Laureys
& Tononi; Neurology of Consciousness |
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Authors |
Page |
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Topic |
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Damasio
& Meyer; Consciousness Overview |
6 |
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Varieties of Consciousness |
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Damasio
& Meyer; Consciousness Overview |
6 |
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Consciousness
is a momentary creation
of neural patterns, which describes a relation between the organism, on the one hand, and an object or event, on the other. |
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0 |
Damasio
& Meyer; Consciousness Overview |
7 |
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Core consciousness is a prerequisite for the
focusing and enhancement of attention and working memory; enables the establishment of explicit
memories; is indispensable for language and normal communication; renders possible the
intelligent manipulation of images (e.g., planning, problem solving, and creativity). |
|
1 |
Damasio
& Meyer; Consciousness Overview |
7 |
|
Core consciousness is not
based on language, is not equivalent to manipulating images in planning, problem
solving, and creativity. |
|
0 |
Damasio
& Meyer; Consciousness Overview |
7 |
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Core consciousness depends on wakefulness. |
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0 |
Damasio
& Meyer; Consciousness Overview |
7 |
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Varied cell groups in the brainstem modulate wakefulness by ascending projections to the cerebral cortex. |
|
0 |
Damasio
& Meyer; Consciousness Overview |
8 |
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Core Consciousness |
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1 |
Damasio
& Meyer; Consciousness Overview |
8 |
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Extended Consciousness |
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0 |
Damasio
& Meyer; Consciousness Overview |
9 |
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Extended consciousness requires working memory and explicit long-term memory (including both semantic and episodic memories). |
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1 |
Damasio
& Meyer; Consciousness Overview |
12 |
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From an evolutionary perspective, core consciousness came to
exist when second-order maps first brought together the representation of the organism modified by perceptual engagement with the representation
of the object. |
|
3 |
Laureys,
et.al.; Functional Neuroimaging |
31 |
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Functional Neuroimaging |
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19 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
44 |
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The term 'consciousness' has a number of different connotations ranging from awareness of one's perceptions and sensations
to self-awareness, the perception of oneself as a responsible agent
that is endowed with intentionality and free will. |
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13 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
44 |
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Phenomenal awareness -- the ability to be aware of
one's perceptions and intentions. |
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0 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
44 |
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Because sensory
signals can be readily processed and influence motor responses without being consciously perceived, the cognitive
operations leading to conscious
experience are likely to
differ from straightforward sensory-motor processing. |
|
0 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
45 |
|
One mechanism for dynamic binding is the precise synchronization of neuronal responses that occurs when neuronal
populations
engage in well synchronized oscillatory activity in the beta and gamma frequency range. |
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1 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
46 |
|
Synchronized oscillations are strongly reduced or missing when the brain
is in states that are incompatible with conscious processing. |
|
1 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
47 |
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Attention
related facilitation of
synchronization. |
|
1 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
48 |
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A close correlation between response synchronization and conscious perception has been found
in experiments on binocular rivalry. |
|
1 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
49 |
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Synchronization occurs in a variety of distinct frequency
bands and has been found in all sensory modalities. |
|
1 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
49 |
|
Synchronization in the high frequency range (beta and gamma oscillations) has
been observed in the olfactory system, and
virtually all of the cortical areas, the hippocampus, and the basal
ganglia. |
|
0 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
49 |
|
Synchronization also plays a role in the linkages between the cortical assemblies and subcortical target structures such is a superior
colliculus in the pool of motor neurons in the spinal cord. |
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0 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
49 |
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The earliest event distinguishing conscious and unconscious processing is not the power changes of
oscillations but in their phase locking. |
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0 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
49 |
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Local gamma oscillations had the same power in the conscious and unconscious condition. What distinguished these two conditions
was the global synchronization of local gamma oscillations. |
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0 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
49 |
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Conscious processing requires a particular dynamical
state of cortical networks that is characterized
by a brief episode of
very precise phase locking of high
frequency oscillatory activity. |
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0 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
