, paralimbic cortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	76		Gustatory input is collected through the ventromedial posterior (VMP) nucleus of the thalamus and conveyed to the primary sensory cortex for taste, which lies in the frontal insula and operculum, in the depths of the sylvian fissures.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	76		Input from the olfactory bulb goes directly to the primary olfactory cortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	76		Gustatory cortex of the insula and operculum has been found to project to the caudolateral area of the orbitofrontal cortex, at the base of the frontal lobe.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	77		Processing of taste information follows the same general pattern of neural progressions as that of the other three modalities, but perhaps with fewer cortical stages.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	77		In general, sensory processing proceeds from primary sensory processing, to secondary or associated processing, and output to limbic structures, which reciprocate with back projections.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	77		Olfactory information is transmitted directly from the olfactory bulb to the cortex, and then processed through thalamus, and then projected to the medial orbitofrontal area.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	77		The main difference between gustatory and olfactory systems seems to be that in the olfactory system, a thalamic stage succeeds, rather than precedes, primary sensory cortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	77		In olfaction, a thalamic nucleus is interposed between sensory cortex and the association cortex or the orbitofrontal region.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	77		MOTOR CORTICAL HIERARCHY		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	77		Motor cortical hierarchy goes from association cortex (prefrontal cortex) to motor cortex.Connectivity between the areas is reciprocal.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	77		All three major steps  (prefrontal, premotor, and motor) of the frontal motor hierarchy project to subcortical structures and receive reentrant connections from them.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	77		Long reentrant connective loops have been identified that originate in frontal areas, course through the basal ganglia and the lateral thalamus, and return to frontal areas.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	77		In accord with a general rule of corticocortical reciprocity, frontal areas send projections to all the areas of postcentral cortex from which they do receive them; and, again, that connectivity appears to be topologically orderly.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	77		Prefrontal and premotor cortices appear to develop after primary motor cortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	78		Development of cortical architecture progresses from area 4 to 6 and 6 to 9 -- thus from motor to premotor and from there to prefrontal cortex.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	78		Sensory processing goes from particulars of sensory analysis to the synthetic generalities of perception.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	78		Motor processing goes in the reverse of sensory processing -- it progresses from generalities of the temporal structure of behavior, presumably represented in prefrontal cortex, to the particulars of movement, to the the microgenesis of the action.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	78		Progression of the processing from the general to the particular, down the frontal motor hierarchy, is reflected in the patterns of frontal cell discharge in anticipation of motor acts.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	78		Prefrontal cells fire with the longest lead time before movement.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	78		An excitatory volley successively recruits, in cascading fashion, the three stages of the descending motor hierarchy before the movement.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	78		At the top of the motor hierarchy, the prefrontal cortex represents the most global and temporally extended aspects of behavioral structure.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	80		Interhemispheric connectivity		2
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	81		Individualized anatomy of cortical memory		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	83		5 - Memory Networks		2
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	83		Two fundamental principles of processing and representation  -- convergence for synthesis and divergence for analysis.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	83		Limbic structures, especially the hippocampus, in the consolidation of cortical memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	83		Connective substrate of sensory and motor hierarchies for processing and representation of perceptual and motor information.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	85		The most successful models of human memory are those of distributed and self-organized associative memory.		2
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	85		The term associative memory includes two accepted meanings -- (1) a learning process, (2) a recognition process, by which a memory is recalled on the basis of a fraction of it.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	85		Prominent among the network memory models are the self-organizing model of Edelman (1987).		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	86		Enormous capacity of the brain for parallel processing, unlike conventional computers.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	86		Two fundamental features of cortical processing and memory -- (1) probabilistic nature of cortical processing, and (2) robustness of the memory.  In cortical neurophysiology, variance is the rule; no certain output comes from any input.  The robustness of memory is demonstrated by its resistance to brain injury; certain cortical injuries may not affect memory at all or, if they do, they affect it only temporarily.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	87		Growth of the Network		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	87		Perception is an act of classification performed by nets of interconnected cortical cells on the qualities of objects and events.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	88		The qualities of objects and events upon which perception makes a classification are a set of relations previously established in a neural net by simultaneously occurring experiences.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	88		All perception is categorical in that it is an interpretation of an object or event made in the light of past experience by the network, which acts as a classifying apparatus of cortical connections.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	88		The system of connections for classifying stimuli is hierarchical.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	88		Hierarchy of multiple classification (I.e. classes of classes of classes, etc.) will correspond to the order of sensory qualities previously established by experience.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	88		The memory network, or topological map, is highly dynamic.  With experience, it will not only grow upward to form ever higher hierarchies of classes but downward and sideways, to form new classes within previously existing ones, to reclassify objects, events, and their qualities.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	89		Categorical and hierarchical character of all perception and memory.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	89		Hierarchical organization of connective systems in cortical areas of association.