Jeff Hawkins - A Thousand Brains
Book	Page		Topic
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	40		The neocortex learns a predictive model of the world.
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	41		Predictions occur inside neurons.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	42		If you know the melody, then your brain continually predicts the next note.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	42		Predicting the next note in a melody  is known as sequence memory.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	42		Sequence memory is also used in language. Recognizing a spoken word is like recognizing a short melody.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	42		A word is defined by a sequence of phonemes, whereas a melody is defined by a sequence of musical intervals.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	43		Neurons have to figure out how much context is necessary to make the right prediction.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	44		Neurons have thousands, sometimes tens of thousands, of synapses,    spaced along the branches of the dendrites.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	44		Some of the dendrites are near the cell body, and some dendrites are farther away.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	44		How small and tightly packed the synapses are on dendrites.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	44		If proximal synapses    near the cell body    receive enough input,   they will fire.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	45		Less than 10% of the cell's synapses are in the proximal area near the cell body. The other 90% are too far away to cause a spike.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	45		If an input arrives at one of these distal synapses, it has almost no effect on the cell body.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	45		Once a dendrite spike is activated, it travels along the dendrite until it reaches the cell body.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	45		Many thousands of synapses found on the dendrites.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	45		Dendrites spikes are predictions.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	46		In each minicolumn,    multiple neurons    respond to the same input pattern.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	46		When an input arrives that is unexpected,    multiple neurons    fire at once.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	46		If the input is predicted,    then only the predictive state neurons    become active.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	46		Unexpected inputs    cause a lot more activity    than expected ones.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	46		Prediction is a ubiquitous function of the brain.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	47		Most predictions    occur inside neurons.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	47		A prediction  occurs when a neuron recognizes a pattern [in the ~10,000 synapses in its dendrites],    creates a dendrite spike,    and is primed to spike earlier than other neurons.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	47		Each neuron can recognize hundreds of patterns that predict when the neuron should become active.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	47		Prediction is built into the fabric of the neocortex, the neuron.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	47		We spent over a year testing the new neuron model and sequence memory circuit.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	47		We wrote software simulations that tested its capacity and were surprised to find that as few as 20,000 neurons    can learn thousands of complete  sequences		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	47		Sequence memory continued to work    even if 30% of the neurons died or if the input was noisy.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	47		We gained more confidence that our theory truly captured    what was happening in the neocortex.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	47		The function of the cortical column is reference frames.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	48		We could not see a way to solve the problem, so we put the this question aside and worked on other things for a while.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	49		The movement related signal we had been searching for,    the signal we needed to predict the next input, was "location on the object."		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	49		Different parts of the body (fingertips, palm, lips) might touch the coffee cup at the same time. The brain isn't making one prediction:; it's making dozens or even hundreds of predictions at the same time.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	50		The neocortex must know the location, relative to the cup, of every part of my body that is touching it.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	50		Vision is doing the same thing as touch.    Each patch of your retina    sees only a small part of an entire object.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	50		The brain doesn't process a picture, it starts with a picture on the back of the eye but then breaks it up into hundreds of pieces.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	50		The visual cortex assigns each piece    to a location relative to the object being observed.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	50		Since the complex circuitry in every cortical column is similar, location and reference frames must be universal properties of the neocortex.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	50		Each column in the  neocortex – whether it represents visual input, tactile input, auditory input, language, or high-level thought – must have neurons that represent reference frames and locations.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	50		We need to think of the neocortex as primarily processing reference frames. Most of the circuitry is there are to create reference frames and track locations.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	50		The brain builds models of the world    by associating sensory input with locations and reference frames.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	50		A reference frame allows the brain to learn the structure of something.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	50		A face is a nose, eyes, and mouth arranged in relative positions.    You need a reference frame to specify the relative positions and structure of objects.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	51		By defining an object using a reference frame, the brain can manipulate the entire object at once.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	51		A car has many features    in a range relative to each other.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	51		The brain only has to rotate or stretch the reference frame    and all the features of the object rotate and stretch with it.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	51		A reference frame is needed    to plan and create    movements.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	51		Reference frames also used in animated films to run the characters as they move.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	51		The function of most of the neurons    in each cortical column    is to create reference frames and track locations		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	51		Vernon Mountcastle argued that there was a universal algorithm  that exists in every cortical column, yet he didn't know what the algorithm was.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	51		Francis Crick wrote that we needed a new framework to understand the brain,    yet he didn't know what the framework should be.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	51		Mountcastle's algorithm and Crick's framework were both based on reference frames.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	51		Reference frames were the missing ingredient,    the key to unraveling the mystery of the neocortex and to understanding intelligence.