Philip Lieberman; Human Language
Book	Page		Topic
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	1		Although the neural bases of language include the neocortex, some of the key functional language systems are subcortical basal ganglia -- our reptilian brain.
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	2		The neural bases of human languages are intertwined with other aspects of cognition, motor control, and emotion.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	2		Human language is regulated by a distributed network that includes subcortical structures, the traditional cortical language areas (Broca's and Wernicke's areas) and regions of the neocortex often associated with "nonlinguistic" aspects of cognition.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	3		The neurological basis of human language is claimed to be a system linking Wernicke's area with Broca's area.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	3		Wernicke's area processes incoming speech signals; information is then transmitted via a hypothetical cortical pathway to Broca's area, which serves as the expressive language output device.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	3		Pinker states that genuine language is seated in the cerebral cortex, primarily in the left perisylvanian region.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	4		Observable complex behaviors, such as looking at and reaching for an object, are regulated by neural circuits that constitute distributed networks linking activity in many different neuroanatomical structures.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	5		Functional neural systems channel sensory information directly to neuronal populations that mediate appropriate, timely motor responses to stimuli.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	5		Studies of the neural activity implicated in motor control show that circuits are formed as an animal or human learns to execute a task.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	5		Circuits of the functional language system that specify the specific sounds, words, and syntax of language are learned, as children and adults are exposed to a particular language or languages.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	5		Although sensitive or critical periods exist within which a skill such as speaking English can be readily acquired, similar sensitive periods limit the acquisition of binocular vision or learning to play the violin skillfully.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	11		Syntax is to Chomsky and most linguists the feature of human language that makes it unique.		6
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	11		The central claim of Chomsky is that human syntactic ability arises from a specialized, genetically transmitted syntax module or "organ" of the human.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	11		The "syntax module" of the brain instantiates the Universal Grammar, a set of innate principles and parameters that exists in all human brains.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	20		Basal ganglia, which are buried deep within the cerebrum, play a part in human language and thought.		9
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	20		Basal ganglia are primitive structures that derive from the brains of amphibians and reptiles.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	20		Basal ganglia appear to have been modified in the course of evolution to work in concert with various regions of the cortex.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	21		Basal ganglia participate in motor control, together with the regulation of affect, language, and cognition.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	22		The neuronal basis of associative learning proposed by Hebb (1949) hinges on the modification of synaptic weights by the axon of one cell consistently and repeatedly firing the axon of another cell.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	22		Massive interconnections link most cortical areas with considerable, though not complete, reciprocity.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	23		According to the Broca-Wernicke model, spoken language is perceived in Wernicke's area, a posterior temporal region associated with auditory perception. Information is then transmitted via a cortical pathway to Broca's area, adjacent to cortical areas implicated in motor control.    Broca's area is the hypothetical neural site regulating speech production.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	23		Historically, the most complex piece of the machinery of an epoch serves as a metaphor for the brain.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	24		Physicians bled feverish patients in the early 19th century because of a false analogy between blood temperature and steam engines. Early steam engines frequently exploded as pressure increased it high operating temperatures.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	27		Broca's area consists of Brodmann's areas 44 and 45 in the dominant, usually left hemisphere of the cortex.		3
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	27		The visual cortex in humans who were born blind or blind at an early age appears to be recruited to process tactile perception.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	27		Direct observation of neuronal activity in the brain of a living animal involves placing microelectrodes therein.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	29		George Ojemann and his colleagues have obtained many insights into brain function as a byproduct of surgery on human patients with intractable epilepsy.		2
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	30		Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can map the flow of oxygenated blood and other indirect markers of metabolic activity, hence neural activity, in the brain.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	30		Positron emission tomography (PET), another imaging technique, involves injecting a low dose of a short half-life radioactive tracer into the bloodstream.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	37		Speech Production and Perception		7
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	39		Physiology of Speech Production		2
