Allan Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium
Book	Page		Topic
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	12		Only the part of consciousness called self-awareness    is capable of observing brain states.
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	23		Study of dreaming    became the province of psychoanalysts.		11
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	23		B. F. Skinner and the behaviorists call the brain a "black box".  To the behaviorists, only outwardly observable motor acts were suitable data for scientific psychology.     All behavior was learned,    and all actions were reactions to stimuli.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	23		Psychiatry was born a hybrid of neurology and psychology.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	24		Many of the drugs of psychiatrists, such as Valium, while dramatically powerful, are still problematic because they cannot be targeted to specific brain systems.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	24		Chaos theory maintains that unpredictability is balanced by an equally intrinsic capacity for self-organization.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	24		Human creativity depends on a natural tension between chaos and self-organization of brain-mind states.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	25		Dreaming is indeed a chaotic brain-mind state.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	25		Cognitive neuroscience is the joining of neurology and psychology.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	25		Psychologists now apply behaviorist methods to the study of such mental faculties as perception,    memory,    and emotion.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	26		Brain and mind are inextricably linked:    no brain,    no mind.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	26		Three cardinal brain-mind states: waking, sleeping, and dreaming.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	28		Ivan Pavlov, who taught dogs to salivate at the ringing of the bell.		2
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	28		Most nerve cells in the brain fire all the time,    all day and all night.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	28		100 billion neurons in the human brain,    each one may contact 10,000 others,    each can send up to 100 messages a second.    Modest estimates of the total information processing are upward of 1027 bits of data a second.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	66		Mode of the brain-mind    depends on the aminergic-cholinergic control system --    on whether the amines are in power,    the cholines are in power,    or the two are deadlocked.		38
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	66		Three factors mediate the various states we experience during sleep.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	67		Three dimensions    of brain-mind space --    A for activation energy,    I for information source,    and M for mode.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	69		Activation (A) -- activation function represents the amount of electrical activity going on in the brain.    Estimated from the frequency of an EEG.    Rate at which most neurons are firing in the brain.		2
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	70		Information source (I) -- this factor tells us whether the data we are processing comes mainly from the outside world (awake and attentive)    or from inside our heads (when we lapse into fantasy or when we dream).		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	70		Perception is a collaboration    between representations brought to our brains by our senses    and information already encoded there in memory.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	71		Mode (M) -- whether the aminergic or cholinergic system is in power    is described as the mode of the brain-mind state.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	72		It is the M function that enables the activated brain-mind    to select, hold, and evaluate its representations    when we are awake.  We call this thinking or analytic reasoning.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	72		Although memories are released during dreams,    we usually cannot remember the dream.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	73		Hobson's AIM model    can help explain how humans move from one brain-mind state to another.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	73		Hobson's AIM model    can explain how we fall asleep,    and how in our sleep we alternate between non-REM and REM sleep.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	74		Suddenly threatened.  Fight or flight.  Adrenal gland releases adrenaline, a hormone;    adrenaline is an aminergic molecule,    heightens our activation as it simultaneously raises blood sugar and stimulates the heart.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	75		Three AIM factors in Hobson model all change continuously over time.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	76		Using the aim model, we have a way to understand how the three key factors control brain-mind states.     Activation energy,    information source,    and modulation    dictate the state we are in    at every moment in our lives.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	85		Orientation -- "Where am I?"  is a question we must be able to answer at every instant in time.		9
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	85		Locating ourselves in space is only part of the orientation function.  We also have to know who we are and what time it is.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	85		Knowing who we are is not always simple. Our sense of self is subject to failure as our brain-mind changes state over the course of each day and over a lifetime.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	85		Our sense of self is a combination of internal and external monitoring.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	85		For older people, accurate identification of third persons starts to fail as memory begins to falter.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	85		Ability to orient deteriorates as brain cells die as we grow older.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	86		We cannot begin to evaluate anything without first correctly identifying it and locating it in place and time.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	86		Two parts to our orientation faculty: (1) an orienting response, which is our immediate reaction to an unexpected signal, (2) a sense of orientation, which is our ongoing assessment of place, person, and time.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	86		Aroused from REM sleep and regain the orientational parameters of waking.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	87		Orientation is an enduring condition and is almost wholly cognitive.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	89		Hippocampus as a map room idea.  "place cells"		2