50 |
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An attractive hypothesis is that
the transient event of perfect synchrony resets the multiple parallel processes to a common time frame, allowing for global integration and representation of information provided by sensory input and internal stores. |
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1 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
50 |
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The global theta rhythm that follows the
triggering event could provide the timeframe for the integration. |
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0 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
50 |
|
In the hippocampus and in the neocortex, slow
oscillations in the theta
range have been found to be coupled to the coexisting beta and
gamma oscillations. |
|
0 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
50 |
|
It is hypothesized that a local coordination of computations
within specific cortical areas is achieved by fast ticking clocks, such as beta and gamma oscillations, while global and sustained
integration of local
results is achieved at a slower pace by low-frequency oscillations in the
theta range. |
|
0 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
50 |
|
These hypotheses would allow the
brain to represent the
results of numerous parallel computations at different temporal and spatial
scales, whereby the two
dimensions would be intimately
related. |
|
0 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
50 |
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The more global
the representation, the longer the timescale for the integration of distributed information. |
|
0 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
50 |
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It is perhaps more than mere
coincidence that the duration of subjected presence corresponds approximately to the cycle
time of theta rhythms. |
|
0 |
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization |
50 |
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Consciousness appears to be an emergent
property
of a specific dynamical state of the cortical
network --
a state that is characterized by a critical
level of precise
temporal coherence among responses of a sufficiently large population of distributed
neurons. |
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0 |
Rees; Visual Consciousness |
53 |
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Neural Correlates of Visual
Consciousness |
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3 |
Rees; Visual Consciousness |
55 |
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Binocular rivalry is a paradigm to study the neural
correlates of consciousness. |
|
2 |
Rees; Visual Consciousness |
55 |
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When dissimilar
images are presented to the two eyes, they compete for perceptual
dominance so that each image is visible
in turn for a few
seconds while the other
is suppressed. |
|
0 |
Rees; Visual Consciousness |
56 |
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Neural competition during rivalry may have been resolved by later stages of visual processing. |
|
1 |
Rees; Visual Consciousness |
56 |
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Activity in ventral
visual cortex
is
correlated with contents
of consciousness. |
|
0 |
Rees; Visual Consciousness |
56 |
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Studies of ambiguous figures have provided evidence to suggest the involvement of areas of frontal and parietal cortex in visual awareness. |
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0 |
Rees; Visual Consciousness |
56 |
|
Cortical regions whose activity reflects perceptual
transitions
include ventral extrastriate cortex, and also parietal and frontal regions previously implicated in the control of attention. |
|
0 |
Rees; Visual Consciousness |
56 |
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Activity in frontal and parietal cortex is specifically associated with perceptual
alternations
during binocular
rivalry. |
|
0 |
Rees; Visual Consciousness |
56 |
|
Parietal
and frontal
regions are active during perceptual
transitions
occurring while viewing a range of bistabile figures (such as the Necker cube and the Rubins face/vase). |
|
0 |
Rees; Visual Consciousness |
57 |
|
Hallucination
is a sensory perception experienced in the absence of an external stimulus (as distinct from an illusion, which is a misperception of an external stimulus induced by context). |
|
1 |
Rees; Visual Consciousness |
57 |
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In contrast to hallucinations, illusions are misrepresentations of external stimuli. |
|
0 |
Tsuchiya
& Koch; Consciousness and Attention |
66 |
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Four-Fold Classification of
Percepts and Behaviors (table) |
|
9 |
Tsuchiya
& Koch; Consciousness and Attention |
68 |
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Attention without Consciousness |
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2 |
Tsuchiya
& Koch; Consciousness and Attention |
68 |
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Consciousness
in the Absence of Attention |
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0 |
Tsuchiya
& Koch; Consciousness and Attention |
68 |
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We are always
aware of some aspects of the world around us, such as its
jist. |
|
0 |
Tsuchiya
& Koch; Consciousness and Attention |
68 |
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In the 30
ms necessary to apprehend the gist of a scene, top-down attention cannot play much of a role (because gist is a property associated with the entire image). |
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0 |
Tsuchiya
& Koch; Consciousness and Attention |
69 |
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Processing without Top-Down
Attention and Consciousness |
|
1 |
Tsuchiya
& Koch; Consciousness and Attention |
72 |
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A philosopher has argued for the
existence of two different types of consciousness -- phenomenal (P) and access (A). |
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3 |
Tsuchiya
& Koch; Consciousness and Attention |
72 |
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Phenomenal consciousness is the ephemeral
feeling of seeing
yellow, different from the feeling of seeing green. |
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0 |
Tsuchiya
& Koch; Consciousness and Attention |
72 |