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	39		Human speech results from the activity of three functionally distinct systems -- (1) the subglottal lungs, (2) the larynx, and (3) the supralaryngeal airway -- the supralaryngeal vocal track (SVT).		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	40		The fundamental frequency of phonation, F0, is the rate at which vocal folds open and close.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	40		The perceptual response of human listeners to F0 is the pitch of a speaker's voice.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	40		Young children have high F0s; their voices are therefore perceived as "high-pitched."		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	40		Adult males usually have lower F0s and the pitch of their voices is low.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	40		The larynx is an efficient energy transducer, converting the inaudible air flow from the lungs into a rich source of audible sound energy.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	40		The puffs of air produced during phonation yield acoustic energy at F0 and the harmonics of the F0.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	40		The amplitude of the energy produced at each harmonic gradually falls off at higher frequencies, but the net result is a production of acoustic energy at many audible frequencies.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	42		The acoustic energy that is produced by the larynx is filtered by the airway above the larynx.		2
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	42		The frequencies at which maximum energy passes through the airway acting as a filter are called formant frequencies.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	42		The phonetic quality of the segmental sounds of speech is largely determined by their formant frequency patterns.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	42		The vowel sound [I], the vowel of the word bee is signaled by a particular pattern of formant frequencies   F1,   F2,   F3.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	42		For a male speaker having a supralaryngeal vocal tract length of 17 cm,   F1 = 0.3 kHz,   F2 = 2.1 kHz,   F3 = 3.1 kHz.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	42		The same male speaker's [u] vowel, the vowel of the word boo, would have    F1 = 0.35 kHz,   F2 = 0.8 kHz,   F3 = 2.2 kHz.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	44		The motor command sequences that underlie the production of human speech are arguably the most complex that ordinary people attain.		2
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	49		Many hearing impaired persons perceive speech limited to the F1 and F2 frequency range.		5
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	49		Many telephone systems transmitted signals limited to F1 and F2.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	51		Human beings differ with respect to the links of that supralaryngeal vocal tracks (SVT).
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	58		The melody or prosody of speech has a central linguistic function -- segmenting the flow of speech into sentence-like units and highlighting words or phrases by means of "prominence" or "stress."		9
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	60		The production and perception of human speech are intimately related.		2
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	60		The human brain appears to contain neural representations of equivalent articulatory maneuvers that generate the acoustic signals specifying speech sounds.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	60		Speech perception appears to involve knowledge of the articulatory maneuvers that can generate the sounds of speech, as well as the constraints imposed by human speech-producing anatomy and physiology.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	61		The Lexicon and Working Memory		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	61		Many animals besides human beings can associate "meanings" with words.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	61		Since humans can produce and comprehend sentences with complex syntax, the human lexicon must code linguistic distinctions such is the argument structure of verbs (whether they are transitive or intransitive, whether they can take direct or indirect objects, etc.), as well as "semantic" knowledge.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	62		The brain's linguistic dictionary appears to link circuits that code the concepts referenced in a word to the stored phonologic sound pattern that represents the word.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	62		The sound pattern of a word is the primary key to accessing the semantic and syntactic information that constitutes the meaning of a word.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	62		The sound pattern of a word appears to maintain the word in verbal working memory.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	62		Verbal working memory can be regarded as the neural computational space in which the meaning of a sentence is derived, taking account of syntactic, semantic, contextual, and pragmatic information.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	62		Primary visual cortical areas associated with the perception of shape or color are activated when we think of the name of an animal.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	62		Persons who were asked to name pictures of tools and animals, activated ventral temporal lobes (areas associated with visual perception) and Broca's area.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	63		Word finding deficits are common in Broca's aphasia.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	63		Linguistic deficits that make up the syndrome of Broca's aphasia do not necessarily arise from impairment of activity in Broca's area.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	63		The activation of the primary visual cortex shows that thinking about a word enlists the neural structures that play a part in forming one aspect of the concept coded in the word, the shape or shapes and colors of the object or living being coded by the word.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	63		Animal names activate the left medial occipital lobe, a region involved in the earliest stages of visual perception.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	63		Tool names activate a left premotor area that is activated by imagined hand movements as well as an area in the left middle temporal gyrus also activated by action words.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	63		Knowledge coded in words is stored and accessed by activating the neuroanatomical structures and circuits that constitute the means by which we attain and/or make use of the knowledge coded by the words.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	63		Generation of color words selectively activates a region in the ventral temporal lobe just anterior to the area involved in the perception of color.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	63		Generation of action words activates a region in the left temporal gyrus just anterior to the area involved in the perception of motion.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	63		It is significant that the areas of the cortex involved in the knowledge-coded-in-words aspects of visual perception are multisensory.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	63		Other neural circuits supported in these multisensory regions of the cortex are implicated in tactile sensation and audition.