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	89		Adjacency of our spatial memory bank (hippocampus) and our emotional register (amygdala) is important for both survival and procreation.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	89		In the animal world: knowing who else is in one's territory (friend?  foe?  mate?) and knowing what behavior is appropriate (flight or flight?  approach or avoid?)  really matters.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	115		One of the reasons we need sleep is to permanently encode memories.		26
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	116		In addition to consolidations, changing the status of what is remembered during sleep could have three other purposes.: distribution, hyperassociation, and proceduralization.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	116		Memory consolidation -- for the function of memory consolidation, REM sleep provides a time when the brain-mind does not have to accept new data.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	116		Memory distribution -- for the memory distribution function, REM sleep provides a massive, widespread activation with intense reiterative stimulation of all the cortical circuits of the brain.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	116		Memory hyperassociation -- for the hyperassociation function, REM sleep provides the co-activation of newly sensitized circuits and all those circuits previously endowed with the multiple interconnections necessary for category overinclusiveness.   [degeneracy discussed by Edelman]		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	116		Memory proceduralization -- for the proceduralization function, REM sleep provides the automatic running of motor programs that give the data access to existing action files.  [Stereotyped motor programs]  [FAPs]  [Fuster's  perception-action cycle]		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	117		Dream scenes are random. We are cementing memories and linking them to action programs. This is one major reason we must sleep.   [Stereotyped motor programs]  [FAPs]  [Fuster's  perception-action cycle]		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	117		Motor programs in the brain are never more active than during REM sleep.  [Stereotyped motor programs]  [FAPs]		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	117		Memory is organized within a framework of motor programs within the brain.  [Stereotyped motor programs]  [FAPs]		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	117		Brain is a jack-in-the-box,    loaded to the brim with spring-loaded plans of action.  [Stereotyped motor programs]  [FAPs]		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	117		Confabulation and waking, dreaming, and fantasy.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	125		Only in a flagrant organic psychosis,    like the DTs of alcohol withdrawal,    does confabulation assume truly dreamlike proportions.		8
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	133		When we are awake,    the amines keep the acetylcholine in check.  When we are in REM-sleep,    the amines can no longer restrain the acetylcholine molecules,    which trigger the hallucinations we see as dreams.		8
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	134		Electroshock treatment for depression.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	135		In an epileptic fit, the source of the waves is usually high up in the cortex, but during REM sleep down in the base of the brain stem.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	141		All of life is motion. Motion is perpetual.		6
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	141		Self-reflective awareness is the essence of what we imply by the term consciousness.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	141		When does consciousness begin? We all spend a very significant amount of time in a very REM-like state before we were born. Embryologists can see eye movements in fetuses only twenty weeks old.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	141		In the womb, brain circuits are laid out and tested by an automatic process that arises as soon as the networks of nerve cells are first formed. This self-organization is a property of all complex systems to create order out of chaos.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	142		At some point in early life, the brain network has enough images and thoughts to have conscious awareness. Add a few more and it has enough to be aware that it is aware. Once we have self-reflective awareness, we are fully conscious.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	143		Instincts, automatically programmed behaviors, "fixed acts", (FAPs of Llinás)		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	203		Consciousness cannot be localized in any part of the brain; it is distributed in many parts of the brain.		60
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	205		Brain is never "turned off" or even resting; it is processing information all the time.		2
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	205		Consciousness is a brain's awareness of some of its information.  [Edelman's dynamic core]		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	205		Mind is simply all of the information in the brain.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	208		Most of the information in the brain is unconscious.		3
