Thomas
Insel; Cerebrum 2009 - Emerging Ideas in Brain Science |
|
|
Book |
Page |
|
Topic |
|
|
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
33 |
|
Cognitive therapy and depression. |
|
|
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
35 |
|
People who are depressed
systematically blocked out the positive aspects of their life, seeing only
the negative. |
|
2 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
35 |
|
Depressed people interpret
ambiguous events in a negative way, cognitive distortion. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
35 |
|
When a genuinely negative event occurs for depressed people, they tend to exaggerate its magnitude, significance and consequences. A minor error becomes a major catastrophe. A normal problem becomes an insoluble
dilemma. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
35 |
|
The result of negative thinking is that an
individual feels sad and hopeless, withdraws from other
people, and may become suicidal. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
35 |
|
All of the normal human
yearnings are dulled or reversed by depression. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
35 |
|
Negative beliefs shape a depressed persons interpretations, and these
negative interpretations (or cognitions) lead to the sad feelings, social withdrawal,
and suicidal wishes. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
36 |
|
Distorted interpretations and
the symptoms of depression. |
|
1 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
36 |
|
Distorted cognitions become the focus of treatment, and a process
of change depends on cognitive restructuring, "cognitive therapy." |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
36 |
|
In cognitive therapy, depressed
patients learn to identify distorted thinking,
modify beliefs, relate to others in different ways, and change their behavior. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
36 |
|
Suicidal behavior, Beck Hopelessness Scale. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
37 |
|
Reducing both hopelessness and
depression. |
|
1 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
37 |
|
Cognitive therapy can be just as effective as pharmacotherapy. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
37 |
|
With cognitive therapy, patients have a
newfound ability to do therapy for themselves. Strategies learned eventually become second nature. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
37 |
|
After cognitive therapy, a patient is less likely to become depressed in
situations that previously would have spiraled
into a depression-producing pattern of thought. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
38 |
|
A neuroimaging study of
depression found that cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy bring about similar changes, but through different pathways. |
|
1 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
38 |
|
Antidepressants adjust the exchange of chemical messengers at the synapse. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
38 |
|
With antidepressant
therapy, with balance restored among the various
chemicals -- typically serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine -- a chain of events begins that
ultimately results in the depressed patient's beginning to feel better. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
38 |
|
Exactly what goes on in the
brain with antidepressant therapy is not well understood. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
38 |
|
Most depression
patients are on
medication for at least three weeks before noticing a difference in mood. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
38 |
|
Cognitive therapy works top-down. Patients learn to
monitor, question, and redirect their negative
interpretations of events -- thus bringing much
of their emotional state under conscious control. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
38 |
|
With cognitive
therapy, the resulting
improvement in mood has ramifications
throughout the brain, presumably restoring
balance in many specific aspects of the brain is functioning. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
38 |
|
PET studies showed that cognitive therapy produce changes
in several parts of the prefrontal cortex. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
39 |
|
Prefrontal cortex functions such as working memory tend to be impaired in people with depression, and imaging studies often show abnormally
high activity in these regions. |
|
1 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
39 |
|
Cognitive therapy decreased the activity in the prefrontal areas but increased activity in other areas
deeper in the brain such as the anterior
cingulate, involved in directed
attention and monitoring
of emotions, and the hippocampus, involved in memory encoding and
consolidation. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
39 |
|
With cognitive
therapy, patients learn to observe their emotional responses
to life events, block the automatic resurgence of distressing memories, and reduce their tendency to brood and overanalyze irrelevant information. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
39 |
|
Antidepressant treatment affected many of the same areas but in mirror-image ways --
decreased activity in the memory and attention serving areas such as the
hippocampus and cingulate, and increased activity in the frontal regions that
help bring thoughts, and possibly feelings under conscious control. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
39 |
|
Cognitive therapy and antidepressant
medication seem to work in complementary ways, ultimately
stabilizing a complex pathway running between the hippocampal and prefrontal areas. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
41 |
|
Inappropriate level of anger can aggravate hypertension. |
|
2 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
41 |
|