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	89		Dynamic interaction between perception and memory, which conforms to the almost complete overlap of processing and representational networks in the cortex.  [Edelman's dynamic core]		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	90		Hayek's model successfully avoids the problem of the so-called "grandmother cell" because, in it, categorical representation is dispersed in a wide network of interconnections.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	90		Edelman's theory of neuronal group selection starts by assuming a genetic endowment of neuron groups, such as the columnar modules of the cortex, with an inherent degree of variability and plasticity in their connections.  They constitute the units of selection of the primary repertoire.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	90		The neural network is an amalgam of many associative neuronal groups selected by prior experience. When offered a new input signal, many subsets of neuronal connections within the network will recognize (closely conform to) a signal similar to ones that previously have fashioned the network (accumulated pattern of synaptic strengths via Hebbian processes).  Many neuronal groups (synaptically-connected patterns) can respond more or less well to an input signal.  The tolerance for variation in the signal (degeneracy), ensures wide distribution of information and a degree of stimulus constancy -- i.e. equivalents of response to variants of the same stimulus.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	91		The system conceived via Edelman's theory of neuronal group selection is selective and adaptive, like evolution -- hence the name of "neural Darwinism" which Edelman coined.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	91		Edelman's Neural Darwinism shares with Hayek's model the merits of distribution of information, probabilistic response, and robustness.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	91		Growth of the network in Edelman's model, as in Hayek's model, is unsupervised and self-organized. It does not follow preestablished rules as in supervised learning.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	94		It seems certain that the growth of any neuronal network is predicated on the presence of considerable plasticity, even in the adult organism.		3
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	94		Plasticity means the capacity not only to strengthen pre-existing synapses but to form new ones.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	94		Plasticity also probably means the capacity to develop new axon terminals and new dendrites and dendritic spines.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	94		It is function and usage that ultimately will determine the direction of connectivity and expansion of the network.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	94		Lack of function and usage in the network is bound to lead to regression and competitive loss.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	94		"Use it or lose it" probably expresses the very essence of what happens.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	94		It seems reasonable to postulate that cortical memory networks grow in the general direction of ontogeny -- i.e. away from primary areas and into the areas of association.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	94		It seems logical that memory networks expand toward ever higher levels of the processing hierarchies for perception and for action.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	94		In memory networks the connectivity up the hierarchies include convergence as well as divergence every step of the way and, and addition, there is recurrence and backflow.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	94		It is unclear precisely how much of the cortical wiring is genetically or epigenetically layed out and how much of it has developed during, and as the product of, individual life experiences (i.e. by learning).		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	94		If the presumption of network expansion into association areas is correct, networks can be envisioned to grow from phyletic memory into individual memory, as a general trend.  Thus the variability in connectivity and in function should increase in the direction of network growth.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	95		A group or class of stimuli that have been associated into a network can, by subsequent encounters, become associated with other stimuli that did not originally belong to the network.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	95		For a new stimulus to be recognized, it is required only that a member stimulus or feature of the original class co-occur with any given new stimulus.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	95		In an associative network in higher cortex, an entire class in memory, rapidly can establish new connections with incoming stimuli.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	95		Stimuli of two different classes can, by co-concurrent, link the two classes together to form a new supraordinate class, and this one, in turn, can associate with others at the same or lower levels.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	95		A memory network can accrue associations in different levels of the representational hierarchy, up and down.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	95		An abstract concept at the top of the hierarchy is based on the entire network or networks that supported it in their connections and is widely distributed.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	95		There will be some concentration of conceptual and semantic representation in certain areas of confluent associations, such as Wernicke's area in posterior association cortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	95		Ultimately it is function and usage that create the system of multiple interconnected networks for representation and classification of sensory information.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	95		Intimate and mutual relationships between experience and representation, between perception and memory.  Both use the very same networks to categorize information and to retain it.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	96		Perception and memory both use the very same networks to categorize information and to retain it.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	97		Memory is a cortical network, an array of connected links formed by experience between neurons of the neocortex.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	97		Memory networks of the lowest and most primitive components of individual memory can be viewed as topological feature maps, in that their neurons encode sensory and motor features.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	97		At higher levels of individual memory, the concept of feature becomes progressively more dependent on idiosyncratic connections and less on concrete physical parameters.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	97		Modular organization of primary sensory cortex disappears almost completely as we proceed into associational cortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	97		At all levels and for all kinds of networks, the information that networks contain is defined by the structure of each network -- i.e. by its neuronal elements and the connections that link them.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	97		Many different network share their constituent elements, cells and connections.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	97		Lowest level constituents of a perceptual network are the columnar modules of sensory cortex or some other suitable group of functionally homogeneous neurons. They are the "feature detectors," which encode primitive attributes of the sensory environment.