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Access consciousness includes the processes that access
information and do
something with it, such as a verbal or motor report or working memory. |
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0 |
Tsuchiya
& Koch; Consciousness and Attention |
74 |
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Much action bypasses conscious
perception and introspection. |
|
2 |
Tsuchiya
& Koch; Consciousness and Attention |
74 |
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Anyone who skis
mountain trails, plays a piano, or drives an automobile home on
'automatic pilot,' knows that stereotyped sensory-motor skills -- dubbed zombie behaviors -- require rapid and
sophisticated sensory processing. |
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0 |
Raichle; Intrinsic Brain Activity |
81 |
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Human brain
is approximately 2% of the weight of the body and yet accounts for 20%
of its energy consumption. |
|
7 |
Raichle; Intrinsic Brain Activity |
85 |
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A prominent feature of fMRI is that the unaveraged signal is quite noisy, prompting
researchers to average their data to increase the signal to noise ratio. |
|
4 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
89 |
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Consciousness nearly fades during deep sleep early in the night, and returns
later in the form of dreams. |
|
4 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
89 |
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During sleep,
the brain goes through an orderly progression of changes in neural activity, epitomized by the occurrence of slow
oscillations and spindles. |
|
0 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
90 |
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Sleep Stages and Cycles |
|
1 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
91 |
|
Sleep patterns change markedly across the lifespan. |
|
1 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
91 |
|
All-night recording of five sleep cycles. (diagram) |
|
0 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
92 |
|
Major brain areas involved in initiating and maintaining
wakefulness (diagram) |
|
1 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
93 |
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Neural Correlates of Wakefulness
and Sleep |
|
1 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
95 |
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Consciousness in Sleep |
|
2 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
96 |
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NREM Sleep |
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1 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
96 |
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REM Sleep |
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0 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
98 |
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Dreams -- Consciousness in the Absence of Sensory Inputs and Self-reflection. |
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2 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
100 |
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Internal generation of a world-analog. |
|
2 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
100 |
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Ability to dream requires the ability to imagine. |
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0 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
101 |
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Many dreams are characterized by high degree of emotional involvement, especially fear and anxiety. |
|
1 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
101 |
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REM sleep
is associated with a marked activation of the limbic and paralimpic structures such as the amygdala, the anterior
cingulate cortex, the insula, and the medial
orbitofrontal cortex. |
|
0 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
101 |
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Neuropsychology of dreaming. |
|
0 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
103 |
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Daydreaming |
|
2 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
103 |
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Lucid Dreaming |
|
0 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
103 |
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Sleepwalking |
|
0 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
104 |
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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder |
|
1 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
105 |
|
Narcolepsy
and Cataplexy |
|
1 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
105 |
|
Narcolepsy
is characterized by daytime sleepiness (sleep attacks). |
|
0 |
Tononi; Sleep and Dreaming |
105 |
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Cataplexy
(muscle weakness attacks). |
|
0 |
Bassetti;
Sleepwalking |
109 |
|
During sleepwalking, the eyes are open and staring, patients can speak and answer to questions, usually in an incomprehensible
manner. |
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4 |
Bassetti;
Sleepwalking |
109 |
|
Sleepwalkers
are difficult to awaken, and when awakened, they appear confused. They may return spontaneously to bed and lie down. |
|
0 |
Bassetti;
Sleepwalking |
109 |
|
There is usually
no recall of sleepwalking episodes. |
|
0 |
Bassetti;
Sleepwalking |
110 |
|
Sleepwalking
appears between the ages of 5 and 15 years, with a peak around 8 -- 12 years. |
|
1 |
Bassetti;
Sleepwalking |
110 |
|
Childhood sleepwalking usually disappears
around puberty. |
|
0 |
Bassetti;
Sleepwalking |
110 |
|
Duration of sleepwalking ranges from 1 -- 3 to 7 -- 10 minutes, rarely longer. |
|
0 |
Bassetti;
Sleepwalking |
110 |
|
Patients are typically difficult to be awakened during a sleepwalking episode. |
|
0 |
Bassetti;
Sleepwalking |
110 |
|
Episodes of sleepwalking often end
with the patient returning to bed. |
|
0 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
118 |
|
Consciousness
is widely held to be a neurobiological property of the brain. |
|
8 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
118 |
|
Without a brain there is no consciousness. |
|
0 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
118 |
|
Anesthesiologists chemically induce a temporary reversible state of unconsciousness for surgery. |
|
0 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