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	63		Neurophysiologic data show that Brodmann's area 17, an area of the cortex associated with early stages of visual perception, is activated when human subjects are asked to image simple patterns.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	64		Distributed nature of the brain's dictionary.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	64		The neural substrate that constitutes the brain's dictionary extends far beyond the traditional Broca's area and Wernicke's area locus.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	64		Research data suggests that the brain's lexicon is instantiated in circuits that link conceptual knowledge to phonological representations -- the sounds of speech.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	65		Naming deficits associated with persons occurred in a temporal pole.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	65		Naming deficits associated with animals occurred in the anterior inferotemporal region.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	65		Naming deficits are associated with tools occurred in the posterior inferotemporal region.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	66		The particular neural circuits that regulate complex aspects of human and animal behavior is shaped by exposure to an individual's environment within a sensitive period.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	67		Cortical reorganization in response to life's experiences has been demonstrated in fMRI imaging studies.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	68		The general architecture of the network of neural pathways of the brain are genetically determined, but the microcircuitry that instantiates linguistic knowledge depends upon lifelong experience.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	68		Certain parts of the brain are predisposed to regulate particular behaviors.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	68		Left hemisphere of the human brain usually is predisposed to regulate language and handedness.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	69		It is most unlikely that a detailed Chomsky universal grammar is instantiated in the human brain.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	69		Verbal Working Memory		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	69		Working memory includes the function of computation as well as storage.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	70		Verbal working memory is implicated in both the storage of verbal material and the comprehension of sentences.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	70		Baddeley proposed that verbal working memory involves two components --    an articulatory loop whereby subjects maintain speech sounds in working memory by subvocally rehearsing them,    and a central executive process.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	75		Verbal working memory can be thought of as the computational space in which the meaning of a sentence is derived using semantic, pragmatic, and contextual as well as strictly syntactic information.		5
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	76		Humans do not compute the syntactic structures of the sentences that they hear or read in an encapsulated module of the brain that is functionally and morphologically isolated from other neural structures or circuits.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	77		The neural substrate that supports verbal working memory is a distributed system    involving Wernicke's area,    Broca's area,    other cortical areas,    and subcortical structures.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	77		The neural system that instantiates verbal working memory is dynamic, enlisting additional resources in response to task difficulty.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	77		Regions of the frontal lobes of the human neocortex implicated in abstract reasoning and planning and other cortical areas are recruited as task difficulty increases.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	78		PET studies confirm a close link between the neural substrates involved in speech motor control and the comprehension of syntax.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	78		Research studies found evidence for increased metabolic activity in Broca's area when subjects read sentences that contain a center-embedded relative clause compared to sentences that contain a right-branching clause.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	81		The neural bases of human language are not localized in a specific part of the brain.		3
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	81		The brain's dictionary appears to be instantiated by means of a distributed network in which neuroanatomical structures that play a part in in the immediate perception of objects and animals as we view them, or the gestures associated with tools as we use them, are activated.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	82		The Subcortical Basal Ganglia		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	82		Basal ganglia    are structures of our reptilian-amphibian brain.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	83		The caudate nucleus and putamen,    which form the striatum,    are the principal basal ganglia structures that receive inputs    from other parts of the brain.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	83		The putamen and caudate nucleus    receive sensory and other information    from virtually all parts of the cortex    and other subcortical structures.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	85		Neuronal activity    can be observed in both the putamen and caudate nucleus    BEFORE movements are performed.		2
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	85		The globus pallidus,   which is often regarded as the principal output structure of the basal ganglia,    has an "internal" segment (GPi)    and an "external" segment (GPe),    each of which supports segregated circuits to the thalamus,    as well as circuits that project back to the putamen and caudate nucleus.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	85		In mammals, at least half of the basal ganglia circuits project to parts of the brain that do not directly initiate motor activity.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	85		The complex anatomy of the mammalian basal ganglia constitutes a system that can integrate and process information from one cortical area with other inputs, transmitting its "computations" to other parts of the brain.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	85		Many syndromes derive from disruption of circuits linking regions of the frontal cortex to basal ganglia structures.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	85		Five parallel basal ganglia circuits of the human brain.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	85		(1) A motor circuit originating in the supplementary motor area.