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	97		On the motor side, the lowest constituents of the network are the groups of cells in motor cortex that, by their concerted action, determine a vector of movement in a given part of the body, a motor feature.  (FAPs)		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	97		Perceptual and motor networks permeate upward through the sensory and motor hierarchies and, as they do, they become generally more complex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	97		As pathways converge, networks also converge and share with others their more abstract and categorical aspects.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	97		High up in the hierarchies, the nodes of networks are simply other, more discrete, networks that are subcomponents of associative memory representing its relatively concrete aspects.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	97		At higher levels of a hierarchy, subordinate networks take the place that tightly interconnected clusters of cells occupy at lower levels.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	98		Many networks overlap one another and share the same connections and cells.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	98		Any connection at any neuron can be a member of many different networks, of many different memories.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	98		A distributed perceptual or motor cortical network should be two-dimensional on the cortical plane.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	98		All associational connectivity between areas is horizontal.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	98		Functional differentiation is greater on the horizontal than on the vertical plane.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	98		On the horizontal plane, cortical connectivity displays the combinatorial power by which it can make practically infinite networks and practically infinite memories.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	98		A conceptual network would be a large network involving broad areas of unimodal and polymodal association cortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	98		Because a conceptual network would include parts of many networks with common connections, it would be not only widely distributed but also robust.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	99		Multiple access and wide distribution are compatible with concentration of conceptual and semantic representation in areas a convergent association.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	99		Recurrent feedback connections form a part of the processing hierarchies of which they are a part.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	99		Reentry allows the network to maintain reverberating activity within it, a feature of utmost importance for short-term memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	99		Access of the network to lower levels can be important in acquisition of new memory, discrimination, and selective attention.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	101		Widely separated groups of neurons in primary visual (striate) cortex respond to a visual stimulus with highly correlated trains of oscillations (30 -- 80 Hz, approximately 40 Hz as a rule).		2
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	113		6 - Organization of perceptual memory		12
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	113		Individual memories are self-organized neuronal networks of potentially infinite variety that extend beyond primary sensory and motor cortex into the so-called cortex of association.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	113		In the recognition and retrieval of a memory, mainly pyramidal cells are induced to fire at frequencies above their  "spontaneous" baseline.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	113		While the net is active, new memory can be added to it through the creation of new associations in accord with the principle of synchronous convergence.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	113		It is in the active state that a memory network controls behavior and presumably gains access to consciousness.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	114		Visual Memory		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	128		Tactile Memory		14
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	139		Auditory Memory		11
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	139		Notorious and paradoxical difficulty that such an intelligent animal as a rhesus monkey has for learning fine auditory discriminations.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	140		Input from both the ears is almost equally distributed in the primary acoustic cortex of both sides.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	140		Primary acoustic cortex -- Heschl's transverse gyrus in the upper temporal plane, most of the hidden in the Sylvian  fissure.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	140		Memory for words and sentences is inextricably tied to all human memories.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	140		Language is learned in the context of other experience and recalled, implicitly or explicitly, as part of that context.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	140		Words, and the concepts for which they stand, are associated by experience with a vast variety of non-auditory material.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	140		The large sector of individual long-term memory that is called semantic memory is widely distributed in the cortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	140		Long-term semantic memory can be accessed through a multiplicity of perceptual channels.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	140		In the dominant hemisphere, the representations of words and language appear idiosyncratically localized and tied to experience.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	140		Semantic aphasia is difficult to differentiate from acoustic agnosia.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	140		Auditory and language areas on the left hemisphere.  (diagram)		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	141		Receptive or semantic aphasia is the agnosia for words and sentences.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	141		Acoustic agnosia is the perceptual amnesia of nonverbal auditory material, such as music (amusia) and sounds.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	141		Large conglomerate of cortical association areas of parietal, temporal, and occipital cortex that have come to be named, PTO cortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	141		PTO region of cortex includes unimodal association cortex of three modalities -- auditory, visual, and tactile -- as well as the polymodal association cortex of the supramarginal gyrus, the angular gyrus, and the posterior third of the superior temporal gyrus (Wernike's area).		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	141		Musical sight reading and keyboard performance have been noted to activate metabolically, cortical areas that are adjacent to, though not identical with, Wernike's area and Broca's area.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	142		Research studies of auditory agnosias and aphasias, both of which reflect disorders of long-term memory, as well as studies of auditory short-term memory, provide indirect evidence that the cortical substrates for short and long-term memories are identical.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	142		Disconnection syndromes illustrate how the different components of one memory network interact with one another.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	142		Disconnection syndromes provide much suggestive evidence that one and the same engram can be accessed from multiple memory sources, the same sources through which presumably, the polymodal information was gathered that originally shaped the network.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	142		Left temporal lesions, unlike right temporal ones, cause auditory memory deficits if the material to be retained is verbal.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	142		Tonal memory is impaired by right temporal but not left temporal lesions.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	144		Interaction between modalities in memory networks and the apparent identity of stores for short-term and long-term memory.		2