118 |
|
Anesthesiologists manipulate levels of
consciousness. |
|
0 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
118 |
|
On rare
occasions, patients having general anasthesia for surgery
will remain conscious and aware during their operation, while appearing to be completely anesthetized. |
|
0 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
124 |
|
Brain imaging studies provide no definitive answer as to where anesthetics first
work to cause
unconsciousness. |
|
6 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
124 |
|
Temporal dynamics are far too slow to clarify which region (i.e. thalamus or cortex) is affected first by anasthesia and thus could be considered the primary
cause of anesthetic-induced
unconsciousness. |
|
0 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
124 |
|
A number of empirical
findings support the hypothesis that the main effect of anasthesia occurs
in the cortex. |
|
0 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
125 |
|
Researchers studying Parkinson's patients found indications that anesthetics first 'turn off' the cortex well before 'turning off'
the thalamus. |
|
1 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
127 |
|
The decrease in relative thalamic activity found in brain imaging studies of anasthesia occurs as a direct result of a decreased corticothalamic feedback to the thalamus. |
|
2 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
127 |
|
The process by which anesthetics suppress arousal and cause unconsciousness likely involves a complex
network of interacting
components of the brain's
arousal systems, for which the thalamus is but one (perhaps central) component. |
|
0 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
127 |
|
The posterior
cingulate and medial
parietal cortical areas are of some interest as potential neural correlates of consciousness. |
|
0 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
127 |
|
A number of the anesthetic agents suppress activity in the posterior cingulate and medial parietal cortical areas. |
|
0 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
127 |
|
The posterior
parietal regions have been noted to show a
relative decrease in functioning during altered states of
consciousness, such as during the persistent vegetative state and sleep. |
|
0 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
127 |
|
A functional
disconnection of the posterior
brain regions within frontal
brain regions appears associated with the unconsciousness of the persistent vegetative state, and restoration of connectivity between
these regions has been associated with return to
consciousness. |
|
0 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
127 |
|
The posterior
brain regions, especially the posterior cingulate area, are
involved in memory
retrieval. |
|
0 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
127 |
|
Some evidence links the activity
of the posterior brain regions, especially the medial
parietal lobes,
to the first-person perspective of consciousness. |
|
0 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
127 |
|
Long-established link between neglect syndromes and parietal damage. |
|
0 |
Alkire;
General Anasthesia |
127 |
|
Recent work has shown that the posterior cingulate and the medial posterior parietal areas
seemed to be involved in the generation of the baseline
functional state of the human
brain. One
interpretation of this baseline concept is that the brain regions are active as a reflection of a person's
self-conscious state when the brain is not involved in any specific cognitive task. |
|
0 |
Alkire; General Anasthesia |
131 |
|
English chemist Sir Humphrey
Davy experimented on himself on the day after Christmas in the year 1799 regarding the nature of
a newly discovered gas nitrous oxide. |
|
4 |
Young; Coma |
137 |
|
Coma is a
state of unarousable unconsciousness due to the disfunction of the brain's ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), which is responsible for arousal and the maintenance of wakefulness. |
|
6 |
Young; Coma |
137 |
|
Anatomically and
physiologically, ARAS has a redundancy of pathways and neurotransmitters; this may
explain why coma is
usually transient
(seldom lasting more than three weeks). |
|
0 |
Young; Coma |
137 |
|
Emergence from coma is succeeded by outcomes ranging
from the vegetative state to complete recovery, depending on the severity of
damage to the cerebral
cortex, the thalamus or their integrated function. |
|
0 |
Young; Coma |
138 |
|
For practical purposes, coma includes failure of eye opening to stimulation, motor response
no better than simple withdrawal type movements, and a verbal
response no better than
simple vocalization
of non-word sounds. |
|
1 |
Young; Coma |
139 |
|
There are numerous
encephalopathies due to oxygen and organ failure. |
|
1 |
Young; Coma |
143 |
|
Concussion
is a transient loss of consciousness after a blow to the head. |
|
4 |
Young; Coma |
143 |
|
Concussion is often accompanied by an anterograde post-traumatic amnesia (the inability to lay down new memories for a
variable period (minutes to days) after the injury)
plus or minus a shorter period of retrograde amnesia that precedes the injury. |
|
0 |
Young; Coma |
143 |
|
In concussion, brains are often morphologically normal. Since structural
lesions are not
essential, concussion appears to be more a disturbance
of function than of structure. |
|
0 |
Young; Coma |
145 |
|
Locked-in Syndrome |
|
2 |
Young; Coma |
148 |
|
Brain Death |
|
3 |
Bernat; Brain Death |
151 |
|
Brain death
is the common colloquial term for the determination of human
death by showing the irreversible
cessation of the clinical
functions of the brain. |
|
3 |
Owen; Vegetative State |
163 |
|
Vegetative State |
|
12 |
Owen; Vegetative State |
164 |
|
Patients in the vegetative state are awake, but are assumed to be entirely unaware of self and environment. |
|
1 |
Giacino;
Minimally Conscious State |
173 |
|
Minimally Conscious State |
|
9 |
Giacino;
Minimally Conscious State |
173 |
|
Clinicians
specializing in the care of patients with severe
brain injury are well acquainted with the clinical features of coma and vegetative
state (VS). |
|
0 |
Giacino;
Minimally Conscious State |
173 |
|
Coma and vegetative state are characterized by the complete absence of behavioral signs
of self and environmental awareness. |
|
0 |
Gosseries; Locked-in Syndrome |
191 |
|
Locked-in Syndrome |
|
18 |
Gosseries; Locked-in Syndrome |
191 |
|
Patients in locked
in syndrome (LIS) are selectively deefferented, i.e. have no means of producing speech, limb, or face movements. |
|
0 |
Gosseries; Locked-in Syndrome |
191 |
|