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	85		(2) an oculomotor circuit with origins in the frontal eye fields.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	85		(3-5) three circuits originating in prefrontal cortex (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,    the lateral orbital cortex,    anterior cingulate cortex).		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	85		The prototypical structure of these five parallel basal ganglia circuits    is an origin in the frontal lobes,    projection to striatal structures (caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum),    connections from striatum to globus pallidus and substantia nigra,    projections from these two structures to specific thalamic nuclei,    and a final link back to the frontal lobe.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	86		The circuits from the globus pallidus are complex; many ultimately project to the thalamus, where outputs to the supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, and motor cortex complete the circuits. Other circuits project directly to multiple cortical areas.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	86		Reciprocal connections exist between thalamic nuclei and the putamen and cortex.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	86		The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has connections from Brodmann areas 9 and 10 to the caudate nucleus and from there through circuits in the globals pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, and thalamus.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	86		The dorsolateral prefrontal circuits are anatomically segregated from the motor circuits.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	86		Circuits link the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and prefrontal cortex.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	87		There is much heterogeneity in the basal ganglia circuits.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	87		To most contemporary linguists, the defining characteristic of human linguistic ability is syntax, which allows seemingly infinite linguistic productivity by binding a finite number of words into sentences that can convey an unbounded set of meanings.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	87		Studies of rodents show that they can make use of a "syntax," regulated in the basal ganglia, to bind individual movements into "well-formed grooming programs."		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	87		The rodent grooming programs are innate, genetically transmitted patterns coded by a rat "Universal Grooming Grammar" that would be in some ways analogous to the hypothetical Universal Grammar that supposedly structures all human languages.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	87		Experiments performed on rats show that damage to the striatum disrupts the integrity of the sequences of gestures but does not disrupt the individual gestures that make up a grooming sequence.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	87		The "syntax" of grooming is regulated in the striatum.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	88		Hierarchical modulation    of sequential elements by the neo-striatum    may operate in essentially similar ways for grooming actions and thoughts.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	88		Very different behavioral or mental operations may be sequenced by essentially similar neural processes.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	88		Language presents in a most striking form the integrated functions of syntactic coordination by the brain.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	88		Temporal integration is not found exclusively in language; the coordination of leg movements in insects, song of birds, the control of trotting and pacing in a gated horse, the rat running the maze, the architect designing a house, and a carpenter sawing a board, present a problem of sequences of action each of which similarly requires synaptic organization.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	88		Circuitry within the neostriatum may provide a common sequencing link between phenomena as diverse as actions, words, and thoughts.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	89		The neural bases of motor control and thought are related.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	89		A distinct pathway from GPi to cortical area 46,    one in which part of the output of the basal ganglia and cerebellum    is directed back to regions of the prefrontal cortex that are known to project to these subcortical structures.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	89		The connections between prefrontal cortex and subcortical areas    creates the potential for closed loops    between the prefrontal cortex and both the basal ganglia and cerebellum.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	89		The cerebellum and basal ganglia should no longer be considered as purely motor structures.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	89		The function of the cerebellum and basal ganglia    should be broadened to include involvement in cognitive processes such as working memory,    rule-based learning,    and planning future behavior.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	89		Comparative neurobiological studies in nonhuman primates confirm the role of the basal ganglia in learned behavior.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	89		Basal ganglia circuits that regulate a learned task appear to be shaped by an associative process.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	90		Matrisomes are multiple sites in neural structures at which a particular muscle is activated in concert with other muscles to achieve a particular goal.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	90		Convergence occurs in this striatum, where any given matrisome receives overlapping inputs from the same body part representation in different subareas of the sensorimotor cortex, so that several sorts of information relative to that body-part coverage.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	90		Dispersed matrisomes in the putamen converge to a small area of the globus pallidus.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	90		The computational architecture of the basal ganglia is similar to a typical distributed neural network that can acquire abstract concepts by means of repeated exposure to noisy inputs.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	91		Basal ganglia circuits regulate sequential, self-paced, manual motor control tasks in humans.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	91		Abnormalities in motor sequencing are one of the signs of Parkinson's disease (PD).		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	92		The supplementary motor area receives its dominant input from the ventral lateral thalamus,    which in turn receives projections almost exclusively from the globus pallidus -- the major output unit of the basal ganglia.