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	144		Canadian investigators Penfield and Perot (1963), electrically stimulated the brain of conscious neurosurgical patients being treated for epilepsy.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	144		Penfield and Perot responses to electrical stimulation in epilepsy patients -- hallucinatory perceptions, fragments of poorly defined sensory experience, music from right side stimulation; a few visual responses		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	149		Gustatory and Olfactory Memory		5
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	156		Polymodal and high-level perceptual memory		7
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	157		Hierarchical diagram (diagram)		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	161		7 - Organization of Motor Memory		4
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	161		Motor memory is the neural representation of motor acts and behavioral sequences.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	162		Neural Hierarchy of Motor Memory		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	165		Schematic diagram of the circuitry of the motor system emphasizing the parallel organizations a cerebellum and basal ganglia pathways.  (diagram)		3
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	167		Basal ganglia in general, and the striatum in particular, may be viewed is harboring a stack of intermediate representational layers of the motor hierarchy that extends from the spinal cord to the cortex.  [Stereotyped motor programs]  [FAPs]		2
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	167		Basal ganglia and striatum nuclei in particular, at the base of the cerebrum, represents some of the programs for the execution of automatized actions and habits.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	168		At the bottom of the motor memory hierarchy, represented in the circuitry of the spinal cord, pons, and cerebellum, lie the genetic representations of action, the inborn reflexes.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	168		The hypothalamus is the diencephalic base of instinctual programs representing the biological motor memory of the species.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	168		In the basal ganglia, we encounter programs and structures of acquired and temporally extended action that reach their culmination, in terms of complexity, in the prefrontal cortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	168		The most automatic acts of all are the spinal reflexes.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	168		At higher levels, in the cerebellum and basal ganglia, learned automatic acts are represented -- acts that, by replication and practice, have become habit.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	168		The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, at the top of the motor hierarchy, is essential for planning of future voluntary action.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	169		Motor programs		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	171		There is a running interaction between motor programs at different hierarchical levels.  Anatomical evidence of cortical-subcortical loops of connectivity linking frontal areas to basal ganglia and lateral thalamus.		2
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	171		Topographically organized representations of movement.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	172		Motor programs in primary areas seem to migrate to lower levels after acquisition and practice.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	173		Cortical Motor Representation		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	173		Cortical motor representation		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	174		Prefrontal cortex		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	182		Premotor cortex		8
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	187		Motor Cortex		5
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	190		Speech representation		3
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	197		8 - Dynamics of cortical memory -- retrieval and attention		7
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	198		Memory retrieval		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	199		Memories are retrieved by associative access through their component representations, by reconstruction from fragments.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	199		Active retrieval depends on eliciting representations by stimuli, external or internal.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	199		Retrieving stimuli can be enormously diverse.  An effective stimulus might be a word or command, a visual image, an odor, an instinctual urge, or even an internal representation or thought, abstract or concrete.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	199		The association of an evocative stimulus with the memory it evokes may have been formed at any previous time.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	199		Retrieval is basically an associative process, whether a person is asked, or is prompted by circumstances, to elicit a memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	199		Phenomenon of priming is also based on associative retrieval, even though the association between retrieving stimulus and the priming cue may be covert, unconscious, and part of long-term memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	199		Retrieval of motor memory is basically no different from that of perceptual memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	199		Motor memories are elicited by stimuli associated with motor actions they represent.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	201		All processes of recognition, recall, and remembering have one common feature -- access to a memory through a stimulus or set of stimuli that at one time or another has become, co-concurrent, an associated element of the memory and, therefore, of the neural network.		2
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	201		Retrieval Mechanisms		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	201		Recognition is a form of memory retrieval.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	210		In everyday life, both serial and parallel processing of sensory information must be constantly ongoing in the brain on a massive scale.		9
