Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Although the neural
bases of language include the neocortex, some of the key functional language systems are
subcortical basal
ganglia -- our reptilian brain. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The neural
bases of human languages are intertwined with other aspects of cognition, motor control, and emotion. |
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Lieberman; Human Language |
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Human language is regulated by a distributed network that includes subcortical
structures, the traditional cortical language areas (Broca's and Wernicke's areas) and regions of the neocortex often
associated with "nonlinguistic" aspects of cognition. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The neurological
basis of human
language is claimed to be a system linking Wernicke's area with Broca's area. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Wernicke's area processes incoming speech signals; information is then transmitted via a hypothetical cortical pathway to Broca's area, which serves as the expressive language output device. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Pinker
states that genuine language is seated in the cerebral cortex, primarily in the left
perisylvanian region. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Observable complex
behaviors, such as looking
at and reaching for an object, are regulated by neural circuits that constitute distributed networks linking
activity in many
different neuroanatomical structures. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Functional neural systems channel sensory information directly to neuronal populations that mediate appropriate, timely motor responses to stimuli. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Studies of the neural activity implicated in motor control show that circuits are formed as an animal or human learns to execute a task. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Circuits of the functional language system that specify the specific sounds, words, and syntax of language are learned, as children and adults are exposed to a particular language
or languages. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Although sensitive
or critical periods exist within which a skill such as speaking English can be readily acquired, similar sensitive periods limit the
acquisition of binocular vision or learning to play the violin skillfully. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Syntax is
to Chomsky and most linguists the feature of human language that makes it unique. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The central
claim of Chomsky is that human syntactic ability arises from a specialized,
genetically transmitted syntax module or "organ" of the human. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The
"syntax module" of the brain instantiates the Universal Grammar, a set of innate principles and parameters that exists in all human brains. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Basal ganglia,
which are buried deep within the cerebrum, play a part in human language and thought. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Basal ganglia are primitive structures that derive from the brains of
amphibians and reptiles. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Basal ganglia
appear to have been modified in the course of
evolution to work in
concert with various regions of the cortex. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Basal ganglia
participate in motor control, together with the regulation of affect, language, and cognition. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The neuronal
basis of associative
learning proposed by Hebb
(1949) hinges on the modification
of synaptic weights by the axon of one cell consistently and
repeatedly firing the axon
of another cell. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Massive interconnections link most cortical areas with considerable, though not complete, reciprocity. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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According to the Broca-Wernicke model, spoken language is perceived in Wernicke's area, a posterior temporal region associated with auditory
perception. Information is then transmitted via a
cortical pathway to Broca's area, adjacent to cortical areas implicated in motor
control.
Broca's area
is the hypothetical neural site regulating speech
production. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Historically,
the most complex
piece of the machinery of
an epoch serves as a metaphor for the brain. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Physicians bled
feverish patients in
the early 19th century
because of a false analogy between blood temperature and steam engines. Early steam engines frequently exploded as pressure increased it high operating temperatures. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Broca's area
consists of Brodmann's
areas 44 and 45 in the dominant, usually left hemisphere of the cortex. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The visual
cortex in humans who were born blind or blind at an early age appears to be recruited to process tactile perception. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Direct observation of neuronal activity in the brain
of a living animal
involves placing microelectrodes therein. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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George Ojemann and his colleagues have obtained many insights into brain function as a byproduct of surgery on human patients with intractable epilepsy. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI) can map the flow of oxygenated blood and other indirect markers of metabolic activity, hence neural activity, in the brain. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Positron emission tomography (PET), another imaging technique, involves injecting a low dose of a short half-life radioactive
tracer into the bloodstream. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Speech Production and Perception |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Physiology of Speech Production |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Human speech
results from the activity of three functionally
distinct systems -- (1) the subglottal lungs, (2) the larynx, and (3) the
supralaryngeal airway -- the supralaryngeal vocal
track (SVT). |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The fundamental
frequency of phonation, F0, is the rate at which vocal folds open and close. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The perceptual response of human listeners to F0 is the pitch of a speaker's voice. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Young children have high F0s; their voices are therefore perceived as "high-pitched." |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Adult males usually
have lower F0s and
the pitch of their voices is low. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The larynx is an efficient energy transducer, converting the inaudible air
flow from the lungs into a rich source of audible sound energy. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The puffs
of air produced during phonation yield acoustic energy at F0
and the harmonics of the F0. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The amplitude of the energy produced at each harmonic gradually falls off at higher
frequencies, but the net result is a production of acoustic energy at many audible frequencies. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The acoustic