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	52		Insight that the neocortex    is infused with the reference frames.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	53		The idea that the neocortex is infused with reference frames solve so many constraints that I immediately knew it was correct.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	53		Columns in the neocortex    enable learning the structure of the world.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	53		A single cortical column    could learn the three-dimensional shape of objects    by sensing and moving    and sensing and moving.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	53		We also showed how a column can recognize a previously learned object in the same manner.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	53		We then showed how multiple columns in the neocortex    work together to more quickly recognize objects.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	53		The entire neocortex works by creating reference frames,    with many thousands    active simultaneously.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	54		The idea that the neocortex represents locations and reference frames    in every column   was too exciting to hold back.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	54		Neurons in the neocortex    create reference frames    by looking at an older part of the brain, the entorhinal cortex.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	54		Every cortical column in the neocortex    creates reference frames.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	54		Neocortex learns a rich and detailed model of the world,   which he uses to constantly predict what its next sensory inputs will be.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	54		Most predictions are represented by dendrite spikes    that temporarily change the voltage    inside a neuron    and make a neuron fire    a little bit sooner.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	54		Circuits in the neocortex that use the new neuron model can learn and predict sequences.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	55		A circuit can also predict the next sensory input    when the inputs are changing due to  all our movements.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	55		Each cortical column must know the location    of its input    relative to the object being sensed.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	55		A cortical column requires a reference frame    that is fixed to the object.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	59		In mammals, the old brain parts where the map creating neurons exist are the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex.		4
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	59		In 1971, scientist John O Keith placed a wire into a rat's brain.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	59		The wire recorded the spiking activity of a single neuron and the hippocampus.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	60		The details of how to play sales and grid cells work are complicated and still not completely understood.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	61		Humans, rats, indeed all mammals, use the same mechanism for knowing our location.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	61		We all have grid cells in place cells that create models of the place we have been.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	65		Every cortical column can learn models of complete objects.		4
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	65		A cortical column has multiple layers of neurons.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	65		Altghough a cortical column is tiny, about 1 mm on a side, each of these layers might have 10,000 neurons.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	65		Upper layer receives the sensory input to the column. When it arrives, it causes several hundred neurons to become active.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	66		Bottom layer represents the current location in a reference frame.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	68		Every cortical column learns models of objects.		2
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	68		The columns do this using the same best basic method that the old brain uses to learn models of environments.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	68		Each cortical column has a set of cells the grid cells,    another set equivalent to place cells,    and another set equivalent to head direction cells,    all of which were first discovered in parts of the old brain.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	68		Each cortical column is small,    about the width of a piece of thin spaghetti,    and the neocortex is large, about the size of a dinner napkin.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	68		There are about 150,000 columns in the human cortex.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	69		Mountcastle proposed that every column in the neocortex  performs the same basic function.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	69		Language, and other high-level cognitive abilities, at some fundamental level are the same as seeing,    touching, and hearing.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	69		Mountcastle deduced that there must be some basic function that underlies everything the neocortex does – not just perception, but all the things we think of as intelligence.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	70		What kind of function, or algorithm, can create all aspects of human intelligence?		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	70		Theory says that cortical columns      create reference frames    for each observed object.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	70		A reference frame is like an invisible, three-dimensional grid    surrounding and attached to something.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	70		The reference frame allows a cortical column to learn the locations of features that define the shape of an object.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	70		We can think of reference frames as a way to organize    any kind of knowledge.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	70		Reference frames can also be used to organize knowledge of things we can't directly sense.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	71		We have knowledge about concepts such as democracy,    human rights, and mathematics.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	71		All knowledge is stored in reference frame.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	71		The brain    arranges all knowledge using reference frames,    and thinking is a form of moving.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	71		Thinking occurs when we activate successive locations and reference frames.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	72		Reference frames are present everywhere in the neocortex.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	72		Every column in the neocortex has cells that create reference frames.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	72		Cells that create reference frames are similar, but not identical, to the grid cells and place cells    found in older parts of the brain.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	72		Reference frames are used to model everything we know, not just physical objects.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	72		A column is a mechanism built of neurons that blindly tries to discover and model the structure of whatever it is causing its inputs to change.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	72		Brains first evolved reference frames    to learn the structure of environments    so they could move about the world.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	72		Then brain evolved to use the same mechanism    to learn the structure of physical objects    so that they can recognize and manipulate them.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	72		Brains once again evolved to use that same mechanism    to learn and represent    the structure underlying  conceptual objects,    such as mathematics and democracy.