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	210		Which stimulus or stimuli will prevail and which memory or memories will be activated at any given time must depend on innumerable imponderables of the situation.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	210		Neither a stimulus nor the memory it evokes need be conscious.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	211		Covert recognition.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	211		State dependent learning -- learning and memory by co-concurrence or near co-concurrence of external and internal stimuli.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	211		Some people become sick at the mere sight or mention of the boat.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	211		In state-dependent conditioning, as an aversion learning, the relationship between the retrieving stimulus and the memory itself may be highly symbolic and need not be conscious.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	211		Priming involves retrieval under unconscious influences.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	211		Primed recognition is probably influenced or mediated by a hidden -- unconscious and symbolic -- association of the retrieving stimulus.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	211		Forgetting		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	211		Forgetting is the inability to retrieve memory despite conscious effort to do so.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	212		A characteristic of short-term memory is its vulnerability to interference.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	212		All forms of interference are potentially deleterious for the same reason -- the limited capacity of short-term memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	212		Limit to what can be retained at any given time in short-term memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	212		Forgetting of a long-term memory is more complex than short-term memory -- (1) Initially poor fixation of the memory because of inattention all lack of rehearsal, (2) affective state and motivation at the time of acquisition, (3) disinterest that accompanies even mild depression, (4) scattered attention euphoria -- all may adversely determine how effectively we later remember facts, events, faces, names.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	212		Infantile amnesia -- no one is capable of remembering distinctly the experiences of early infancy, especially those before the age of 30 months.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	212		One reason for infantile amnesia is that the mechanisms of active memory have not developed.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	213		In the second year of life children acquire the capacity to recall simple events and sequences of actions.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	213		Motor memory (including habits) seems to develop faster than perceptual memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	213		Perceptual memory lags behind motor memory because perceptual memory relies on the associative power of words, which is underdeveloped in the prelingual child.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	213		Memory and its retrieval are based on association.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	213		Best strategy for retrieval of a recalcitrant memory is to use alternative associations as lines of access to its network.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	213		Normal aging is commonly associated with some degree of memory loss.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	213		It is not clear whether the forgetfulness of the elderly is mainly due to poor memory fixation, loss of stored information, or loss of the capacity to recall.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	214		Hippocampus has been noted to undergo involutional changes.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	214		Age-related loss of synapses by entorhinal axons on dendritic spines of hippocampal cells.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	214		Functional disorders of the hippocampus could be the basis of age related troubles of the human in memory acquisition as well as memory recall.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	214		Normal aging would bring about a gradual degradation of hippocampal structure and mechanisms.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	215		Much of the impaired capacity to recall that affects some of the aged may be attributed to the loss of stored information -- I.e. to the deterioration of cortical memory networks.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	215		Structure of the human neocortex does not seem to age uniformly.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	215		Cell shrinkage and death appear to especially affect associative areas of the frontal and temporal lobes.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	215		Involution of neurons with age seem to affect most severely the dendrites and the synaptic contacts on them.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	215		Notably impaired in the human, especially after age 50, are the basilar dendrites of pyramidal cells in the supragranular layers of Wernike's area, in the superior temporal gyrus.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	215		Given the importance of Wernike's area for semantic memory and of the corticocortical connections with supragranular termination for the activation of cortical networks, it is reasonable to infer that dendritic degeneration is at the root of the often-observed age-related impairment of recall of names.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	216		Semantic memory is more resistant to cortical damage than is declarative memory.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	216		Memory of facts, word meanings, and ideas is determined by varied and multiple associations.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	216		Semantic networks have many more lines of associative access (including verbal associations) than episodic or declarative networks.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	217		Mechanisms of attention		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	217		Both sensory and motor systems have the means for selecting information among alternatives.  This is what we call selective attention.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	217		Little is known about attention's neural mechanisms.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	217		Motor attention or "set."		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	218		Attention is the perceptual categorization that, at a given time, the organism actively selects to fulfill its adaptive needs.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	218		Set for action (motor attention) is the mirror image, on the output side, of the categorization of the sensory world that is required on the input side to make efficient use of limited system capacity.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	218		Selective attention and selective perception can be used interchangeably		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	218		Intensive aspect of attention we commonly call alertness.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	218		A certain minimum level of alertness is a precondition of attention and can be an enhancer of all inputs regardless of their source		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	218		Substrate of alertness seems to lie in the primordial subcortical structures of the brainstem, from where it can modulate the entirety of the cerebral cortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	219		Alertness		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	219		Reticular core of the upper brain stem has long been considered the essential neural substrate of alertness or vigilance.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	219		Electrical stimulation of the reticular activating system awakens animals from sleep.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	219		Reticular lesions induce coma and lethargy.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	219		Several neurotransmitter systems (monoaminergic and cholinergic) with widespread cortical modulating influences have nuclei of origin or pathways within the reticular formation of the upper brain stem.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	222		Inputs from limbic structures can affect cortical activity and attention, although less massively and more selectively than brainstem inputs.		3