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	208		If our mind is all the information in our brain, then the information is either accessible (conscious) or inaccessible (nonconscious).		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	208		Motor programs that control our thinking and moving are unconscious.  [Stereotyped motor programs]  [FAPs]		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	208		People who put themselves into a deep trance.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	208		When we daydream and when we have our nightly REM-sleep and dreams.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	208		The two life goals of survival and procreation.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	208		Memory consists of perception that we can call forth as imagery, most of our emotions, most of our instincts, and a vast set of procedural talents.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	208		Many of the brain processes that are required to represent memory data are themselves below the reach of consciousness, the unconscious mind.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	209		Imagery and emotions of dreams are always with us, riding in our nonconscious, and we change state from waking to dreaming, this information is able to cross into consciousness.  [Llinás; wakefulness, a dreamlike state modulated by the senses]		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	209		Our dreams are not mysterious phenomena; they are conscious events.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	209		All mental data and all psychological concepts must ultimately  find their roots in the physics and chemistry of the brain.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	211		An event at the nonconscious level -- the firing of cholinergic neurons, could be said to cause the vision of our dreams.		2
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	211		Dream forgetting is caused by the unavailability of  norepinephrine and serotonin in the cells of the brain that store recent memories.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	212		Dreams arise out of simple brain chemistry.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	214		Randomness appears to be an intrinsic aspect of brain function.		2
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	214		Randomness is a major determinant of events in the cosmos,   including the origin of life.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	214		To the horror of the theologians,    it is asserted that life arose out of the chaos by chance,    without any supervisory direction.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	215		Mutation,    a chance event,    is the most creative force in nature.    Yet it is a horribly cruel force,    since most mutations,    like most of our ideas,    are fatally flawed.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	215		Nowhere is the role of chance    more evident in our mental life than in dreams.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	215		Each dream    is created by the activation of billions of neurons,    each connected to at least 10,000 others,    and all chattering away at rates of up to 100 messages per second.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	216		All complex systems --    and the brain-mind is certainly a complex system --    are characterized by constant, dynamic interplay    between chaos (unpredictability)    and self-organization (orderliness).		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	216		When we see orderliness,    we tend to assume that it could be begotten only of orderliness --    hence our naïve acceptance of determinism.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	216		Dissociation is as much the rule of the brain mind as association.    Metaphorically, a stream of consciousness    flows,    breaks,    eddies,    and reconvenes.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	216		Creativity separates us from most other animals,    and it has its deep roots in the dissociative, chaotic nature of our nonconscious brain minds.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	216		Within any brain-mind state    the processing of information    is likely to be dissociated    because the information is inherently jumpy, noisy, and discontinuous.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	216		Faculties that make up our brain-mind states,    such as memory or perception    may be subject to inconsistencies and unpredictable changes..		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	216		Without warning and without any identifiable stimulus,    I may suddenly think of the name of a person    I haven't seen or talked to in years.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	216		Waking consciousness can be dissociated into foreground and background processes.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	217		Brain-mind can be "split."     By cutting the corpus callosum    to treat intractable epilepsy,    a subject's left brain    cannot name the object    that is seen by the right brain.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	217		When a person sleepwalks,    the cortex of the upper brain remains asleep    while the subcortical structures of the lower brain is awake.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	217		Chaos is essential to cognitive freedom and creativity.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	217		Hypnosis and meditation are effective because of dissociation;    they enable a person to "tune out" the outside    while remaining awake,    thus reducing stress.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	217		Hypnosis and meditation are voluntary changes of state that rely on dissociation to bring benefits.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	217		Whenever we go to sleep    we abandon conscious control    and let the nonconscious systems of our brain-mind do their automatic work.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	219		Choosing which states    your brain-mind may occupy --    meditation,    hypnosis,    trance.		2
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	234		Thomas Edison syndrome. Sleep habits, Thomas Edison sleep anywhere, emulate Edison's sleep habits, brief efficient sleep.		15
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	235		We do not need drugs    to sleep well.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	237		Falling asleep    in medical school lectures.		2
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	239		Lying hopelessly awake in bed    in the grips of tense, rumination anxiety,    he went to his den and listened to a symphony.  This relaxed him.		2
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	239		Moderate exercise, a two-mile walk.		0
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium	240		There is nothing a physician wants more than an appropriately grateful patient,    someone who gets well with a little help,    but mostly own his own.		1
Hobson; Dreaming as Delirium