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	72		All knowledge is stored at locations    relative to reference frames.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	72		Reference frames are not an optional component of intelligence;    they are the structure in which all information    is stored in the brain.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	72		Everything you know is paired with the location and a reference frame.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	73		Organizing knowledge as reference frames    makes the facts actionable.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	73		Thinking is a form of movement.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	73		If everything we know is stored in reference frames,    then to recall stored knowledge    we have to activate the appropriate locations    in the appropriate reference frames.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	73		Thinking occurs when the neurons    invoke location after location in a reference frame,    bringing to mind    what was stored in each location.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	73		The succession of thoughts that we experience when thanking    is analogous to the succession of sensations    we experience when touching an object with a finger.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	73		Reference frames in the Neo cortex allow you to figure out the steps you should take to achieve more conceptual goal.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	74		What and where    pathways.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	74		The brain has two parallel vision systems,    called the what visual pathway    and the where visual pathway.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	74		What pathway is a set of cortical regions    that starts at the very back of the brain    and moves around to the sides.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	74		Where pathway is a set of regions    that starts out at the back of the brain    but moves up toward the top.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	74		Similar parallel pathways    also exist    for other senses.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	74		What and where pathways    have complementary role.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	76		Reference frames for concepts.		2
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	76		Reference frames don't have to be anchored in something physical.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	77		When a column learns a model of something,    part of the learning    is discovering what is a good reference frame,    including the number of dimensions.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	83		Language is arguably the most important cognitive ability    that distinguishes humans from all of the animals.		6
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	83		Without the ability to share knowledge and experiences via language,    most of modern society would not be possible.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	84		Two modest size regions of the neocortex are responsible for language.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	84		Wernicke's area is thought to be responsible for language comprehension.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	84		Broka's area is thought to be responsible for language production.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	84		We use spoken language,    written language,    and sign language.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	84		Wernick is at brokers areas don't get input directly from the sensors,   so the comprehension of language must rely on auditory and visual regions.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	84		The production of language    must rely on    different motor abilities.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	84		Large areas of the neocortex    are needed to create and understand language.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	95		Reference frames and cortical columns suggest a different way of thinking about how the neocortex works.		11
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	96		All cortical columns, even in low-level sensory regions, are capable of learning and recognizing complete objects.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	96		A column that senses only a small part of an object can learn a model of the entire object by integrating its inputs over time.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	96		The neocortex has many models of any particular object. The models are in different columns. They are not identical, but complementary.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	96		A single column can learn hundreds of complex objects.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	96		What a column learns    is limited by its inputs.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	96		Even within a single sensory modality, such as vision,    columns get different types of input and will learn different types of models.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	96		There are some vision columns that get color input    and other vision columns  that get black-and-white input.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	96		A column in region V1    gets input from a very small area of the retina.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	97		Where is knowledge stored in the brain?    Knowledge in the brain is distributed.   Knowledge of something is distributed in thousands of columns,    but they are a small subset of all the columns.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	97		A column in V2    gets input from a large area of the retina,    but the image is fuzzier.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	98		A neuron    never depends on a single synapse.    Instead, it might use 30 synapses    to recognize a pattern.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	98		A network of neurons is never dependent on a single cell.    Even the loss of 30% of the neurons    usually has only a marginal effect on the performance of the network.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	98		The neocortex is not dependent on a single cortical column.    The brain continues to function    even if a stroke or trauma    wipes out thousands of columns.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	99		The brain does not rely on one model of anything.    Our knowledge of something is distributed    among thousands of cortical columns.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	99		Each column is a complete sensorimotor system.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	99		How do our sensory inputs get bound into a singular percept?    Instead of converging onto one location, the connections go to every direction. We have proposed an answer: column vote.    Your perception is the consensus the columns reach by voting.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	102		Cells in some layers    send axons long distances within the neocortex.    We propose that the cells with long-distance connections are voting.		3