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	222		Amygdala most likely plays a role in recognizing the motivational significance of any external stimulus.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	222		Amygdala can activate the network retrogradely on arrival of the memory-retrieving stimulus, thus facilitating its analysis and categorization.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	222		Connections between amygdala and association cortex are numerous, reciprocal, and widespread.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	224		Selective attention		2
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	225		When the retrieved memory is a temporally extended structure of behavior (a behavioral Gestalt) with component sensory and motor representations, we can trace the activity of the network as it becomes operational and as behavior is implemented.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	225		As processing goes from one part of the network to another and the focus of attention shifts with it, the network must reach back into previous stages for finer analysis.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	225		Perception-action cycle probably make use of recurrent collaterals and through them the feedback excitation has the effect of enhancing discrimination at lower levels and sharpening the focus of attention.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	225		A reverse and complementary side to attentive focusing probably Is based on the opposite of excitation -- inhibition.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	225		When we attend to something in particular, everything else seems to be suppressed.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	225		Proverbial selective listening at a noisy party.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	225		Filter theory of attention.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	225		Because of the limited capacity of sensory processing systems, attention is, above all, a filtering process.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	225		Preattended or early scrutiny of what comes in -- a kind of fast, parallel, and unconscious processing that selectively can retrieve material from unattended messages if relevant cues are embedded in them.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	226		Essence of the attention system is the rejection of what is not intended, not the enhancement of what is intended.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	226		Excitatory process of categorization with the lateral inhibition.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	226		Auditory habituation.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	226		Crick's conceptualization of the neural basis of selective attention.  His searchlight idea of attention, inhibitory influences from the reticular nucleus of the thalamus would modulate cortical synapses to sharpen the encoding of certain stimuli and stimulus configurations.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	232		Perceptual attention is based on the selective activation of certain areas of cortex involved in representation and categorization of behaviorlly relevant sensory features.		6
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	232		Inhibition of neuronal groups that represent nonrelevant features.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	232		Classes or categories of action much as there are classes or categories of perception.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	232		Areas in front of the central fissure constitute the cortical level of neural hierarchy for representation of processing of motor action.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	232		At the lowest cortical level in motor cortex, the finest and most specific movements are represented.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	232		The most complex, global, and temporally extended structures of behavior are represented in prefrontal cortex, which constitutes the highest level of the motor hierarchy.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	232		Processing of behavioral sequence structures commences when the networks that represent them cease to be merely representational and become operational, i.e. when they channel information to lower levels for motor enactment.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	233		Processing of behavioral structures generally continues downward through motor cortex, engaging successive subcortical loops and the pyramidal tract.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	233		Lower stages of the motor processing hierarchy feed back to prefrontal cortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	233		Symmetrical cortical organization for representation and processing of sensation, on the one hand, and for representation and processing of action, on the other.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	233		Perceptual categories are represented and processed up their hierarchy, from the lowest and most concrete to the most general.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	233		Action categories are represented and processed down their hierarchy, from the most general to the most concrete.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	233		In both perception and motor hierarchies, viewed from the center to the periphery, large classes include smaller classes, the smaller nested within the larger, in perception as well is in action.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	233		The word set comes closest to characterizing motor attention.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	233		(READY, set, GO) --   The word set connotes the qualities of adaptation and preparation for movement.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	233		All classes of action have corresponding neural structures and mechanisms for motor set.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	233		Frontal areas are stacked from top down (prefrontal, premotor, and motor) for progressively more concrete and immediate set and action.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	233		Perceptual attention succeeds the alerting or memory-retrieving sensory stimulus, whereas motor set precedes the consequent motor action.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	233		Intimate functional relationship between perceptual action and motor set		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	233		Orienting movements of the eyes and head are at the service of perceptual  attention and are guided by it.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	233		Motor set is strictly dependent on sensory cues and proprioceptive inputs.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	233		Constant interplay of perceptual attention and motor set at all levels of the perception-action cycle.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	233		Set-related activity of neurons before movement has been substantiated in motor cortex, premotor cortex, and prefrontal cortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	234		Prefrontal neuron involvement in motor attention (set).		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	235		In the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which is the highest stage for sensorimotor integration in the time domain, a neural basis for the transfer of the focus of attention from perception to movement.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	237		9 - Dynamics of Cortical Memory -- ACTIVE MEMORY		2