energy that is produced by the larynx is filtered by the airway above the larynx. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The frequencies at which maximum energy passes through the airway acting as a filter are called formant frequencies. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The phonetic
quality of the segmental
sounds of speech is largely determined by their formant frequency patterns. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The vowel
sound [I], the vowel of the word bee is signaled by a particular pattern of formant frequencies
F1, F2, F3. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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For a male
speaker having a supralaryngeal
vocal tract length of 17
cm, F1 = 0.3 kHz, F2 = 2.1 kHz, F3 = 3.1 kHz. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The same
male speaker's [u] vowel, the vowel of the word boo, would have F1 = 0.35 kHz, F2 = 0.8 kHz, F3 = 2.2 kHz. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The motor
command sequences that underlie the production of human speech are arguably the most complex that ordinary people attain. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Many hearing
impaired persons perceive speech limited to the F1
and F2 frequency range. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Many
telephone systems transmitted signals limited to F1 and F2. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Human beings differ with respect
to the links of that supralaryngeal vocal tracks (SVT). |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The melody or prosody of speech has a central linguistic function -- segmenting the flow of speech into sentence-like units and highlighting words or
phrases by means of "prominence" or "stress." |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The production and perception of human speech are intimately related. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The human
brain appears to contain neural representations of equivalent articulatory maneuvers
that generate the acoustic
signals specifying speech
sounds. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Speech perception appears to involve knowledge of the
articulatory maneuvers
that can generate the sounds
of speech, as well as the constraints imposed by human speech-producing anatomy and
physiology. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The Lexicon and Working Memory |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Many animals
besides human beings
can associate "meanings" with words. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Since humans can produce and comprehend sentences with complex syntax, the human lexicon must code linguistic distinctions such is the argument structure of
verbs (whether they are transitive or intransitive, whether they can take direct or indirect objects, etc.), as well as "semantic" knowledge. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The brain's
linguistic dictionary
appears to link circuits that code the concepts referenced in a word to the stored phonologic sound pattern that represents the word. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The sound
pattern of a word is the primary key to accessing the semantic and syntactic information that constitutes the meaning of a word. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The sound
pattern of a word appears to maintain the word in verbal working memory. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Verbal working memory can be regarded as the neural
computational space in which the meaning of a sentence is derived, taking account of syntactic, semantic, contextual, and pragmatic information. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Primary visual cortical areas associated with the perception of shape or color are activated when we think of the name of an animal. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Persons who were asked to name pictures of tools and animals, activated ventral temporal lobes (areas
associated with visual perception) and Broca's area. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Word finding
deficits are common in Broca's
aphasia. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
63 |
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Linguistic deficits that make up the syndrome of Broca's
aphasia do not
necessarily arise from impairment of activity in Broca's area. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The activation of the primary visual cortex shows that thinking about a word enlists the neural structures that play a part in forming one
aspect of the concept
coded in the word, the shape
or shapes and colors of the object or living being coded
by the word. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
63 |
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Animal names
activate the left medial occipital lobe, a region involved in the earliest
stages of visual
perception. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
63 |
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Tool names activate
a left premotor area
that is activated by imagined hand movements as well as an area in the left
middle temporal gyrus also activated by action words. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Knowledge
coded in words is
stored and accessed by activating the neuroanatomical structures and circuits that constitute the means by which we attain and/or make
use of the knowledge coded by the words. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
63 |
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Generation of color words selectively activates a region in
the ventral temporal lobe just anterior to the area
involved in the perception of color. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
63 |
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Generation of action words activates a region in
the left temporal gyrus
just anterior to the area involved in the perception of motion. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
63 |
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It is significant that the areas of the cortex involved in
the knowledge-coded-in-words aspects of visual perception are multisensory. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Other neural circuits supported in these multisensory
regions of the cortex
are implicated in tactile sensation and audition. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Neurophysiologic data show that Brodmann's area 17, an area of the cortex associated with early stages of visual perception, is activated when human subjects are
asked to image simple patterns. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Distributed nature of the brain's dictionary. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The neural
substrate that constitutes the brain's dictionary extends far
beyond the traditional Broca's
area and Wernicke's
area locus. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
64 |
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Research data suggests that the brain's lexicon is instantiated in circuits that link conceptual knowledge to phonological representations -- the sounds of speech. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
65 |
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Naming deficits associated with persons occurred in a temporal pole. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Naming deficits associated with animals occurred in the anterior
inferotemporal region. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Naming deficits are associated with tools occurred in the posterior