Usually the anatomy of the responsible lesion in the brainstem is such that locked-in patients are left with the capacity to use vertical
eye movements and blinking to communicate their awareness. |
|
0 |
Gosseries; Locked-in Syndrome |
191 |
|
Classical LIS is characterized by total
immobility except for vertical
eye movements
or blinking. |
|
0 |
Gosseries; Locked-in Syndrome |
191 |
|
Incomplete LIS permits remnants of voluntary motion. |
|
0 |
Gosseries; Locked-in Syndrome |
191 |
|
Total LIS
results in complete immobility including all eye movements combined with preserved
consciousness. |
|
0 |
Gosseries; Locked-in Syndrome |
193 |
|
Long-term survival in LIS
is rare. |
|
2 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
204 |
|
Consciousness and Dementia |
|
11 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
204 |
|
Information integration theory of consciousness -- consciousness corresponds to the brain's ability to rapidly integrate information. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
204 |
|
The brain's
ability to integrate
information requires a well functioning thalamocortical system. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
204 |
|
Extensive legions of the thalamocortical system are usually associated with a global
loss of consciousness, such as that seen in comatose
patients. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
204 |
|
Patients who have undergone surgical section of the corpus callosum for therapeutic purposes leading to a splitting of the thalamocortical system,
consciousness is split. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
205 |
|
Neural activity that correlates with conscious experience appears to be widely distributed over the cortex, indicating that consciousness is based on optimal functioning of a distributed thalamocortical
network rather than on the activity of a specific
single cortical region. |
|
1 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
205 |
|
Lesions of selected cortical areas result in the impairment of specific submodalities of conscious experience, such as the perception of faces, but do not
produce any alterations of global
consciousness. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
205 |
|
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementing disorders of the
elderly, affecting more than 5% of individuals aged 65 and older in almost one out of two individuals over at
over 85 years of age. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
205 |
|
Alzheimer's disease shows a progressive, multivariate and irreversible
deterioration
of cognitive abilities. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
205 |
|
Disturbances of attention and memory typically the first
clinical manifestations in patients with Alzheimer's disease. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
205 |
|
Cognitive impairment is due to the development of neuropathological processes
characterized by the presence of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and loss of
neurons
and their synaptic projections. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
205 |
|
Neuropathological lesions affect mostly the neocortical
association areas
of
the parietal, temporal and
frontal lobes and limbic regions and show a regional distribution that may vary among individual patients. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
205 |
|
Typically, the neuropathological process starts in
the medial temporal lobe structures, including the entorhinal
cortex and hippocampal
formation,
and subsequently spreads to the neocortical
association areas of the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes, leading to the
disruption of various mental functions. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
205 |
|
PET studies
to measure regional
cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow in patients with Alzheimer's disease examined at rest (eyes patched, ears
plugged, no sensory stimulation) as well is during a variety of cognitive tasks. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
205 |
|
Measures of both cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow are reliable indices of neuronal synaptic activity, as they reflect the brain's metabolic need for glucose and oxygen
in order to produce ATP. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
205 |
|
ATP in the central nervous system is mostly
required for the maintenance and restoration of ionic gradients and cell membrane potentials due to electrical
activity associated with action
potentials and
transmission of impulses from neuron to neuron. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
205 |
|
Changes in synaptical
activity lead to changes in the demand for ATP and, in turn, for glucose utilization and capillary blood flow. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
205 |
|
Cerebral glucose metabolism is impaired in Alzheimer's disease. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
205 |
|
Regional cerebral glucose
metabolism measured at rest is significantly reduced in patients with Alzheimer's
disease. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
205 |
|
Alzheimer's disease regional cerebral glucose
metabolism is reduced mostly in association neocortical areas, with a relative
sparing of primary
neocortical and subcortical
regions and cerebellum, at least until the later stages
of the disease. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
205 |
|
Metabolic abnormalities worsened with the progression of dementia. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
206 |
|
Cerebral metabolic alterations are heterogeneous. |
|
1 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
206 |
|
Patterns of cerebral metabolic
alterations are related to patterns
of cognitive impairment. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
206 |
|
Distinct
cognitive and cerebral metabolic features
characterize clinical subtypes of Alzheimer's disease. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
207 |
|
Regional functional connectivity is altered in Alzheimer's disease. |
|
1 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
207 |
|
The correlation
coefficient between the regional
cerebral metabolic rates for glucose provides a measure for the functional association between distinct brain regions. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
207 |
|
The pattern
of interregional correlations reflects the integrated cerebral activity either
at rest or doing a specific cognitive task. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
207 |
|
Brain Gets Lost in a
Degenerative Dementia |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