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	237		Active memory is an active cortical network, it's neurons active above certain baseline or spontaneous level of firing.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	237		Active memory as a dynamic state of cortical representation comes closer to explaining a wide range of neural phenomena of mnemonic storage.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	237		No evidence of separate cortical systems for long- and short-term memory, for memory in permanent storage and memory in transient storage.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	237		Established memory -- cortical layout of what we could call passive or latent memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	238		Working memory is an operational concept of active memory.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	238		Working memory can be defined as an ad hoc memorization of a discrete item of information for a motor or cognitive act to be performed in the short term.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	238		Working memory has been construed as one kind of short-term memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	238		Active memory, which may not have a behavioral purpose, subsumes and transcends working memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	238		Active memory does not have a specific cortical locus or system, although the frontal cortex is exceedingly important for it.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	238		Delay task are the best and most widely used test of working memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	238		All sequential behaviors that are nonroutine necessitate a mechanism of temporal information storage to attain their goal.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	238		No creative speech is possible without active memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	238		Without active memory, logical thinking cannot reach its conclusions.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	238		Active memory is part and parcel of any behavioral or cognitive gestalt.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	238		Topography of Active Memory		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	243		Cortical Dynamics and Memory Cells		5
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	247		Activation of Perceptual Memory		4
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	254		Computational Models of Active Memory		7
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	262		Activation of Motor Memory		8
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	262		Frontal Networks and Active Storage		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	266		Cooperation of Posterior and Frontal Networks		4
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	268		Posterior and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices exerted modulating influences on each other in active memory.		2
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	269		By way of reentrant connections, activated frontal cortex reciprocates posterior cortical input with excitatory output to the same portion of the posterior cortex from which the perceptual input originates.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	269		By feedforward and feedback, the entire perceptual-motor network, which spans portions of both cortices, is activated and maintained active, as is the memory it represents.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	270		From Motor Representation to Motor Set		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	270		The focus of representation gradually shifts from the perceptual to the motor sector of the network.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	270		As they frontal network representing the action reaches a certain level of threshold, it sets the subjacent levels of the motor hierarchy for execution of the action.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	274		PERCEPTION -- ACTION CYCLE		4
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	280		Edelman's diagram of  the connectivities that subserve the highest linguistic functions.		6
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	283		10 - Phenomenology of Memory		3
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	283		Conscious experience is the essence of remembering, attention, and active memory, the three main aspects of memory dynamics.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	284		SLEEP AND DREAMS		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	285		REM sleep is important for memory consolidation.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	285		Humans deprived of REM sleep have difficulties in acquiring and retaining new information.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	285		Learning new tasks seem to promote REM sleep.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	286		Acquisition of new learning depends on some kind of tonic input to the cortex from subcortical nuclei that are active and can be further activated during REM sleep.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	286		Oscillatory 40-Hz bioelectrical activity on the scalp of humans in dream state. (Llamás, 1993)		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	286		Oscillatory activity of various frequencies may be the expression of the recurrent activity between cortex and thalamus that has been postulated to be essential for the regulation of all sleep stages.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	286		Role of REM sleep in learning needs further study.  Learning related to REM sleep enhancements seen generally weak, inconsistent and, to a large extent, dependent on the task being learned.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	287		Dreaming is consistent with the activation of cortical memory networks.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	288		CONSCIOUSNESS AND MEMORY DYNAMICS		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	288		In the waking state, the ensemble of nonconscious cognitive structures and processes is constantly at work.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	289		Both memory retrieval and attention rely on fast parallel processing that occurs at an unconscious level.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	290		Unconscious knowledge, which has been termed "implicit memory."		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	290		Implicit memory and its apparent subcomponents, as well as priming.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	291		Perceptual memory and motor memory, represented in postrolandic and prerolandic (frontal) cortex.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	291		Central sulcus is a prominent landmark of the brain, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex. Central sulcus was originally called the fissure of Rolando or the Rolandic fissure, after Luigi Rolando.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	291		Much of motor memory, including habits and conditioned reflexes, is represented in basal ganglia, cerebellum, and other subcortical structures.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	291		Lesions of posterior cortex are likely to result in perceptual amnesias, whereas frontal lesions are likely to result in motor amnesias.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	291		Semantic memory is anchored in larger networks with more associations than declarative memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	291		Small posterior lesions may affect only the episodic or declarative aspects of perceptual memory, whereas larger posterior lesions may, in addition, affect the semantic and more abstract memories and knowledge.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	291		Under normal circumstances, it is easier to retrieve memories based on many associations (i.e. large cortical networks with many connections) than memories based on only a few.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	291		A well known and often effective maneuver to reach recondite memory is successively to test in our mind several associative links to it.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	291		When our sensory apparatus detects something out of the ordinary, something that does not quite match memory or meet expectations, then attention is mobilized and focused on that something.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	291		From preconscious preattention, our mind shifts to conscious attention.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	291		Within the focus of selective attention, the processing is deployed for the analysis, discrimination, and categorization of the world.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	291		In the retrieval and activation of memory that go on in ordinary behavior, cortical processing can be conceived to take place along many channels of an extensive network.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	293		Consciousness is commonly manifested by high-frequency (~40 Hz) oscillatory activity in certain brain structures.		2