inferotemporal region. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
66 |
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The particular
neural circuits that regulate
complex aspects of human and animal behavior is shaped by exposure to an individual's
environment within a sensitive period. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Cortical reorganization in response to life's experiences has been
demonstrated in fMRI imaging studies. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The general
architecture of the network of neural pathways of the brain are genetically determined, but the microcircuitry that instantiates linguistic knowledge depends upon lifelong experience. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
68 |
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Certain parts of the brain are predisposed to regulate particular behaviors. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Left hemisphere of the human brain usually is predisposed to
regulate language and
handedness. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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It is most
unlikely that a detailed
Chomsky universal grammar is instantiated in the human brain. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Verbal Working Memory |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Working memory includes
the function of computation as well as storage. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Verbal working memory is implicated in both the storage of verbal material and the comprehension of sentences. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Baddeley proposed that verbal working memory involves two components -- an articulatory loop whereby subjects
maintain speech sounds
in working memory by subvocally rehearsing them, and a central executive process. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Verbal working memory can be thought of as the computational
space in which the meaning
of a sentence is derived using semantic, pragmatic, and contextual as well as strictly syntactic information. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Humans do
not compute the syntactic
structures of the sentences that they hear or read in an encapsulated module of the brain that is functionally and
morphologically isolated from other neural structures or
circuits. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The neural
substrate that supports verbal working memory is a distributed system involving Wernicke's area, Broca's area, other cortical areas, and subcortical structures. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The neural
system that
instantiates verbal working memory is dynamic, enlisting additional resources in response to task difficulty. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
77 |
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Regions of the frontal lobes of the human neocortex implicated in abstract reasoning
and planning and other
cortical areas are recruited as task difficulty increases. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
78 |
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PET studies
confirm a close link
between the neural substrates involved in speech motor control and the comprehension of syntax. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
78 |
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Research studies found evidence
for increased metabolic activity in Broca's area when subjects read sentences that contain a center-embedded relative clause compared to sentences that contain
a right-branching clause. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
81 |
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The neural
bases of human
language are not
localized in a specific
part of the brain. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
81 |
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The brain's dictionary appears to be
instantiated by means of a distributed network in which neuroanatomical
structures that play a part in in the immediate perception of objects and animals as we view them, or the gestures associated with tools as we use them, are activated. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The Subcortical
Basal Ganglia |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Basal ganglia are structures of
our reptilian-amphibian
brain. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The caudate
nucleus and putamen, which form the striatum, are the principal
basal ganglia structures that receive inputs from other parts of the brain. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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The putamen and caudate nucleus receive sensory and other information from virtually all parts of the cortex and other subcortical structures. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Neuronal activity can be observed in both the putamen and caudate nucleus BEFORE movements
are performed. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
85 |
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The globus
pallidus,
which is often regarded as the principal
output structure of the basal ganglia, has an "internal"
segment (GPi) and an
"external" segment (GPe), each of which
supports segregated circuits to the thalamus, as well as circuits that project back to the putamen and caudate nucleus. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
85 |
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In mammals, at least half of the basal
ganglia circuits project
to parts of the brain
that do not directly initiate motor activity. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
85 |
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The complex
anatomy of the
mammalian basal ganglia
constitutes a system that can integrate and
process information from one cortical area with other inputs, transmitting its "computations" to other parts of the brain. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
85 |
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Many syndromes derive from disruption of circuits linking regions of the frontal cortex to basal ganglia structures. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
85 |
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Five parallel
basal ganglia circuits of
the human brain. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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(1) A motor
circuit originating in the supplementary motor area. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
85 |
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(2) an
oculomotor circuit with origins in the frontal eye fields. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
85 |
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(3-5) three circuits originating
in prefrontal cortex (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the lateral
orbital cortex,
anterior cingulate cortex). |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
85 |
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The prototypical
structure of these five parallel basal ganglia circuits is an origin in
the frontal lobes, projection to striatal
structures (caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum), connections from striatum to globus pallidus and substantia nigra, projections from
these two structures to specific thalamic nuclei, and a final link back to the frontal lobe. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
86 |
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The circuits
from the globus pallidus are complex; many ultimately project to the thalamus, where outputs to the supplementary