207 |
|
Patients with Alzheimer's disease or with another similar dementia syndrome become more and more unaware of the world and of themselves, until they eventually slide in a meaningless present with a fading past and no future. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
207 |
|
Lack of awareness
for the disease, anosognosia, or loss of insight are used interchangeably to indicate a patient inability to
properly recognize their clinical condition, as is frequently observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease of frontotemporal dementia. |
|
0 |
Pietrini;
Consciousness and Dementia |
214 |
|
Awareness
of what happens around us and of ourselves is rooted in the complexity of the functional and anatomical
networks of the thalamocortical system that
enables the brain to rapidly integrate information. |
|
7 |
Blumenfeld;
Epilepsy |
247 |
|
Conscious information processing depends on synchronous network
activity in the brain. The same network that evolved for the
generation of normal consciousness can be exploited by abnormally intense synchronous discharges, leading to epileptic seizures. |
|
33 |
Blumenfeld;
Epilepsy |
248 |
|
Epileptic seizures cause transient, dynamic deficits in consciousness that can
range from mild impairment of attention to complete
behavioral unresponsiveness. |
|
1 |
Blumenfeld;
Epilepsy |
248 |
|
Epileptic seizures are usually classified as either partial, meaning that they involve local regions of the brain, or generalized, meaning that they involve widespread
regions of the brain bilaterally. |
|
0 |
Blumenfeld;
Epilepsy |
248 |
|
Impaired consciousness is seen in generalized seizure types, such as absence (petite mal), and tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures
as well is in partial seizure types, namely complex partial
temporal lobe seizures. |
|
0 |
Blumenfeld;
Epilepsy |
248 |
|
Despite the differences between absence, tonic-clonic, and complex partial seizures, they all
share a common thread of impaired consciousness. |
|
0 |
Blumenfeld;
Epilepsy |
248 |
|
The three seizure types cause changes
in (1) the upper brain stem and medial thalamus; (2) the anterior and posterior
cingulate, medial frontal cortex, and precuneus; (3) the lateral and orbitofrontal cortex,
and lateral parietal cortex. |
|
0 |
Blumenfeld;
Epilepsy |
249 |
|
Consciousness
depends on a network of cortical and subcortical structures. |
|
1 |
Blumenfeld;
Epilepsy |
249 |
|
Consciousness
has long been separated into structures necessary
for controlling the level
of consciousness, and those involved in
generating the content of consciousness. |
|
0 |
Blumenfeld;
Epilepsy |
249 |
|
Here we define the 'consciousness system' as those structures necessary for maintaining: (1) the alert awake
state, (2) attention, and (3) awareness of self
and the environment. |
|
0 |
Blumenfeld;
Epilepsy |
249 |
|
The consciousness
system at a minimum
includes regions of the frontal and parietal association cortex,
cingulate gyrus, precuneus, thalamus (especially
the medial, midline, and intralamina nuclei), and multiple
activating systems located in the basal forebrain, hypothalamus, midbrain, and upper pons. |
|
0 |
Blumenfeld;
Epilepsy |
249 |
|
For the consciousness
system, some researches would also include the basal ganglia and cerebellum due to the possible roles in controlling attention. |
|
0 |
Blumenfeld;
Epilepsy |
249 |
|
Much prior work has demonstrated
the importance of the midline subcortical structures and association cortex in normal consciousness. |
|
0 |
Blumenfeld;
Epilepsy |
250 |
|
In the absence
seizures, awareness briefly vanishes. Typical absence seizures consist of staring and unresponsiveness, often accompanied
by subtle eyelid fluttering or mild myoclonic jerks. Duration is usually
less than 10 seconds. |
|
1 |
Blumenfeld;
Epilepsy |
250 |
|
Absence seizures occur most commonly in childhood. |
|
0 |
Blumenfeld;
Epilepsy |
250 |
|
Absence seizures can occur in susceptible individuals up to several hundred times per day. |
|
0 |
Blumenfeld;
Epilepsy |
253 |
|
Complex Partial Seizures |
|
3 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
261 |
|
Research over the past 45 years
on split-brain patients have
revealed unique specialized processes in each hemisphere, including some recently discovered specialized
processes in the right
hemisphere. |
|
8 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
261 |
|
Split-brain patients' talking left hemisphere
consistently denies any change in their conscious experience as a result of severing the corpus callosum. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
261 |
|
The experience of split-brain patients is indicative
of a conscious system
that is comprised of thousands of specialized
local circuits. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
261 |
|
One of several qualities that
make split-brain patients so astonishing is that they seem utterly unaware of their special status. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
261 |
|
For split-brain
patients, the loss of the ability to transfer information from the left hemisphere to the right hemisphere and vice versa
seems to have no impact
on their overall psychological state. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
261 |
|
In split-brain
patients, the left
brain does not seem to
miss the right brain, despite recent discoveries of several
specialized properties in the right hemisphere. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
Consciousness
does not constitute a single generalized process can but is an emergent property that arises out
of hundreds if not thousands of specialized systems (modules). |
|
1 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
Brain's specialized modules consist of neural circuitry specialized to process-specific domains of information. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
Specialized neural circuitry enable the processing and mental
representation of a specific
aspect of conscious experience, and these circuits are widely distributed throughout the
brain. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
Many of these specialized
circuits may be directly
connected to some of the other specialized circuits, but not to most of them. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
Each
specialized circuit competes for attention. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
From moment to moment, different modules or systems will win the competition for attention and serve as the neural system underlying that moment of conscious experience. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
This dynamic