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	102		The basic idea of how columns can vote is not complicated. Using its long-range connections,    a column broadcasts what it thinks it is observing.    Often a column will be uncertain,    in which case its neurons will send multiple possibilities at the same time.    Simultaneously, the column receives projections from other columns    representing their guesses. The most common guesses    suppress the least common ones    until the entire network    settles on one answer.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	103		Recognizing an object means the columns  now agree on what  object they are sensing.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	103		The voting neurons in each column    form a stable pattern that represents the object    and where it is    relative to you.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	103		The activity of the voting neurons    does not change    as you move your eyes and fingers,    as long as they are sensing the same object.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	103		The other neurons in each column    change with movement,    but the voting neurons, the ones that represent the object,    do not.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	103		If you could look down on the neocortex,    you would see a stable pattern of activity in one layer of cells.    The stability would span large areas,    covering thousands of columns.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	103		These are the voting neurons.    The activity of the cells in other layers    would be rapidly changing    on a column by column basis.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	103		What we perceive    is based on the stable voting neurons.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	103		The information from these neurons is spread broadly to other areas of the brain,    where it can be turned into language    or stored in short-term memory.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	103		We are not consciously aware of the changing activity within each column,    as it stays within the column and is not accessible to other parts of the brain.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	104		The number of voting neurons    active at any time is small.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	104		If you were looking at the neurons responsible for voting,    you might see 98% of the cells being silent    and 2% continuously firing.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	104		The activity of the other cells in the cortical column    would be changing with the changing input.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	104		It would be easy to focus your attention on the changing neurons    and miss the significance    of the voting neurons.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	104		The brain    wants to reach a consensus.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	104		The voting layer wants to reach a consensus – it does not permit two objects to be active simultaneously – so it takes one possibility    over the other.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	105		The brain can attend to smaller or larger parts of the visual scene.    Exactly how the brain does this is not well understood,    but it involves the thalamus,    which is tightly connected    to all areas of the neocortex.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	105		Attention plays an essential role in how the brain learns models.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	105		What we think is happening is that each time you attend to a different object,    your brain determines the objects location    relative to the previously attended object.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	105		As I look around the dining room,    my brain is not only recognizing all the objects in the room but simultaneously determining    where each object is    relative to the other objects in to the room.    Just by glancing around,    my brain builds a model of the room    that includes all the objects that I attended to.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	105		Often, the models you learn    are temporary.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	106		We are constantly learning models    of everything we sense.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	106		If the arrangement of features in our model    stays fixed,    then the model might be remembered for a long time.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	106		If the arrangement changes,    then the models are temporary.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	106		The neocortex never stops    learning models.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	106		Every shift of attention    is adding another item    to a model of something.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	106		It is the same learning process    if the models are ephemeral or long-lasting.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	106		Hierarchy in the Thousand Brain Theory		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	106		The Thousand Brain Theory says that a    hierarchy of neocautical regions    is not strictly necessary.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	106		Is the neocortex organized a hierarchy    or as thousands of models    voting to reach a consensus?		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	106		The anatomy of the neocortex suggests that    both hierarchy and thousands of models voting exist.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	106		We have proposed that complete objects,    not features, are paseds between  hierarchical levels.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	106		The neocortex uses hierarchy    to assemble objects into more complex objects.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	107		The entire world    is learned as a complex hierarchy of objects    located relative to other objects.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	107		We suspect that some amount of hierarchical learning     occurs within each column.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	107		Some hierarchical learning    will be handled by the hierarchical connections    between regions.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	107		How much is being learned    within the single column    and how much is being learned in the connections between regions is not understood.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	107		The answer will almost certainly require a better understanding of attention,    which is why we are studying the thalamus.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	107		The thousand brain theory is inherently a sensory motor theory.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	107		The relatively large size of regions V1 and V2 in primates    and the singularly large size of the region V1 in mice    makes sense in the  Thousand Brain Theory  because every column can recognize complete objects.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	108		Thousand Brain Theory says that most of what we think of his vision occurs in regions V1 and V2.    The primary and secondary touch-related regions are also relatively large.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	108		Thousand BrainTtheory can explain how neurons know    what their next input will be    while the eyes are still in motion.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	108		Each column has models of complete objects    and therefore knows what should be sensed    on each location on an object.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	108		If a column knows the current location of its input    and how the eyes are moving,    then it can predict the new location    and what it will sense there.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	108		Thousand Brains Theory says there are thousands of models of every object.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	108		The pattern projected to the region V1 can be distorted and mixed up and it won't matter,    because no part of the neocortex    tries to reassemble the scrambled representation.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	108		The voting mechanism of the Thousand Brains Theory explains why we have a singular non-distorted perception.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	108		Thousand Brains Theory also explains how recognizing an object    in one sensory modality    leads to predictions in other sensory modalities.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	108		Thousand Brains Theory shows how the neocortex can learn three-dimensional models of objects    using reference frames.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	109		The details of how place cells and grid cells    create reference frames,    learn models of environments,    and plan behaviors are  only partially understood.		1
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	109		This is an area of active research for both experimental neuroscientists and theorist.		0
Hawkins - A Thousand Brains	142		Michael Graziano,  Consciousness and the Social Brain,  Princeton neuroscientist.