motor area, premotor cortex, and motor cortex complete the
circuits. Other circuits project directly to multiple cortical areas. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
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Reciprocal connections exist between thalamic nuclei and the putamen and cortex. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
86 |
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The dorsolateral
prefrontal cortex has
connections from Brodmann areas 9 and 10 to the caudate nucleus and from there through circuits
in the globals pallidus, substantia nigra,
subthalamic nucleus, and thalamus. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
86 |
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The dorsolateral
prefrontal circuits are anatomically segregated from the motor circuits. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
86 |
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Circuits link
the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and prefrontal cortex. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
87 |
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There is much
heterogeneity in the basal ganglia circuits. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
87 |
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To most
contemporary linguists, the defining characteristic of human linguistic ability is syntax, which allows seemingly infinite linguistic productivity
by binding a finite number of words into sentences that can convey an unbounded set of meanings. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
87 |
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Studies of rodents show that they can make use of a "syntax," regulated in the basal ganglia, to bind individual movements into "well-formed grooming programs." |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
87 |
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The rodent grooming programs are innate, genetically transmitted patterns coded by a rat "Universal
Grooming Grammar" that would be in some ways
analogous to the hypothetical Universal Grammar that supposedly structures all
human languages. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
87 |
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Experiments performed on rats show that damage to the striatum disrupts the integrity of the sequences of gestures but does not disrupt the individual gestures that make up a grooming sequence. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
87 |
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The "syntax"
of grooming is regulated
in the striatum. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
88 |
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Hierarchical modulation of sequential
elements by the neo-striatum may operate in
essentially similar ways for grooming actions and thoughts. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
88 |
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Very different behavioral or mental operations may be sequenced
by essentially similar
neural processes. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
88 |
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Language
presents in a most striking form the integrated
functions of syntactic
coordination by the
brain. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
88 |
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Temporal integration is not found exclusively in language; the coordination of leg
movements in insects, song of birds, the control
of trotting and pacing in a gated horse, the rat running the maze, the
architect designing a house, and a carpenter sawing a board, present a
problem of sequences of action each of which similarly requires synaptic
organization. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
88 |
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Circuitry
within the neostriatum
may provide a common sequencing link between phenomena as diverse as actions, words, and thoughts. |
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Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
89 |
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The neural
bases of motor
control and thought are related. |
|
1 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
89 |
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A distinct
pathway from GPi to cortical area 46, one in which part
of the output of the basal ganglia and cerebellum is directed
back to regions of the prefrontal
cortex that are known to project to these subcortical structures. |
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0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
89 |
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The connections between prefrontal cortex and subcortical areas creates the
potential for closed loops between the prefrontal cortex and both the basal ganglia and cerebellum. |
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0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
89 |
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The cerebellum and basal ganglia should no longer be considered as purely motor structures. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
89 |
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The function of the cerebellum and basal ganglia should be broadened to include involvement
in cognitive processes
such as working memory, rule-based learning, and planning future behavior. |
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0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
89 |
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Comparative neurobiological
studies in nonhuman primates confirm the role of the basal
ganglia in learned
behavior. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
89 |
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Basal ganglia circuits that regulate
a learned task appear
to be shaped by an associative process. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
90 |
|
Matrisomes
are multiple sites in
neural structures at
which a particular muscle is activated in concert with other muscles to achieve a particular goal. |
|
1 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
90 |
|
Convergence
occurs in this striatum, where any given matrisome receives overlapping inputs from the same body part
representation in different
subareas of the sensorimotor cortex, so that several sorts of information
relative to that body-part coverage. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
90 |
|
Dispersed matrisomes in the putamen
converge to a small area of the globus pallidus. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
90 |
|
The computational
architecture of the basal
ganglia is similar to a typical distributed neural network that
can acquire abstract concepts by means of repeated exposure to noisy inputs. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
91 |
|
Basal ganglia circuits regulate sequential, self-paced,
manual motor control tasks in humans. |
|
1 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
91 |
|
Abnormalities
in motor sequencing are
one of the signs of Parkinson's disease (PD). |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
92 |
|
The supplementary
motor area receives its dominant input from the ventral lateral thalamus, which in turn
receives projections almost exclusively from the globus pallidus -- the major output unit of the basal ganglia. |
|
1 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
92 |
|
Basal ganglia activate the preparatory phase for the next movement, thereby switching between components of