moment-to-moment cacophony of systems comprises our consciousness. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
It appears to us as if our consciousness flows easily and
naturally from one moment to the next with a single,
unified, and coherent narrative. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
Our sense of
a unified experience
emerges out of a particular specialized system call the 'interpreter,' which coordinates and continually interprets and makes sense of our behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
The interpreter appears to be uniquely human and specialized to the left hemisphere. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
A peculiar
phenomenon that has been observed in a variety of
neurological patients
to deny that anything is wrong with them despite the clearly observable
effects of the brain
injury. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
Anosognosia
-- the unawareness or denying the existence of a brain injury deficit. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
Anosognosia
observed in many neurological disorders is indicative of a conscious
system that is bound by the inputs of thousands of specialized local modules. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
Left hemisphere specialization that is referred to
as the 'interpreter' that unifies and interprets our conscious experience. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
A well-known example of anosognosia is often found in hemispatial neglect patients. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
Anosognosia
from hemispatial neglect
is usually caused by a stroke to the right parietal lobe that causes disruption of
attention and spatial
awareness of the left
side of space. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
Damage to most areas of the nervous system that result in the impairment or
loss of function will be noticed immediately by patients. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
Neglect patients, with damage to the right parietal lobe that also result in hemiplegia (paralysis to the left
side of the body), deny
their paralysis because these patients no longer have the mental representations of the
existence of the left side of their body. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
262 |
|
For neglect
patients, with hemiplegia (paralysis to the left side of the body), there is no system to sense that something is wrong, so
the patient assumes
that everything is normal. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
263 |
|
Reconcile current
awareness with a memory of the pre-lesion awareness. A neglect patient may draw a picture of their home, but
the picture they draw will only include the right
side of their house. |
|
1 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
263 |
|
For neglect
patients, the visual
information that was originally
encoded in the brain is still
available, but that information
is neglected when memory
systems attempt to retrieve it. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
263 |
|
There are possibly hundreds of specialized systems in
the human brain, from basic systems of perceptual processing (like discriminating tones and perceiving faces) to more higher-order systems (like recognizing emotions, sympathizing with others, and detecting cheaters). |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
263 |
|
Just as the voices
in a head of a schizophrenic patient can seem to them as real as the perception of actual voices, many distortions caused by brain
injury can become incorporated into our conscious experience and not seem out of place. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
263 |
|
Damage that
specifically affects specialized memory systems that code for the familiarity of
places and locations may
increase the familiarity for otherwise novel or relatively new locations. These patients form delusional beliefs. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
266 |
|
In split-brain patients, most functions remain
intact after the right hemisphere is disconnected
from the left, including verbal IQ and many problem solving skills. |
|
3 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
266 |
|
The Left
Hemisphere Interpreter -- Unifying the Conscious
Experience. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
266 |
|
According to Gazzaniga's model
of consciousness, there maybe
hundreds, if not thousands, of modules contributing to our conscious experience, each
contributing specialized bits of information. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
266 |
|
Even though there may be thousands of modules contributing to our conscious experience, our phenomenological experience will
naturally flow from moment to moment, depending on the demands of the environment, as one unified and coherent experience. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
266 |
|
Gazzaniga believes that this unified and coherent experience of
consciousness is due
to a specialized process
in the left hemisphere
that he refers to as the 'interpreter.' |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
266 |
|
The interpreter is a specialized system that makes sense of all of the
information bombarding the brain, interpreting our responses -- cognitive or emotional to what we encounter in our environment,
asking how one thing relates to another, making hypotheses, bringing order on of chaos, creating a running narrative of our actions, emotions, thoughts, and dreams. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
266 |
|
The interpreter is the glue that keeps our story unified and creates our sense of being into a coherent, rational agent. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
266 |
|
Gazzaniga and colleagues first
demonstrated the left hemisphere's unique drive to interpret the world around it using the simultaneous concept tests on a split-brain patient. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
266 |
|
The specialized
system in the brain that is driven to interpret is adaptive on an evolutionary scale
because it allows the individual to quickly adapt to a wide range of unexpected
events in the environment. |
|
0 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
267 |
|
A function of the interpreter extends to the realm of problem-solving. The ability to make
interpretations is a great problem-solving tool and very advantageous. However, when the sequence
of events is purely
random, then the drive
to look for patterns and to formulate a hypothesis about the events can be suboptimal. |
|
1 |
Gazzaniga; Left Hemisphere/Right Hemisphere |
267 |
|
We are driven to form hypotheses and to look
for patterns
even when it is not
warranted.