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	92		Basal ganglia    activate the preparatory phase for the next movement,    thereby switching between components of the motor sequence.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	92		Basal ganglia and supplementary motor area are more involved in temporal rather than spatial aspects of serial movement.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	92		The internal cueing mechanism between basal ganglia and supplementary motor area    would coordinate the switch between motor components at the appropriate time,    thus controlling the timing of submovement initiation.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	92		Sequencing    depends on the activity of many cortical areas,    including the prefrontal cortex,    the supplementary motor area,    caudate nucleus,    and other basal ganglia structures.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	92		Manual movements monitored in primates include learned voluntary sequences, whereas the rat grooming pattern investigated was innate.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	92		Studies of Parkinson's disease patients consistently show disturbances of sequencing for dissimilar learned manual motor movements, as well as behaviors such as swallowing that are innate.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	93		Disturbances in voluntary movement patterns occur in Broca's aphasics.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	93		Basal ganglia appear to have two different motor control functions in human beings.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	94		The normal routine activity of the basal ganglia may promote automatic execution of routine movement by facilitating the desired cortically driven movements and suppressing unwanted muscular activity.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	94		The basal ganglia may be called into play to interrupt all ongoing action in novel circumstances. Most of the time the basal ganglia allow and help cortically determined movements to run smoothly.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	94		On occasion, and special contexts, the basal ganglia respond to unusual circumstances to reorder the cortical control movements.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	94		The basal ganglia circuitry implicated in motor control does not radically different from that implicated in cognition.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	94		The role of the basal ganglia in controlling movement must give insight into their other functions, particularly if thought is mental movement without motion.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	94		Perhaps the basal ganglia are an elaborate machine, within the overall functional frontal lobe distributed system, that allow routine thought and action, but which respond to new circumstances to allow a change in direction of ideas and movement.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	94		Loss of basal ganglia contribution, such as in Parkinson's disease, thus leads to inflexibility of mental and motor response.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	94		Only human beings possess language and complex thought.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	94		Research studies of humans show that the basal ganglia are an essential neuroanatomical component of the functional language system.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	94		The study of aphasia, the loss of language from brain damage, has structured theories of mind and brain for more than a century.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	95		Anomia, word finding difficulty.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	96		Broca's aphasia is often characterized as an expressive language deficit.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	96		The most obvious difference between Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia is that the speech of Wernicke's aphasics is fluent.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	96		Wernicke's aphasics also have comprehension deficits.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	96		The ability of Wernicke's aphasics to produce and understand language is severely compromised, although their speech is not distorted.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	97		Broca's aphasics have a characteristic speech production deficit.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	97		Some aspects of speech production are not impaired in Broca's aphasia.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	97		Acoustic analysis of Broca's aphasics speech    show that the production of the format frequency patterns that specify vowels    is unimpaired, though there is increased variability.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	97		Since that format frequency patterns are determined by the configuration of the supralaryngeal vocal track    (tongue,    lips,    a larynx height),    we can conclude that the control of these structures    is unimpaired in aphasia.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	97		The encoding or melding of format frequency patterns,    which characterizes the production of human speech,    is preserved in Broca's aphasia.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	97		Humans speakers    plan ahead as they talk,    anticipating the sounds that will occur.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	98		The primary speech production deficit of Broca's syndrome is deterioration of sequencing between independent articulates,    principally between the larynx and tongue and lips.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	98		The essential point is that the sequence     of laryngeal phonation and the release of the stop consonant     must be regulated to within 20 ms.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	98		Broca's aphasics    are unable to maintain control of the sequencing    between laryngeal and supralaryngeal vocal track (SVT) gestures.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	98		Sequencing deficits between velar and tongue and lip activity occur and Broca's aphasiacs.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	98		The coding of the sounds    that specify the name of a word,    appears to be preserved in Broca's aphasics.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	99		Studies of the vocalizations of monkeys and human speech suggests that the anterior cingulate gyrus (part of the paleocortex)    plays a part in regulating phonation in both humans and nonhuman primates.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	99		Lesions in the anterior cingulate gyrus can result in mutism,    the complete absence of phonation in humans.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	99		Independent neocortical areas clearly are implicated in controlling lip and tongue speech maneuvers in human beings.