Excessive attention to physical feelings, and exaggerated interpretation of their significance, can play a role in chronic
fatigue syndrome. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
41 |
|
Negative thoughts and distorted interpretations can exacerbate almost any physical symptoms. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
42 |
|
Preventing mental disorders from
taking hold, identifying those at risk for depression and suicide. |
|
1 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
42 |
|
Early intervention can help prevent negative thought patterns from developing
into full-blown mental illnesses. |
|
0 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
43 |
|
Interpersonal therapy is based
on the premise that depression
often occurs along with the onset of a major life
event involving relationships -- such as ongoing
difficulties with a spouse, friend, coworker or family member, the loss of a
loved one, or the inability to form close
attachments. |
|
1 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
44 |
|
Cognitive therapy and interpersonal therapy remain the most widely used therapy for depression. |
|
1 |
Lasley; Cognitive Therapy |
45 |
|
Interpersonal therapy and cognitive therapy are used all over the world, with texts translated into
numerous languages. |
|
1 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
131 |
|
A Cerebrum classic, 2005. |
|
86 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
133 |
|
Phineas Gage. |
|
2 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
134 |
|
Antonio Damasio, M.D., Ph.D. |
|
1 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
135 |
|
Imaging and the Ultimatum Game,
experiment in neuroeconomics. |
|
1 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
136 |
|
Ultimatum Game |
|
1 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
138 |
|
Prisoners Dilemma game. |
|
2 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
139 |
|
Neuroeconomists have examined
emotions and rational behavior with respect to cooperation in terms of what sections of the brain are active when a player punishes others who fail to act cooperatively. |
|
1 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
139 |
|
Punishing people who violate social norms interest anthropologists and evolutionary biologists who want
to understand how social norms evolved before
modern legal codes were in place. |
|
0 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
139 |
|
"Selfish gene" evolutionary perspective posits a
sort of cost-benefit ledger, favoring those traits that have a high benefit and low cost to the person. |
|
0 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
140 |
|
Players took pleasure in punishing cheaters. They not only wanted to inflict economic damage
on cheaters, but also enjoyed evening the score. |
|
1 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
141 |
|
Neuroeconomics seems to demonstrate that the brain
is hardwired to handle some
economics problems through emotion rather than number crunching. |
|
1 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
141 |
|
Specific areas of the brain known to process specific emotions are activated during various economic
decision-making scenarios. |
|
0 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
141 |
|
Human brains
seem to have evolved
to respond with a special
emotional vehemence to social
cheating. |
|
0 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
141 |
|
Emotional responses occur even when we are not
conscious of how our
emotions are affecting
our social decisions. |
|
0 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
142 |
|
Human brains
may be responding to emotions when we make economic decisions about cooperation, cheating and punishment, even if we are not aware of those
emotions and how they influence us. |
|
1 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
142 |
|
Damasio's work and other studies of patients with brain disorders suggest
that emotions are necessary for rational
behavior. |
|
0 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
143 |
|
Emotions do not necessarily
cause people to behave irrationally in social interactions. |
|
1 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
143 |
|
Economist Thomas Schelling, Ph.D., - a reputation for keeping one's commitments is essential to human social
dynamics. |
|
0 |
Dugatkin;
Economic Man Has a Heart |
143 |
|
With the power of fMRI, PET, and
computer simulations, together with well grounded economists, social
psychologists, neurobiologists and evolutionary biologists, the prospects for
a more fundamental understanding of human social dynamics seems better than ever. |
|
0 |
Rowland;
book revfiew |
155 |
|
Adam Zeman; A
Portrait of the Brain, Yale University Press,
2008. |
|
12 |
Corkin; MIT Cognitive Sciences |
161 |
|
Suzanne Corkin, Ph.D., directs
the Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory in MIT's Department of Brain and
Cognitive Sciences. |
|
6 |
Corkin; MIT Cognitive Sciences |
166 |
|
Suzanne Corkin studied amnesic patient HM from 1962 through his death on 2 December
2008. |
|
5 |
Corkin; MIT Cognitive Sciences |
167 |
|
In 1935 HM was knocked down by a bicycle.
His minor seizures began a year later at age 10. His major sieges began at
age 16. His operation occurred at age
27. Removal was restricted to the medial part of the left and right temporal lobes,
including the hippocampus. The operation did not
cure HM's seizure disorder. His seizures were reduced in frequency,
but for the rest of his life he took anticonvulsant medication and had seizures. |
|
1 |
Corkin; MIT Cognitive Sciences |
167 |
|
HM's sense-of-self included knowledge of his ancestors, preoperative personal
semantic knowledge, memories of his childhood. |
|
0 |
Corkin; MIT Cognitive Sciences |
167 |
|
HM from
time-to-time had meager conscious recollections of information encountered postoperatively. For example, he knew he had a memory impairment. |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|