Randomness
tends to be a very difficult concept for humans, and a particularly difficult
phenomenon for the interpreter. |
|
0 |
Naccache;
Visual Consciousness |
271 |
|
Several neuropsychological
syndromes
contain marked dissociations, which permit the identification of principles related to the neurophysiology of consciousness. |
|
4 |
Naccache;
Visual Consciousness |
271 |
|
Visual phenomenal consciousness is the aspect of consciousness most frequently
investigated in neuroscience. |
|
0 |
Naccache;
Visual Consciousness |
271 |
|
Through the exploration of neuropsychological syndromes such as 'blindsight,' visual form agnosia, optic ataxia, visual hallucinations, neglect, and split-brain
cognition,
the author highlights five general principles and explains how their generality has
been demonstrated in healthy subjects
using conditions such as visual illusions of subliminal perception. |
|
0 |
Naccache;
Visual Consciousness |
271 |
|
A scientific
model of consciousness based on the concept of
a 'global workspace.' |
|
0 |
Naccache;
Visual Consciousness |
272 |
|
Scientific investigation of
consciousness, a major
ongoing effort. |
|
1 |
Naccache;
Visual Consciousness |
273 |
|
Multiple representations of the visual world elaborated by different visual
brain areas (from retina and lateral geniculate nuclei
to ventral occipito-temporal and dorsal occipito-parietal pathways in addition to superior
colliculus mediated visual pathways). |
|
1 |
Naccache;
Visual Consciousness |
273 |
|
Influential publication of Crick and Koch who proposed, mainly
on the basis of neuro-anatomical data, that neural activity in area
V1 does not contribute to the content about phenomenal consciousness. |
|
0 |
Postle; Hippocampus, Memory, and
Consciousness |
326 |
|
Hippocampus, Memory, and Consciousness |
|
53 |
Postle; Hippocampus, Memory, and
Consciousness |
332 |
|
Semantic knowledge that is independent of the episodes in which the
information was learned. |
|
6 |
Butler
& Zeman; Transient Amnesia |
339 |
|
Transient Amnesia |
|
7 |
Nichelli;
Aphasia |
352 |
|
Aphasia |
|
13 |
Pietrini;
Blindness |
360 |
|
Blindness and Consciousness |
|
8 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
375 |
|
Neurology of Consciousness --
Overview |
|
15 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
377 |
|
There have been claims that consciousness only emerges with language, though it seems preposterous to suggest that infants and animals are unconscious automata. |
|
2 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
378 |
|
Consciousness
and Attention |
|
1 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
379 |
|
Consciousness
and Memory |
|
1 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
380 |
|
The brain employs multiple maps of external
space,
some unimodal,
some multimodal, many in the cerebral
cortex,
especially but not exclusively in parietal
lobes,
but some also in thalamus and colliculi. |
|
1 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
381 |
|
Consciousness and Space --
Neglect |
|
1 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
382 |
|
Consciousness, Body, and Self |
|
1 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
382 |
|
The narrative,
autobiographical self
-- the one that characterizes in a
fundamental sense who we are. |
|
0 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
385 |
|
Consciousness and Anosognosia |
|
3 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
386 |
|
Global Alterations of
Consciousness |
|
1 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
386 |
|
Sleep |
|
0 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
387 |
|
Anasthesia |
|
1 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
388 |
|
Coma and Vegetative States |
|
1 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
388 |
|
Coma -- an enduring sleep-like state of immobility with eyes closed from which the patient cannot be aroused. |
|
0 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
389 |
|
Seizures |
|
1 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
390 |
|
Neuroanatomy of Consciousness |
|
1 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
390 |
|
The only conclusion that can be
drawn for sure about the neural
substrate of
consciousness is that it includes parts of the corticothalamic system. |
|
0 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
391 |
|
The reticular activating system
appears to have the role of an on-off switch rather than a generator
of consciousness. |
|
1 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
391 |
|
Even widespread
cerebellar lesions or oblations hardly affect consciousness, yet
this cerebellum has
even more neurons than the cerebral cortex, and is strongly connected in both directions with thalamus and cortex, and often shows selective
activation during cognitive
tasks and in relation
to emotion. |
|
0 |
Tononi
& Laureys; Neurology of Consciousness |
391 |
|
The thalamus is sometimes considered as a seventh
layer of cortex. |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|