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	99		Aphasic patients have difficulties when planning activities and strategies,    shifting strategies,    formulating abstract categories,    and thinking symbolically.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	100		The human brain did not spring fourth de novo;    the basic subcortical structures found in reptiles and amphibians    survive and play a role in the operation of the human brain.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	100		Language is one of the derived features that differentiate human beings from closely related animals such as chimpanzees.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	100		Primitive features are shared by the divergent species    descended from    ancestral species.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	100		Derived features are ones that differentiate a species    from other species that have different evolutionary lineages,    though they may share a common ancestor.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	100		Subcortical lesions are implicated in deficits of aphasia, since the middle cerebral artery is the blood vessel most susceptible to thrombotic or embolic occlusion.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	100		Central branches of the middle cerebral artery supply the putamen,    caudate nucleus,    and globus pallidus.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	100		Brain imaging techniques have shown that subcortical neural structures are necessary elements of a functional human language system.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	101		Damage to Broca's area alone or its immediate surroundings is insufficient to produce the full syndrome of Broca's aphasia.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	101		Damage to the internal capsule (the nerve fibers that connect the neocortex to subcortical structures as well as to ascending fibers),    the putamen,    and the caudate nucleus    can yield impaired speech production and agrammatisms similar to that of the classic aphasias as well as other cognitive deficits.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	103		The primary deficits of Parkinson's disease    are motoric tremors,    rigidity,    and repeated movement patterns.		2
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	103		Subcortical diseases also cause linguistic and cognitive deficits.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	103		Broca's aphasia can occur in even mild or moderately impaired PD patients.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	103		Dementia has long been associated with Huntington's disease,    a neurodegenerative disease that systematically destroys the caudate nucleus but also affects the cortex.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	106		Low amplitude speech is a sign of Parkinson's disease.		3
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	110		On Mount Everest, as climbers ascend,    the low oxygen content of the thin air    brings on hypoxia.		4
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	110		On Mount Everest,    the time needed    to comprehend spoken English sentences    also increases.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	110		Hypoxic insult to basal ganglia structures sensitive to oxygen deprivation is the most likely cause of speech and syntax deficits.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	112		Studies suggest a link between the rate at which a person speaks    and the processing limitations    imposed on the phonetic rehearsal mechanism    of verbal working memory.		2
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	136		Chimpanzee vocalizations are closely bound to emotion.		24
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	136		Chimpanzees    cannot even produce vocalizations    that are not bound to    specific emotional states.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	136		The anatomical basis for the modulation of formant frequencies    that is one of the central characteristics of human speech    is the airway above the larynx.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	136		The human upper airway that constitutes the supralaryngeal vocal track (SVT)    differs from that of all other living species.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	137		The human supralaryngeal vocal track    decreases biological fitness    by making swallowing liquids and solid food    more risky.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	137		The head and neck of an adult male chimpanzee (diagram)		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	138		Lateral view of an adult human supralaryngeal vocal track (SVT)  (diagram)		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	138		In the human supralaryngeal configuration,    the larynx occupies a low position relative to the mandible and vertebrae of the spinal column.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	138		Normal swallowing in humans    is achieved through a sequence of coordinated maneuvers    of the tongue,    the jaw,    the pharyngeal constrictor muscles,    and muscles that move the hyoid bone.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	138		In humans, the larynx must be pulled forward so that food and drink enter the digestive tract;    if not, a person can choke to death if food lodges in the larynx.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	139		The shape of the tongue is scarcely altered when the different vowels of English are produced.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	139		The contour of the tongue forms two tubes, a horizontal "tube" formed by the human mouth and a vertical pharynx "tube."		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	141		Neanderthals must have possessed language and speech.		2
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	141		Neanderthal speech simply was not as efficient a medium of vocal communication as human speech.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	142		The fundamental frequency phonation (F0),    which is determined by laryngeal muscles and alveolar (lung) air pressure,    is one of the principal cues that signals the end of a sentence and major syntactic units.		1
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	142		Most human languages make use of controlled variations of F0    to produce tones that differentiate words.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language	142		The roots of speech communication may extend back to the earliest stages of hominid evolution.		0
Philip Lieberman; Human Language
Philip Lieberman; Human Language
Philip Lieberman; Human Language
Philip Lieberman; Human Language
Philip Lieberman; Human Language
Philip Lieberman; Human Language
Philip Lieberman; Human Language
Philip Lieberman; Human Language
Philip Lieberman; Human Language
Philip Lieberman; Human Language
Philip Lieberman; Human Language