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	293		High-frequency (~40 Hz) oscillatory activity has been supposed to reflect a correlative neural function important for perceptual binding and attention.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	293		In the transition from perception to action (Perception-Action Cycle), the spread of excitation takes place presumably and chiefly from posterior to frontal cortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	293		Attention probably is accomplished by a degree of feedback excitation on sensory stages.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	293		In active memory, the focus of attention has been internalized, no longer directed to external objects but to internal representations.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	293		Most active memory consists of reactivated long-term memory; it is experienced as an expansion of the present, the "remembered present" (Edelman)		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	294		Active short-term memory can be considered the quintessential conscious phenomenon.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	294		Neither consciousness nor active memory has a definite locus in the brain.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	294		VOLITION		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	294		Act of will is conscious.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	294		Willful motor action is preceded and accompanied by unconscious processing.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	294		Parallelism of perceptual and motor attention, although the two affect vastly different spheres of processing.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	294		Perceptual attention leads to discrimination and analysis of the sensory world.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	294		Motor attention leads to intention and to the willful motor act.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	294		If perceptual attention is the selective categorization of sensory information, motor attention or set is the selective categorization of motor action.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	294		Both perceptual attention and motor attention are, to a large degree, determined by prior experience (I.e. by perceptual and motor memory)		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	294		In motor attention, in the preparation for the motor act and concomitant with it, much parallel, fast, and unconscious processing takes place. Similarly, in perceptual attention and in retrieval of perceptual memory, much parallel, fast, and unconscious processing takes place.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	294		Much of our motility, even in the midst of the most conscious and deliberate behavior, takes place automatically and unconsciously.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	294		Much of our motility is based thoroughly on experience (i.e. on long-term motor memory).		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	294		As any pianist, typist, or skilled worker will testify to, consciousness can be an impediment to performance.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	294		Much motor performance is preorganized and occurs at a preattentive and preconscious level.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	294		Selective motor attention takes place consciously, and at least partly in series, setting the motor apparatus for deliberate, usually novel or complex action.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	295		Bulk of automatic motility is likely is represented, organize, and executed in subcortical structures, including parts of the diencephalon, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	295		Parts of the diencephalon, basal ganglia, and cerebellum is where most of the fast and unconscious processing of motor set takes place.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	295		Neurophysiological evidence to indicate that before a willful act, some of the automatic motility processing takes place in the cortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	295		Voluntary act is preceded by some unconscious processing somewhere and the frontal lobe cortex.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	295		Frontal activation, of which the subject is unaware, seems to play a role in preattentive motor set.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	295		Some researchers have estimated that readiness potential originates in the supplementary motor area (SMA).		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	295		Readiness potential may be part of a larger frontal wave of surface negativity that originates in prefrontal cortex before willful action.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	295		Prefrontal cortex is one of the most richly connected regions of the cerebrum.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	295		In addition to receiving afferents from subcortical structures involved in motor control, prefrontal and premotor cortices receive abundant afferents from limbic and brainstem regions  that are clearly implicated in drive and motivation.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	295		Prefrontal and premotor cortices also receive profuse connections from a large array of areas of posterior neocortex that are implicated in perception and perceptual memory.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	295		Perceptual cortical networks of posterior cortex expanded into the frontal lobe and blend there with motor networks.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	296		It is through connections to the perceptual cortex networks of posterior cortex that frontal neuron assemblies are recruited for active memory and for the organization of motor action.		1
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	296		Perception-action cycle places frontal cortices under the influence of the posterior cortices and subcortical structures, within a circular array in which there is no true origin.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	296		Voluntary action is probabilistically determined by resolution of conflict, in frontal cortex, between competing neural assemblies of diverse origin.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	296		Free will is as free as the probabilistically-determined influences are unconscious and as other seemingly plausible options are available.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex	296		Some of the unconscious influence may come from identified cortical areas that represent our higher values -- from a fund of abstract perceptual and motor memory built by education and good example of fellow humans.		0
Fuster; Memory in Cerebral Cortex