| Horstman; Sci. Am., Healthy Aging Brain | |||||
| Book | Page | Topic | |||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 9 | Emotional well-being actually improves with age. Starting sometime after 60, folks tend to be happier, worry less, and have less stress. | |||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 12 | Several studies show that happiness increases through the late 60s and into the 70s and perhaps beyond. | 3 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 14 | Great Late Achievers | 2 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 20 | Genes are not destiny. Your lifestyle practices play a major part in the health of your brain. | 6 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 22 | The fetal brain has to generate more than 500,000 cells per minute in the early stages of development. | 2 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 25 | The pleasure center or reward circuit of the brain is based in the limbic system, involving the nucleus accumbens, the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the caudate nucleus -- the mid-brain reward and motivation systems connected with pleasure and addiction. | 3 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 25 | The amygdala of the limbic system is ever ready to sound a fight-or-flight alarm. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 28 | By early childhood your brain has grown to 95% of its final size. | 3 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 28 | Toddlers with autism tend to have large brains for their age. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 28 | Neuroscientists now suspect that excessive brain growth and a failure of pruning could be a cause of autism. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 29 | MRI imaging shows that the human brain undergoes major remodeling during childhood and throughout the teen years -- anatomical changes that may be related to risk taking, novelty seeking, and impulsivity that characterize teen behavior. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 31 | There are more than 100 different neurotransmitters. | 2 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 31 | Acetylcholine gets us going -- it excites cells, activates muscles, and is involved in wakefulness, attentiveness, anger, aggression, and sexuality. Alzheimer's disease is associated with a shortage of acetylcholine. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 31 | Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter, dispersed widely throughout the brain. It's involved in learning and memory. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 31 | GABA slows everything down and helps keep your system in balance. It helps regulate anxiety. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 31 | Endorphins act as hormones and neurotransmitters. They reduce pain sensations and increase pleasure. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 31 | Epinephrine (also called adrenaline) keeps you alert and your blood pressure balanced, and it jumps in when you need energy. It's produced and released by the adrenal glands in times of stress. Too much can increase anxiety or tension. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 31 | Dopamine is vital for voluntary movement, attentiveness, motivation, and pleasure. It's a key player in addiction. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 31 | Serotonin helps regulate body temperature, memory, emotion, sleep, appetite and mood. Many antidepressants work by regulating it. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 31 | Oxytocin is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It plays a key role in labor, breast milk production, mother love, romantic love, and trust. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 32 | Get Smart Younger, Delay Dementia Older | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 32 | The more education a person gets at a younger age, the better for their aging brains. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 32 | Researchers have found that once the dementia symptoms emerge, the well educated lose their memory faster. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 33 | Challenging the brain with activities such as solving puzzles, undertaking a new and challenging project, or reading books, is connected with a lower risk of dementia. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 33 | The years from 20 to 60 are peak for the brain in many ways. This is a time when the brain is both physically mature and still resilient. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 33 | By your 20s, your brain has reorganized its networks for better connections. Pruning and an increase in mylan have streamlined and connected your brain for optimal functioning. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 33 | There are many questions about where new neurons arise in the adult brain. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 33 | It is clear that neurons are born in the adult human brain in at least two specific brain regions: the subventricular zone, after which they migrate to the olfactory bulb, and In the dentate gyrus, a specific area of the hippocampus. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 34 | Neurons born in the dentate gyrus appear to remain there and integrate into local circuits within the hippocampus. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 34 | With neural plasticity and new experiences, the brain forges new connections among neurons, even creating new networks to take over functions for parts of the brain that have been injured. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 34 | Research has suggested that the prefrontal cortex, which is involved with decision making, social interaction, and many other personality traits, is still changing throughout the adult years. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 34 | Epigenetics is another way you brain changes, by changing the activity of certain genes. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 34 | Your genome -- the total DNA that you inherit from your ancestors that contains the instructions for making your unique body and brain -- doesn't change. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 34 | Another layer of information, the epigenome, stored in the proteins and chemicals that surround and cling to your DNA determine which genes are activated (or not activated). | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 34 | Researchers have discovered that the epigenome can be affected by many things, from aging and diet to environmental toxins to even what you think and feel. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 35 | Your experiences can literally change your mind by shutting down or revving up the production of proteins that affect your mental state. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 35 | Brain development is never done. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 35 | Your brain will continue to change until it finally dies. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 35 | The brain will make new connections and will also create new neurons in some regions, even into very old age and in very sick brains up until the time of death. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 35 | Brains of terminal cancer patients, donated for research after death, showed new neuron growth to the end. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 35 | Your life experiences will shape and refine your physical brain. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 35 | You built the brain you have today and will continue to refine and remodel it with every action, thought, and feeling and every interaction with people, the experiences, and the environment around you. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 40 | Older people report that they are happier in their 70s than in any other time since their early 20s. | 5 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 41 | Memory is essential for our very identity: we need it to create our sense of self. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 43 | The hippocampus, among other structures in the medial temporal lobe, is key to converting short- to long-term memories. | 2 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 43 | Long-term memories are complex and can be both conscious and unconscious. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 43 | Explicit memory, or declarative memory, is what most of us think about as memory. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 43 | Declarative memory requires conscious thought for recall. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 43 | It is primarily explicit memory that fails in Alzheimer's and most other kinds of dementia. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 43 | Implicit, or nondeclarative, memory includes rote memory involving habits and motor skills. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 43 | People with advanced Alzheimer's who no longer recognize their children may still play the piano beautifully. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 51 | An extensive advantage of an older brain is being able to tap into its extensive store of knowledge and experience. | 8 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 52 | Use Those Words, Or Lose Them | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 52 | The left insula is an area of the brain implicated in sound processing and production. When we do not use a word often, the connections among all its various representations in the brain become weak. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 52 | Words are not stored as a unit. Instead, you have the sound information connected to semantic information, connected to grammatical information, etc. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 52 | Sounds much more vulnerable to decay over time than other kinds of information. That leads to the tip of the tongue (TOT) experience. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 62 | Alzheimer's disease is by far the most prevalent type of dementia, accounting for up to 80% of dementias. | 10 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 62 | Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is characterized by memory and thinking problems greater than those associated with no aging, but is not as severe as dementia. It affects up to an estimated 42% of those over the age of 65. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 62 | Stroke interrupts blood flow and starves the brain of oxygen and glucose. Three quarters of all strokes occur after the age of 65. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 62 | Parkinson's Disease, a gradual loss of motor control, affects 1% of the population older than 60, the average age of onset. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 63 | Diabetes affects 27% of all people over age 65. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 63 | Traumatic brain injury (TBI) more than doubles the risk of dementia, and falls are a leading cause of TBI and an increased risk as we age. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 63 | Depression is not a part of normal aging in healthy elders and can be treated. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 63 | Past injuries and illnesses, such as cancer and its treatment (chemotherapy and radiation) or past head injuries, may affect cognition, and the effects may increase with age and can mimic or contribute to dementia and mental fuzziness. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 63 | Medication effects or interactions can contribute to or mimic dementia and may be overlooked. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 66 | Signs of Mental Decline | 3 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 66 | Here are some signs of memory loss and confusion that suggests you may need to seek professional help. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 67 | Dementias are the most common, and perhaps most dreaded, age-related brain issue. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 67 | There are several types of dementias, with Alzheimer's disease by far the most prevalent, accounting for up to 80% of dementias. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 67 | It is estimated that nearly half of those over age 85 will develop Alzheimer's disease. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 68 | Dementia may be caused by a number of things -- overmedication and drug interactions; dehydration; high fever and untreated infections; vitamin and nutritional deficiencies; heart disease, especially high blood pressure; and untreated chronic conditions; alcoholism; depression, stress, and anxiety. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 69 | Mild Cognitive Impairment -- A Subtle Loss | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 70 | Stroke does its damaged by depriving the brain of oxygen through a blood clot (ischemic, which accounts for 87% of strokes) or a bleed (hemorrhagic, much less common, causes 7 to 10%). | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 70 | Getting treatment for an ischemic stroke within three hours of the onset of symptoms can dissolve clots and often lessen disability. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 70 | A hemorrhagic stroke caused when a blood vessel breaks and bleeds into the brain is much harder to treat: more than half are fatal. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 70 | 10% of stroke victims recover almost completely, and 25% recover with minor impairments. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 70 | Doctors used to think that functions regained in the first three months were as good as it's going to get. Now we know that extending therapy may restore much more functions. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 73 | Knowing the Signs of a Stroke | 3 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 73 | Sudden numbness or weakness. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 73 | Sudden confusion or difficulty understanding speech | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 73 | Sudden loss of the ability to speak | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 73 | Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 73 | Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance or coordination | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 73 | Sudden severe headache with no known cause | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 74 | Parkinson's disease is due to a gradual degeneration of the brain cells that produce dopamine, a neurotransmitter that helps control voluntary movement. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 74 | Parkinson's is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Genes account for 4 to 6% of Parkinson's. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 74 | The development 30 years ago of l-dopa was a major medical advance. It's converted to dopamine in the brain and is the primary treatment for Parkinson's disease. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 74 | Surgery in which battery-controlled of electrodes are implanted to stimulate the brain (called deep brain stimulation, DBS) can dramatically help many people control tremors. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 75 | Diabetes is a serious and potentially deadly disease. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 75 | Insulin is a hormone that helps cells store sugar and fat for energy. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 75 | When the body can't produce enough insulin (type 1 diabetes) or responds inadequately to insulin (type 2 diabetes), a range of circulatory and heart problems develops. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 76 | The risk for type 2 diabetes increase with age, with some ethnic groups, including African-Americans, at higher risk than others. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 77 | Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is among the major causes of brain damage, and in older folks, it is usually from taking a fall. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 78 | A fall that injures the brain and other blows to the head are serious contributors to brain damage and a risk that increases with age. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 78 | One out of three people over age 65 falls each year. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 78 | People 75 years of age and older have the highest rates of TBI-related hospitalizations and death. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 78 | Given their frequency and consequences, falls are as serious a health problem for older persons as heart attacks or strokes. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 78 | The Centers for Disease Control regards falls as a major health threat and recommends exercise to improve balance. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 78 | It's important to protect the head by wearing seatbelts and using helmets for sports that could involve a fall, such as biking and skiing. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 78 | Depression is not a normal part of aging, but so many people believe it that even severe depression goes undiagnosed and untreated in an estimated 50% of elders. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 79 | Doctors may fail to detect mental health issues because older patients often have multiple physical conditions, some quite serious. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 79 | People age 65 and older represent a disproportionately large fraction of suicide deaths, especially in men aged 75 and older. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 79 | Many older adults who commit suicide have visited a primary care physician very close to the time of his suicide. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 80 | When Depression Needs Treatment | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 80 | Persistent sadness lasting two or more weeks. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 80 | Much depression in elders responds to a combination of mild antidepressants and some form of talk therapy. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 80 | Socializing can help because loneliness contributes to depression. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 81 | The legacy of cancer -- "Chemo Brain" | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 81 | The chemicals and radiation used to kill tumor cells damage stem cells in the hippocampus, a brain region vital for laying down new memories. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 81 | Radiation treatment triggers an inflammatory response from microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system, and some experts think that the microglia may be the real culprit behind radiation-induced brain defects. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 81 | Exercise has been shown to stimulate neurogenesis in healthy animals and people. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 81 | There is a good chance that being active would help improve cognition in cancer survivors. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 82 | When Medications Mess up Your Mind | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 82 | Interactions, overdosing, and just plain wrong medications, including those described and those sold all over the counter, can be bad for your health and contribute to dementia-like symptoms. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 83 | Primary care doctors not trained in geriatrics treat a burgeoning caseload of older patients and tend to conclude that many cognitive symptoms are signs of dementia or a normal part of aging. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 83 | Some medications may contribute to cognitive decline by interfering with your brain's ability to use acetylcholine, a transmitter essential for good brain function. These are called anticholinergic agents. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 83 | The cognitive decline effects may be especially strong when two or more anticholinergic agents are taken in combination and can range from mild confusion to delirium. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 84 | Cholesterol may be bad for your arteries, but it's vital for your brain: one quarter of the body's cholesterol is found in the brain. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 84 | Cholesterol is a waxy substance that, among other things, provides structure to the body's cell membranes. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 84 | In the brain, cholesterol plays a crucial role in forming neuronal connections -- the vital links among brain cells that underlie memory and learning. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 84 | Quick thinking and rapid reaction times depend on cholesterol, the building blocks of the sheaths that insulate your neurons and speed up electrical transmissions. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 85 | Drugs for depression that interfere with acetylcholine include the tricyclic antidepressants. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 85 | Some nursing homes and doctors hand out powerful antipsychotics such as Thorazine and Clozapine to elders who express distress, both to ease their discomfort but also to quiet them down. These are also anticholinergics. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 85 | Other widely used medications are suspected anticholinergics. These include cimetidine (Tagamet) used to treat ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 87 | Alzheimer's Disease | 2 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 87 | In Alzheimer's disease, it's devastating to lose your memories and your self in a fog of brain cell death and for your loved ones to lose you. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 88 | For Alzheimer's, there is no effective treatment, no cure, and not even a definitive understanding of what causes the brain-killing disease. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 88 | Researchers know that Alzheimer's causes loss of mental functions by destroying the connections among brain cells and then destroying the neurons. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 88 | Researchers are well aware of Alzheimer's sticky tangles in the brain, plaques, and atrophy of brain tissue. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 88 | Researchers have identified some genetic connections. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 88 | Researchers aren't certain if the brain gunk is the cause or an effect of Alzheimer's or how and why the disease hits some of us and not others. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 88 | Genes are a direct cause of Alzheimer's in only a tiny number of cases -- probably less than 1%. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 88 | There are several genes known to raise a person's risk of getting Alzheimer's. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 88 | Dementia is characterized by a loss of memory and thinking skills, interferes with the ability to make decisions, and eventually takes away the ability to participate in the most basic activities. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 89 | Alzheimer's is by far the most common kind of dementia, accounting for up to 80% of cases. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 89 | Alzheimer's and other dementias often start with a condition called mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is characterized by memory and thinking problems greater than those associated with normal aging but not severe enough to disrupt daily life. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 89 | Not everyone would MCI develops Alzheimer's. Some go on to develop other types of dementia or neurological conditions, while others remain stable for years. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 89 | Studies are showing that some life practices, such as increased exercise and improve nutrition, may prevent, reverse, or key MCI from progressing to dementia. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 89 | Early diagnosis for Alzheimer's is important, but it is difficult because the disease starts as long as 20 years before symptoms appear. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 89 | Scientists say that the only 100% accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's is a brain autopsy. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 89 | Doctors skilled in working with dementia can make an accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's 80 to 90% of the time. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 89 | Levels of brain damaging proteins called beta-amyloid and tau can be detected by taking a sample of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in a spinal tap. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 89 | The less amyloid in the CSF, the more likely it is that amyloid is in the brain, and the greater the likelihood that the person has Alzheimer's. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 89 | Having more tau protein in the CSF is correlated with a higher risk of Alzheimer's. The test for tau protein is invasive and not widely used. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 89 | Imaging scans can show Alzheimer's damage in the brain and shrinkage in brain volume after the disease has progressed. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 89 | Here is another conundrum -- even a brain ravaged by the damage of dementia may function adequately. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 89 | Autopsies of brains of seemingly normal people -- people who functioned quite well in life -- have found signs of extensive Alzheimer's-type changes. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 90 | Some Facts about Alzheimer's Disease | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 91 | Although accumulation of the protein beta amyloid and tau is among the brain changes believed to contribute to Alzheimer's disease, researchers aren't sure if this is a cause or an effect. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 91 | Genetics plays a role in Alzheimer's disease, but apparently in association with environmental and other factors. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 92 | Genetics alone rarely dictates the course of most brain disorders. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 92 | Most neurological disorders are the result of complex interactions between genes and environment, perhaps triggered by multiple processes. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 92 | Genetic testing may not be useful for Alzheimer's disease. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 92 | Blood tests can detect if a person carries certain genes, but these genes are so common that their presence can't predict who will develop Alzheimer's disease | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 92 | People can inherit the tendency for high blood pressure and cholesterol, two well-established risk factors for heart disease, and still not have a heart attack. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 93 | Increasing age is the major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 93 | Chronic inflammation is related to many diseases and conditions and destroys neurons. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 93 | Chronic depression may double your risk of dementia. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 93 | Anxiety and stress are associated with a higher risk of memory loss and dementia. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 93 | Physical and mental inactivity and obesity increase heart disease risk. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 93 | Genetics, in combination with other factors, contribute to the risk of both early- and late-onset Alzheimer's, but scientists don't understand all of the genes or risks involved. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 94 | Anxiety and Alzheimer's Disease | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 94 | As research turns up more connections between lifestyle and dementia, evidence is mounting that a lifetime of emotional stress, such as anxiety or fear, could lead to memory problems and make a person more susceptible to Alzheimer's. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 94 | Tau protein gives neurons structural support. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 94 | Chronic stress can modify tau protein, allowing individual protein molecules to clump together. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 94 | Modified tau protein heaps are the first step toward neurofibrillary tangles, one of the hallmarks associated with Alzheimer's disease. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 94 | Stress can cause elevated levels of glucocorticoid hormones in the blood. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 94 | Cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone released by stress, influences a number of brain regions. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 94 | When cortisol binds to a specialized molecular receptor in the brain, the interaction triggers events that reduces communication at synapses, ultimately causing the connections to wither away. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 95 | The amount of sticky amyloid plaques. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 95 | Stress affects individuals differently. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 95 | Even intermittent strain can tip the scales toward dementia when combined with other risk factors. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 96 | Mild cognitive impairment is thought to be a frequent precursor to Alzheimer's disease, but brain autopsies on patients didn't show evidence of neurofibrillary tangles or any of the other known features indicative of Alzheimer's disease. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 96 | It is possible that chronic stress gradually compromises memory systems, ultimately leaving the brain vulnerable to the physical changes associated with Alzheimer's. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 97 | Your body is constantly at work to remove cellular debris that could gum up its works. Researchers are speculating if dementia could be the result of a breakdown in the brain's self-cleaning system. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 97 | Every day and night, the body cleans up neural garbage, removing damaged and dying cells in a process called autophagy. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 97 | Autophagosomes clean up and digest the cytoplasm inside your cells where a vast and intricate array of complex operations produces as a byproduct what is basically trash. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 97 | Autophagy cleans up the cytoplasm clotted with old bits of protein and other unwanted sludge made up of old and damaged cellular machinery. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 97 | When autophagy runs too slowly, or too quickly, or otherwise malfunctions, the consequences can be dire indeed. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 97 | Slovenly autophagy might play a pivotal role in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and other neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 97 | Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases are characterized by clumps of defective proteins and other cellular trash that the cells fail to clear away. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 97 | One of the most frequent effects of normal aging is an accumulation of a brownish material in the bodies of brain cells. Superficially this stuff can be likened to liver spots on aging skin. The accumulation is a sign that aging brain cells can no longer remove abnormally modified or damaged proteins fast enough to keep pace with their buildup. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 98 | Alzheimer's, like any other dementia, is not a normal part of aging, even though the risks increase with age. Alzheimer's is a disease. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 98 | Although nearly 45% of those over age 85 are estimated to have Alzheimer's disease, not everyone is at risk. Lifestyle practices may lower the risk. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 98 | A combination of factors contributes to dementia. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 98 | You may be able to lower your risk, and stop or reverse some of the effects of mild cognitive impairment, with lifestyle practices. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 98 | Staying physically, mentally, and socially active and controlling weight, blood pressure, and diabetes are associated with a lower risk of developing dementia. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 98 | Alzheimer's affects everyone somewhat differently, and the severity varies. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 98 | The onset of Alzheimer's may be abrupt, or it may evolve slowly. Some people adapt and function with limitations for many years. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 98 | Some people whose brains were autopsied after death showed signs of extensive Alzheimer's-type damage yet appeared normal and functioned quite well in life. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 98 | The mental resiliency associated with higher levels of education, and involvement in creative and social activities, may give some protection from Alzheimer's. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 98 | With scientists worldwide focused on dementia research, it's likely that effective treatments to treat, prevent, or slow Alzheimer's will be discovered. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 99 | It would seem likely that promoting autophagy might slow the onset of the debilitating symptoms of Alzheimer's. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 99 | It could be that taking out the neural trash plays a role in determining your lifespan, keeping your vital cells healthier and stronger longer. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 99 | A good cleaning is particularly important to neurons because they are long-lived -- as long-lived as you are in most cases. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 99 | Many diseases become more frequent with age, including cancer and dementia. The reason, and part, may be a matter of failing housekeeping. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 100 | Alzheimer's disease is the only one among the top 10 causes of death in America without a way to prevent, cure, or even slow its progression. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 100 | Amyloids produced in the brains of people with Alzheimer's do their damage by rapidly killing so-called cholinergic neurons, those that synthesize acetylcholine. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 100 | Drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors increase levels of acetylcholine but are only moderately effective; the disease continues to progress and kill brain cells. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 100 | One group of drugs called acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, blocks the action of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and boosts levels of acetylcholine. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 101 | The Alzheimer's drugs available in early 2012 treat cognitive symptoms only, not the underlying disease process, and they work only for a limited time, from months to a few years. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 101 | Since much of the Alzheimer's damage is under way well before memory loss becomes apparent, successful treatment must start during the many years before symptoms appear. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 101 | By the time a doctor can make a diagnosis and prescribe medication, so many brain cells have been destroyed that boosting the amount of acetylcholine is futile. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 101 | A major thrust of much Alzheimer's disease research is shifting toward catching and stopping the disease before symptoms show -- not only with drugs but also with the lifestyle measures that would be safer and less costly than filling a drug prescription for 10 to 20 years. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 101 | Research is suggesting that exercise, diet, and social and mental activity may substantially reduce Alzheimer's risk. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 101 | The largest contingent in the world of people with a lethal heritable form of familial Alzheimer's disease, invariably develop the disease before age 50. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 103 | Among the 100 or so agents under development for Alzheimer's are many drugs that target the cell damaging beta-amyloid and tau protein, and also those that quell inflammation, boost the functioning of mitochondria, and enhance cerebral insulin levels. | 2 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 104 | The National Institutes of Health and a coalition of industry and nonprofit organizations has researchers at 59 centers looking for ways to predict the onset of Alzheimer's disease. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 104 | Young mice predisposed to developing Alzheimer's accumulate protein clusters in the mitochondria at their synapses. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 104 | Studies have suggested that and beta-amyloid proteins, the type found in Alzheimer's disease, interfere with mitochondria function. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 105 | Damaged mitochondria can't give the synapses enough energy to function properly. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 105 | Blocking liver production of beta-amyloid might help protect the brain. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 105 | Studies have shown that a leukemia drug dramatically reduced amyloid not only in the blood but also in the brain. This is remarkable because the blood-brain barrier prevents the drug from penetrating the brain. That suggests that some brain beta-amyloid originates outside the brain. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 106 | Marijuana Might Benefit Aging Brains | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 106 | Studies suggest that THC, the chemical that gives marijuana is mind-bending properties, is very bad for young neurons, but actually saves neurons in adults with Alzheimer's disease. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 107 | Marijuana is infamous for its ability to muddle thoughts and dull reactions. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 107 | Research reveals that the active ingredient in marijuana, THC, may outperform acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 107 | Using marijuana during the period of life when the young brain is still developing messes up critical chemical signals and could explain the developmental cognitive impairment seen in children born to women who smoked marijuana during pregnancy. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 107 | Marijuana, like tobacco and opium, has powerful effects on the brain because certain compounds in the plant happen to have a chemical resemblance to substances that naturally occur in the body. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 107 | Research findings suggest that the biochemistry of neurons changes as the cells mature. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 107 | In Alzheimer's disease, THC in marijuana boosts depleted levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which, when diminished, contributes to the weakened mental function in Alzheimer's patients. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 107 | The THC of marijuana suppresses the toxic effects of beta-amyloid protein, stimulates neuron growth by promoting substances such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and dampens release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, which kills neurons by overstimulation. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 108 | THC and other cannabinoids have powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions that protect neurons from immune system attack. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 108 | Endocannabinoids have many functions in the brain and immune system, including regulating development and aiding survival of young neurons, as well as controlling the wiring of neurons in the circuits for learning and memory. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 108 | Despite the benefits, THC and other compounds in marijuana have many undesirable side effects on the brain, and smoking it can be damaging. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 108 | The marijuana weed itself is a complex witches brew of many brain-altering chemicals. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 108 | The cannabis plant contains about 60 different cannabinoids, so the challenge lies in trying to tease out which are the important ones for protecting neurons. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 108 | The strength and composition of THC in marijuana plants varies widely with how and where it's grown. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 108 | The challenge for scientists is to isolate the active ingredients in marijuana that are beneficial and develop drugs that can be applied in the proper dose for the specific age of the patient. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 108 | The beneficial effects of THC are in much lower concentrations than are found in the plants people use to get high. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 108 | Several laboratories around the world are now investigating marijuana and Alzheimer's disease. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 109 | In the year 2010, the United States spent close to $172 billion for Alzheimer's care. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 109 | The 2012 proposed budget for Alzheimer's disease at NIH is $458 million, which includes funding for basic research, clinical research, training, and support. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 123 | Exercise Your Body | 14 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 123 | Your body loses muscle mass, strength, and health if you don't use it. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 123 | Physical exercise is related to brain health. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 123 | Exercise is a proven prescription for lowering the risk and effects of many conditions that can hurt your brain, including high blood pressure and cholesterol, heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and depression. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 123 | Exercise helps relieve stress, which has been shown to kill off brain cells. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 123 | Aerobic exercise may halt or slow cognitive dysfunction, and provoke the growth of new brain cells in some areas and help your brain keep them. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 124 | Exercise makes your brain bigger, increasing volume in key areas that tend to shrink with age, including the gray and white matter volume and the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 124 | Exercise increases the functioning of key nodes in your brain's executive control network. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 124 | Daily physical exercise would maintain your brain by reducing the risk of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 124 | Exercise can increase blood flow to the brain, stimulate nerve cell growth in regions associated with memory, and reduce the pathological changes characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, including, perhaps, memory loss. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 124 | Many Brain Benefits of Exercise | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 124 | Exercise provokes production of new brain cells and increases brain volume in key areas. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 124 | Exercise helps reduce risk and effects of many conditions that contribute to dementia such as diabetes, stroke, and heart disease. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 124 | Exercise helps control weight and lower cholesterol and blood pressure. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 124 | Exercise improves balance, which helps prevent falls, a major cause of brain injury in elders. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 124 | Exercise lowers stress, anxiety, and depression. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 124 | Exercise promotes good sleep, which is associated with good brain health. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 125 | Exercising the heart somehow stimulates growth factors to produce new nerve cells in the brain. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 125 | New cell growth is associated with a marked improvement in learning and memory, and younger cells are better at establishing new connections with other cells. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 125 | Older adults who participated in aerobic exercise such as walking outperformed those who were in programs for stretching and toning. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 126 | Even moderate levels of physical activity may serve to limit declines in cognition in older adults. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 126 | Can a walk a day keep Alzheimer's disease away? | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 126 | Just plain walking, and not even that much of it, can make your brain not just better but also bigger, especially in the areas devoted to memory making. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 126 | Walking is a therapy that is free, available anywhere and at any time, and proven to improve your memory and perhaps delay dementia. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 126 | The volume of both the hippocampus and the medial temporal lobe shrink with age, beginning in the late adulthood, and is associated with impaired memory and increased risk for dementia. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 126 | Walking a mere two hours a week revealed that at least some parts of the brain can be saved from atrophy -- and even built up -- by relatively modest amounts of activity in later years. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 126 | Walking produced increased volume in the hippocampus, 2.12% in the left hippocampus and 1.97% in the right hippocampus -- a modest increase, but one researches say affectively turned back the clock one or two years in terms of brain volume. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 127 | Walking tends to produce a higher level of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a compound associated with having a larger hippocampus and better memory. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 127 | Because only the hippocampus seemed to be affected by the walking regime, the researchers reasoned that the activity might be acting specifically on certain molecular pathways to prompt cell proliferation or dendritic branching. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 127 | Even at a relatively advanced age, the brain remains remarkably plastic in key structural areas. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 127 | Starting an exercise regimen later in life can pay off in brain benefits even when some cognitive decline has already set in. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 128 | Walking 5 miles or so a week is associated with a lower risk of dementia, along with other known benefits. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 130 | Walking helps if you already have vascular disease, high blood pressure, and other heart issues known to contribute to cognitive decline. | 2 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 130 | Walking briskly for at least 30 minutes every day significantly slowed mental losses. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 130 | Persons who reported the highest levels of exercising tested the equivalent of being mentally 5 to 7 years younger. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 131 | Physical activities that last at least 20 to 30 minutes and cause breathlessness and sweating. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 131 | Persons older than 70 years found a significant relation between the amount of energy expended in physical activities and in cognitive abilities. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 131 | Falling -- even a simple, ordinary tumble that bangs the head -- is a most common cause of serious brain injury in seniors. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 131 | Brain damage accounts for 46% of the fatalities from falls among older adults. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 131 | One out of every three people over age 65 takes a fall each year. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 131 | About 60% of older adults with cognitive impairment suffer at least one fall each year. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 131 | The Centers for Disease Control has an entire program on how to prevent seniors from falling. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 131 | A regular exercise program to build strength and improve balance and coordination help prevent seniors from falling. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 133 | Fear of Falling Cripples | 2 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 133 | Broken spirits, not bones, may be the worst result of falling. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 133 | Many older people fall, and for some, the experience makes them so afraid of toppling again that their mind impairs their ability to walk without trembling or losing balance. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 133 | Fear of falling after recovering from a fall may quickly make people dependent on canes or wheelchairs. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 133 | Another recipe for improved balance, and the enjoyment of exercise, is to add music and stir things up. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 133 | Persons who exercised to music improved their gait and had longer and more stable strides. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 134 | Dancing sessions improved balance and gait and people with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 135 | Challenge Your Brain | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 135 | Adults who regularly challenge their brains stay sharper: they succumb to dementia less often, less severely, and at older ages than seniors who are intellectually lazy. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 135 | The mature brain is still plastic, even a brain with mild cognitive impairment. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 135 | If a brain gets a workout, it can grow new neural connections and strengthen weak ones. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 135 | John Adams one of the longest-lived US presidents, who died at age 91, put it this way: "Old minds are like old horses; you must exercise them if you wish to keep them in working order." | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 137 | Learn something new and hard. | 2 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 137 | Educated Brains Stay Better Longer | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 137 | The more educated your brain is, the better it fares in later life. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 138 | Testing Boosts Learning | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 138 | When we're tested on material, we are more likely to remember it than material we simply study. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 142 | Give Your Brain a Workout | 4 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 142 | The more educated you are, the later you develop Alzheimer's disease, it seems. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 142 | The more mentally active you are, the longer you stay mentally active. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 142 | Solving daily crossword puzzles is not going to stretch your brain very much. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 142 | Problem solving will use your mental networks, as will activities that force you to think in a different way. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 142 | Play chess, bridge, and other games that call on memory and reason. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 143 | Driving an Automobile Longer | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 143 | Giving up driving an automobile is a threshold moment for most seniors. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 143 | Giving up driving an automobile is an admission your brain and its accessories, hearing and vision, aren't good enough anymore. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 143 | Giving up driving an automobile can mean giving up a big chunk of independence. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 143 | Those of us on the far side of 50 may have noticed our vision behind the wheel isn't what it used to be. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 143 | Some age-related decline in visual performance is irreversible. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 143 | The right kind of exercise may beef up neurons and connections, thicken myelin sheaths, and speed up performance in the brain's visual cortex, leading to better vision and quicker reaction time. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 143 | When you drive, many regions of the brain are involved. Your eyes send information to the primary visual cortex and other parts of the occipital lobe. Process data then move to the parietal lobe, which deals with orientation and attention. The frontal lobes make decisions and command the motor cortex to operate the car. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 145 | Exercise and socialization in later life have positive effects on the brain. | 2 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 147 | Nutrition | 2 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 147 | There really is such a thing is brain food, and it isn't just fish, although wild salmon heads the list. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 147 | Mental slip ups and slow downs are a part of aging, but we may be able to prevent, ease, or delay some of them by paying attention to diet. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 147 | Most of us know the basics about healthful eating: avoid saturated fats and transfats, processed meats, and simple carbohydrates; limit red meat; pile on the fruits, veggies, complex carbohydrates, grains, and nuts. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 148 | Your brain needs fuel, and it needs it on a regular basis. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 148 | Although the brain makes up a mere 2% of our body weight, it uses 20% of the body's metabolic fuel at rest. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 148 | Glucose is a major source of energy for most cells, including those in your brain. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 148 | The brain operates best when blood glucose levels are stable. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 150 | Very high levels of glucose (hyperglycemia, such as with diabetes) interfere with mental function, and so do very low levels (hypoglycemia, when blood sugar drops). | 2 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 150 | When the glucose levels of diabetics rise above a certain threshold, it may alter the structure of the blood vessels in the blood-brain barrier or trigger changes in the production of neurotransmitters. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 150 | Eating complex carbohydrates rather than simple sugars can help stabilize glucose concentrations and guard against mental lapses. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 150 | Studies indicate that protein-packed foods seem to boost attention. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 150 | Your brain is dependent on amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, for producing essential neurochemicals. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 150 | The amino acid tyrosine is needed to make epinephrine and dopamine, both of which contribute to alertness. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 150 | A boost in amino acids could partly explain why small high-protein meals featuring low-fat dairy products, fish, lean meats, and legumes may make people more alert and attentive. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 150 | Protein may also boost attention by stabilizing blood glucose levels. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 150 | Balanced and protein rich meals lead to a more accurate short-term memory and improved attention beginning one hour after eating. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 150 | Minerals and vitamins are vital. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 150 | Iron is important for staying mentally sharp: it chaperones vital oxygen to the brain, and deficiencies cause anemia, which has been connected with cognitive decline and Alzheimer's. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 150 | The right kind of fats -- omega-3 fatty acids found in fish and some nut and plant oils -- oil our of mental gears and protect our heart health. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 151 | Since your brain can't store carbohydrates, it requires a constant supply of glucose. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 151 | When blood glucose drops, our faculties fade and we lose the ability to concentrate. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 151 | To stay mentally sharp, it's best to eat breakfast and then small meals or snacks throughout the day. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 151 | The more overweight people were, the more likely they were to develop dementia. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 151 | Glucose balance is tricky, and as we grow older, it becomes more so since our bodies become less adept at metabolizing glucose in the bloodstream. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 151 | High levels of glucose could contribute to senior moments, those pesky instances of not-so-total recall -- forgetting where we left our reading glasses, or what we did last weekend. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 152 | The nature of senior moments has led scientists to believe they stem from disruptions in the hippocampus -- an area that, among other roles, allows us to retain new information. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 152 | Researchers found that elevated blood glucose levels impaired function of a section of the hippocampus called the dentate gyrus, a hotspot of age-related impairment. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 152 | Blood glucose is not alone and selectively affect in dentate gyrus performance. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 152 | Exercise improves dentate gyrus performance in both mice and humans. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 152 | The positive effects of dentate gyrus performance may actually result from the influence of regular exercise on the body's ability to break down and use glucose. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 152 | Studies may show that if you correct glucose imbalances, you may be able to forget about forgetfulness. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 152 | We need glucose -- in small amounts, from complex carbohydrates -- to keep alert. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 152 | Fructose, another sugar, is believed to be worse for the body and brain than glucose. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 152 | Fructose comes from many vegetables and fruits, including sugarcane, sugar beets, and corn. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 153 | The high levels of fructose corn syrup used in many commercially produced foods, from breakfast cereals to beverages has been blamed in part for the obesity epidemic. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 153 | Research with overweight people and sweetened beverages has shown more insulin resistance and other risk factors for heart disease and diabetes when fructose made up 25% of calories compared to glucose-sweetened beverages. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 153 | Glucose and fructose occur naturally together in fruit. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 154 | Your brain needs oils and fats to function, but they need to be the right kind. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 154 | Omega-3 fatty acids are made up of three kinds of oils. Fish oil contains two of the kinds of oils, while English walnuts and vegetable oils, including olive oil contain one of the kinds of acids. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 154 | Eating as few as three portions of cold water fish per month significantly decreases the risk of stroke. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 154 | Some studies suggest that the risk of Alzheimer's is significantly lower among those with higher levels of fish and omega-3 consumption. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 154 | Found in cold water fish such as mackerel, tuna, herring, and salmon, the fish-derived oils are components of nerve cell membranes and myelin, and they help to keep blood vessels in the brain healthy at any age. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 155 | Studies have found that those who regularly use olive oil for cooking and as salad dressing had a lower risk of stroke. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 155 | Avoid using plant oils for frying or sautéing on high heat because high heat turns them into transfatty acids, which may have a detrimental effect on learning and overall health. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 155 | Talk with your doctor before taking any supplements, because Omega-3 supplements are blood thinners and can cause excess bleeding. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 155 | Your Brain on Berries, Chocolate, and Wine -- the Flavonoid Connection. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 155 | Flavonoids, chemicals naturally found in foods as diverse as berries, tofu, tea, dark chocolate, and red wine, act as antioxidants and can improve memory, learning, and general cognitive function, including reasoning skills, decision making, verbal comprehension, and numerical ability. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 155 | Some studies suggest that flavonoids can help slow the decline in mental facility often seen in aging. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 156 | Flavonoids protect cells from damage caused by the ubiquitous unstable molecules known as free radicals, the rogue chemicals formed by our own bodies during metabolism and also spawned by pollution, cigarette smoke, and radiation. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 156 | Researchers have for decades investigated the potential of flavonoids for boosting immunity, staving off cancer, and reducing excess inflammation. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 156 | Flavonoids also appear to help regulate blood flow and blood pressure. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 156 | Studies show that a brain boost may come from interactions between flavonoids and proteins vital to brain cell structure and function, changing the chemistry of neurons for the better. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 156 | Flavonoids may also boost and regulate levels of enzymes called kinases, which are essential to learning and memory. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 156 | It's easy to add flavonoids to your diet -- perhaps a wee bit too easy if you tend to overindulge in wine and chocolate. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 156 | Scientists have identified more than 6000 different flavonoids that come in a variety of types of foods, including berries, fruits, vegetables, and cereal grains. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 157 | Studies of humans have shown that eating meals full of flavonoids might have brain benefits. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 157 | Researchers found that persons with the highest levels of flavonoid intake performed best on thinking skills such as the ability to do simple arithmetic, recall items in different categories, repeat words and phrases, and identify time and place. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 157 | Studies show that persons who regularly consumed wine, tea, and chocolate, which are especially rich in flavonoids, performed significantly better than those who consumed these items only rarely. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 157 | Dark chocolate's heart-healthy ability may derive from cocoa, the main ingredient in chocolate, which appears to reduce the risk of heart disease by boosting levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or "good" cholesterol, and decreasing levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL), the "bad" cholesterol. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 158 | Chocolate contains theobromine, a substance that has an effect similar to but milder than caffeine, and phenylethylamine, a mild mood elevator. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 158 | A Drink a Day Is Good for Your Brain | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 158 | Heavy drinking is bad for just about every part of you, but numerous studies have shown that a daily drink seems to prop up memory and cognitive function. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 158 | Studies have shown the value of moderate social drinking, especially wine. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 158 | Studies have found that moderate drinkers -- one drink per day for women, two for men -- were 23% less likely to develop cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia than those who didn't drink alcohol at all. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 158 | Studies at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center found that moderate drinkers (8 to 14 drinks per week) were 37% less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease compared to abstainers. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 158 | Researchers don't know why moderate alcohol drinking helps the brain. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 158 | Moderate alcohol drinking is known to benefit the heart, raise HDL's, and improve blood flow to the brain. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 158 | Researchers speculate that small amounts of alcohol stress brain cells and toughen them up so that they better cope with the other dementia-related stressors. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 159 | Individuals who reported drinking wine regularly (but in moderation) had about a 45% lower risk of poor cognitive performance, defined as a score in the lowest 10th percentile. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 159 | In addition to flavonoids, blueberries also have healthy polyphenolics, another class of antioxidant, found in many natural foods such as grapes and strawberries. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 159 | Soy isoflavones may improve memory by acting like weak estrogens, binding to and stimulating estrogen receptors on neurons. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 159 | Exciting estrogen receptors on neurons is known to trigger changes in both neuronal shape and chemistry in the hippocampus, whose function most likely diminishes with age. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 159 | Estrogens binding to and stimulating estrogen receptors on neurons may facilitate communication between neurons and thereby improve memory. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 160 | Antioxidants Might Slow Hearing Loss | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 160 | 40% of Americans older than age 65 suffer from hearing loss. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 160 | Free radicals harm cells in a process called oxidation. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 160 | Free radicals have been implicated in many age-related maladies, from wrinkles to memory loss. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 160 | Cells stressed by oxidative damage release a protein called Bak, which triggers a cascade of events culminating in cell suicide. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 160 | Unlike most other cells in the body, which are replaced with new cells as they die, the inner ear's sensory nerve cells and ganglion neurons do not regenerate, so hearing loss is permanent. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 161 | Flavonoids may offset the effects of glutamate -- a neurotransmitter that at high concentrations damages neurons. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 161 | Eating flavonoid rich foods is probably better than taking supplements. Intact fruits and vegetables are likely to contain the amounts and combinations of flavonoids that are most beneficial to the brain. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 161 | Following the current US Department of Agriculture (USDA) dietary guidelines, which call for eating 2 cups of fruit and 2 1/2 cups of vegetables every day, will insure that you get a generous variety of flavonoids. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 161 | Drink enough water -- dehydration is an issue in aging brains. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 161 | Dehydration mimics dementia in the elderly. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 161 | Nutrients can reach the brain in adequate amounts only if the body gets enough fluid. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 162 | Studies show that even slight dehydration slows the rate at which nutrients can enter the brain, producing short-term memory deficits and reasoning difficulties, period | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 162 | Caffeine -- A Perk for Your Brain | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 162 | Coffee is the world's most consumed drug. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 162 | In small quantities, caffeinated beverages such as tea and coffee can improve short-term concentration and facilitate learning and memory. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 162 | Caffeine perks up the brain, and because it removes chemical inhibitors from the brain's activity-regulating system (the reticular-activating system), it can put the brain into overdrive. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 162 | The effect of coffee takes hold within about 20 minutes and lasts for 2 to 3 hours. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 162 | Tea has a weaker but longer lasting impact because it contains less caffeine than coffee and its caffeine is released more slowly. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 162 | Drink too much caffeine (4 or more cups of coffee a day), and your ability to concentrate will likely decline. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 162 | After 7 cups of coffee in a day, you might start hallucinating or suffer the physiological effects of stress, which provoked the release of cortisol and is not good for your brain. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 162 | Studies with mice showed that caffeine significantly decreased levels of proteins connected with Alzheimer's. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 163 | There is some controversy about whether coffee is truly addictive. It doesn't affect the dopamine pathways strongly, but don't stop cold turkey, you may bring on a headache. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 163 | Supplements and Vitamins | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 163 | Vitamins, minerals, and trace elements are important for brain function, so a daily multivitamin is a good idea as we age. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 163 | Even slight vitamin and mineral deficits can lead to fatigue, forgetfulness, and concentration problems. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 163 | Iron is vital for brain function. Iron supplementation closes the intellectual gap for anemic persons. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 164 | Vitamin C can aid in iron absorption. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 164 | Potassium, sodium, and calcium are used for nerve cell signaling and metabolic reactions in the brain. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 164 | Vitamin B1 enables glucose metabolism. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 164 | B vitamin deficiencies are notorious for mimicking dementia. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 164 | Doses of B-complex vitamins could reduce the rate of brain shrinkage in elderly people with memory problems and slow the progression of dementia. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 164 | B vitamins, including daily doses of 20 mg of B6, 0.5 mg of B12, and 0.8 mg of folic acid, slowed the progress of dementia. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 164 | Patients who already exhibit signs of dementia are more likely to respond well to large doses of B vitamins, particularly high oral doses of folic acid, B6, and B12. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 164 | Your brain might also need more vitamin D, a common deficiency and older people. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 164 | Vitamin D is well known for promoting bone health, but scientists have found that this fat-soluble nutrient is vital for brain health as well. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 164 | Vitamin D, the "sunshine vitamin," is synthesized in our skin when it is exposed to direct sunlight. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 164 | Since many older folks avoid the sun or participate less in outdoor activities, vitamin D deficiency is more likely with aging and could hasten cognitive problems. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 165 | Studies show that people with lower vitamin D levels have slower information processing speeds. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 165 | How much vitamin D is enough? Experts say we need 1000 to 2000 IU daily -- the amount your body will synthesize in 15 to 30 minutes of sun exposure 2 to 3 times a week. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 165 | Anything strong enough to help you can also hurt you, especially when taken in large doses and in combination with other supplements and medicines. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 165 | A common problem is excessive bleeding from ingesting several drugs and supplements that have anticoagulant or blood thinning effects. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 165 | Consult your doctor before taking any supplements, and check that your medical records include a notation on everything you're putting into your body and brain. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 167 | Social Treatment | 2 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 167 | Having a social network, primarily the face-to-face kind, has been found to extend life and quality of life and is associated with a reduced risk of dementia and other ailments. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 168 | Having a healthy social life is vital to staying mentally and physically healthy. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 168 | Feeling lonely can trigger bodily changes known to be bad for your brain. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 168 | Studies show that loneliness increase gene activity linked to inflammation and reduce gene activity associated with antibody production and antiviral responses. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 168 | Inflammation is a known risk factor for dementia and a variety of serious illnesses that contribute to it, such as heart disease. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 169 | Studies show that elderly people who have an active social life may have a slower rate of memory decline. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 169 | Social activity and interactions include going to restaurants and sporting events, taking trips with friends, visiting relatives, doing volunteer work, and attending religious services. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 170 | Studies show that friendship increases life expectancy by a far greater extent than frequent contact with children and other relatives. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 170 | Loneliness and isolation are bad for our brains as well as our bodies. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 170 | Having relationships with people to whom we are important has a positive effect on physical and mental health. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 170 | Longtime friends knew was then as well as now; newer friends offer fresh perspectives. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 170 | In times of calamity our support networks can raise our mood and feelings of self-worth and offer helpful strategies for dealing with a personal challenge. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 171 | Happiness is a key to longevity, but apparently our relationships don't even have to be good to boost our health. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 171 | "Youth is a wonderful thing," George Bernard Shaw once said. "What a crime to waste it on children." | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 171 | Socializing Benefits Your Brain | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 171 | Socializing lowers your blood pressure and inflammation, and thus heart disease and risk of stroke and other brain damage. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 171 | Socializing improves your immune system functioning. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 171 | Socializing helps you take better care of your health. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 171 | Socializing lowers or delays your risk of memory loss or Alzheimer's disease by keeping your brain active. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 171 | Socializing relieves pain; just holding hands with someone you care about lowers pain perception. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 173 | Finding and Making Friends in Later Life | 2 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 173 | Being socially involved improves cognition in general and seems to help thwart the arrival of dementia. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 173 | It takes some courage to get out there in an unfamiliar place, put forth a friendly smile, and possibly face rejection. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 173 | Accept all invitations (within reason). You can't meet people if you don't get out. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 173 | Join a group. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 173 | If you haven't been a churchgoer, check out a nondenominational group such as the Unitarian Universalists. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 173 | Use the Internet, but wisely. Beware of disconnecting from the real world. It's easy for online and virtual relationships to take the place of real contacts. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 177 | Music not only moves the body; it sways and benefits the brain and can improve mental as well as physical well-being. | 4 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 177 | The auditory cortex analyzes the many compliments of the music -- volume, pitch, timbre, melody, and rhythm -- and activate your brain's reward centers to depress activity in the amygdala that and reduce fear and other negative emotions. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 177 | The sound of music can treat anxiety and insomnia, lower blood pressure, and sooth those with dementia. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 177 | Neuroscientists recommend learning a musical instrument as a way to exercise and bolster the brain. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 177 | The motor cortex, cerebellum, and corpus callosum are all bigger in musicians than in nonmusicians. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 177 | String musical instrument players have more of their sensory cortices devoted to their fingers. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 177 | You might say we self-medicate with music. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 177 | Upbeat or exciting music boosts a mood. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 177 | Calming music reduces levels of the stress hormone cortisol and eases pain. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 177 | Think of the classic anxiety-reducing effect of a lullaby. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 177 | Studies have shown music to be a powerful tool for relaxing before surgery. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 178 | Travel broadens the mind, and it might also keep it healthier. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 178 | Stay-at-home seniors who spend their time restricted to their living quarters could have a higher chance of developing dementia. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 178 | Meditation is a stress reducer. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 179 | Several of the conditions that meditation improves are connected with a higher risk of dementia, especially stress, depression, diabetes, and high blood pressure. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 179 | Meditation acts directly on the brain, changing the function and physical structure of the brain. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 179 | Meditation techniques involved basically the same practice: sitting quietly and focusing on one sound, image, or thought and not becoming involved in other thoughts or feelings that may arise. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 179 | Movement might also be part of a meditation practice. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 179 | Meditation might offset age-related thinning of the prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 180 | Mindfulness Meditation had measurable changes in brains -- gray matter increased in the hippocampus, important for memory and learning, and decreased in the amygdala, our internal sentry that registers fear and stress. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 180 | Brains of a long term meditators were larger in the hippocampus and areas within the orbitofrontal cortex, the thalamus, and inferior temporal gyrus, all areas known for regulating emotions. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 180 | Studies have shown that although brain cells typically fire at all different times, they fire in synchrony doing meditation creating a stronger brain signal. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 181 | Smile! . . . It Could Make You Happier | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 181 | You are what your face expresses, it seems. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 181 | Making an emotional face -- or suppressing one -- influences your feelings. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 181 | We smile because we are happy, and we frown because we are sad. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 181 | The esteemed 19th century psychologist William James went so far as to assert that a person who does not express an emotion has not felt it at all. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 181 | Psychologist Paul Ackman determined that facial expression of emotions is the same the world over. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 181 | Women who had received frown-inhibiting Botox injections reported feeling happier and less anxious in general. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 182 | Attitudes Matter -- The Optimism Factor | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 183 | Pessimism and fears about the losses of aging may undermine memory and mental health, whereas optimism perks up performance. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 183 | Your brain may perform as old as your mind thinks you are. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 183 | Positive expectations affects performance. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 183 | Statements such as, "I still have many goals to strive for," was highly predictive for longevity. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 183 | Positive attitudes are connected with longevity. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 184 | Generally, those who are optimistic, agreeable, open to new experiences, conscientious, positively motivated, and goal directed are more likely to age successfully, take a vantage of opportunities, cope more effectively with life circumstances, effectively regulate emotional reactions to events, and maintain a sense of well-being and life satisfaction in the face of challenge. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 184 | Stress and distress, depression, anxiety, and negative emotions such as anger and shame are associated with a variety of negative outcomes, including cognitive decline. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 195 | If we are lucky enough to live to a great old age, will doubtless face some disability in our final years. | 11 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 195 | Our ancestors had an easier relationship with death, if only because I saw so much of it and at such young ages. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 195 | So many children and young adults died prematurely. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 196 | One fourth of children died of infection before they reach the age of 5. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 196 | Women died young from the complications of childbirth. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 196 | A young gardener, scratching his hand on a thorn, might succumb to fatal blood poisoning. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 196 | Living with an Aging Brain | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 196 | Your brain begins to slow down noticeably, and some day-to-day activities become more difficult. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 196 | Those with mild cognitive impairment and memory issues will need help sorting out finances, medications, appointments, and other activities involving planning and decisions. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 197 | There may come a time for full-time caregiving: a health aid to help with basic living issues, moving to assisted living or a full-time care facility. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 197 | Began planning for the future and make your wishes known to his family and loved ones. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 197 | Have a medical power of attorney or living will. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 197 | Sort out possessions and collections and revisit old friends and memories. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 197 | How We (Eventually) Die | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 197 | At the very end, as death takes hold, everything stops for us as we know it. Consciousness departs. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 197 | At the moment of death, most of the body's cells are still alive. Unaware of what has just happened, they carry out, to the best of their abilities, the business of living: the metabolic functions that support life, procuring oxygen and nutrients from the surrounding environment, and using them to generate the energy needed to make and power the activities of proteins and other component of cells. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 197 | In a short while, starved of oxygen, the cells will die, and with their death, something of immense antiquity will come to its own quiet end. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 197 | Every one of the cells in your body that just died could trace its ancestry through an unbroken chain of cell divisions backward in time an almost unimaginable 4 billion years to the emergence of the earliest form of cellular life on this planet. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 198 | Donate Your Brain | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 198 | One of the last gifts you might make is a gift of your very own self -- donation of your organs and your brain to aid research. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 198 | Savings from forgoing cremation costs can range between a thousand and fifteen hundred dollars. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 198 | A small savings on funeral arrangements could translate into a valuable contribution for science and a meaningful legacy. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 199 | The Brain Surge Is Just before Death. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 199 | People who are resuscitated from near death often report strange sensory phenomena, such as memories flashing before their eyes or white light or tunnel. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 199 | An anesthesiologist analyzed brain activity in sedated critically ill patients as they were removed from life support and died. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 199 | EEG recordings of neural electrical activity showed a brief but significant spike at or near the time of death despite a preceding loss of blood pressure and associated drop in brain activity. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 199 | The jolts of EEG activity lasted 30 to 180 seconds and displayed properties that are normally associated with consciousness, such as extremely fast electrical oscillations in the brain known as gamma waves. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 199 | Soon after the activity abated, the patients were pronounced dead. The event happened at a very peculiar time point, when most people would think your brain would be physiologically dead because of the absence of blood flow. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 200 | An anesthesiologist posits that the predeath spikes are most likely brief "last hurrah" seisures originating in brain areas that were irritable or unstable from oxygen starvation. | 1 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 200 | Nerve cells constantly maintain an electrical charge gradient. Keeping up this polarity takes energy created from oxygen metabolism. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 200 | As blood flow slows and oxygen runs out, the cells can no longer maintain polarity and they fire, causing a cascade of activity that ripples through the brain. | 0 | ||
| Horstman; Healthy Aging Brain | 200 | An anesthesiologist suggests that if the seisures were to occur in memory regions of the brain, they could explain the vivid recollections often reported by people who are resuscitated from near death. | 0 | ||
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