the motor sequence. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
92 |
|
Basal ganglia
and supplementary
motor area are more involved in temporal rather than spatial aspects of serial movement. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
92 |
|
The internal
cueing mechanism between basal ganglia and supplementary motor area would coordinate the switch between motor components at the appropriate time, thus controlling
the timing of submovement initiation. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
92 |
|
Sequencing depends on the activity of many cortical areas, including the prefrontal
cortex,
the supplementary motor area, caudate nucleus, and other basal
ganglia structures. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
92 |
|
Manual movements monitored in primates include learned voluntary
sequences, whereas the rat grooming pattern investigated was
innate. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
92 |
|
Studies of Parkinson's
disease patients consistently show disturbances of sequencing for dissimilar learned manual motor
movements, as well as behaviors
such as swallowing
that are innate. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
93 |
|
Disturbances
in voluntary movement patterns occur in Broca's aphasics. |
|
1 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
93 |
|
Basal ganglia
appear to have two different motor control
functions in human
beings. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
94 |
|
The normal
routine activity of the basal ganglia may promote automatic execution of routine movement by facilitating the desired cortically driven movements
and suppressing
unwanted muscular activity. |
|
1 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
94 |
|
The basal
ganglia may be called
into play to interrupt
all ongoing action in
novel circumstances. Most
of the time the basal
ganglia allow and
help cortically determined movements to run smoothly. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
94 |
|
On occasion, and special contexts, the basal ganglia respond to unusual circumstances to reorder the cortical control movements. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
94 |
|
The basal
ganglia circuitry implicated in motor control does not radically different from
that implicated in cognition. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
94 |
|
The role of the basal ganglia in controlling movement must give insight into their other functions, particularly if thought is mental movement without motion. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
94 |
|
Perhaps the basal
ganglia are an elaborate machine, within the overall functional frontal lobe
distributed system, that allow routine thought and action, but which respond to new circumstances to allow a change in direction of ideas and movement. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
94 |
|
Loss of
basal ganglia contribution, such as in Parkinson's disease, thus leads to
inflexibility of mental and motor response. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
94 |
|
Only human
beings possess language and complex thought. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
94 |
|
Research studies of humans show that the basal ganglia are an essential neuroanatomical component of
the functional language system. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
94 |
|
The study of aphasia, the loss of language from brain damage, has structured theories of mind and brain for
more than a century. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
95 |
|
Anomia,
word finding difficulty. |
|
1 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
96 |
|
Broca's aphasia is often characterized as an expressive language deficit. |
|
1 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
96 |
|
The most obvious difference
between Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia is that the speech of Wernicke's aphasics is fluent. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
96 |
|
Wernicke's aphasics also have comprehension deficits. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
96 |
|
The ability of Wernicke's aphasics to produce and understand language
is severely compromised,
although their speech is not distorted. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
97 |
|
Broca's aphasics have a characteristic speech production deficit. |
|
1 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
97 |
|
Some aspects of
speech production are
not impaired in Broca's aphasia. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
97 |
|
Acoustic analysis of Broca's aphasics speech show that the
production of the format frequency patterns that specify vowels is unimpaired, though there is increased
variability. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
97 |
|
Since that format
frequency patterns are determined by the configuration of the supralaryngeal vocal track (tongue, lips,
a larynx height), we can conclude that the control of these structures
is unimpaired in aphasia. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
97 |
|
The encoding or melding of format frequency patterns, which characterizes
the production of human speech, is preserved in Broca's aphasia. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
97 |
|
Humans speakers plan ahead as they talk, anticipating the sounds that will
occur. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
98 |
|
The primary speech
production deficit of Broca's
syndrome is deterioration
of sequencing between
independent articulates, principally between the larynx and tongue and lips. |
|
1 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
98 |
|
The essential
point is that the sequence of laryngeal phonation and the release of the stop consonant must be regulated to within 20 ms. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
98 |
|
Broca's aphasics are unable to maintain control of the sequencing between laryngeal and supralaryngeal vocal track (SVT) gestures. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
98 |
|
Sequencing deficits between velar and tongue and lip activity occur and Broca's aphasiacs. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
98 |
|
The coding of the sounds that specify the name of a word, appears to be
preserved in Broca's aphasics. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
99 |
|
Studies of the vocalizations of monkeys and human speech suggests that the anterior cingulate gyrus (part of
the paleocortex) plays a part in regulating phonation in both humans and nonhuman primates. |
|
1 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
99 |
|
Lesions in
the anterior cingulate gyrus can result in mutism, the complete absence of phonation in humans. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
99 |
|
Independent neocortical areas clearly are implicated in controlling lip and
tongue speech maneuvers in human beings. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
99 |
|
Aphasic patients have difficulties when planning activities and strategies, shifting
strategies, formulating abstract
categories, and thinking symbolically. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
100 |
|
The human
brain did not spring
fourth de novo; the basic subcortical structures found in reptiles and
amphibians survive and play a role in the operation of the human
brain. |
|
1 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
100 |
|
Language is
one of the derived features that differentiate human beings from closely related animals such as chimpanzees. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
100 |
|
Primitive features are shared by the divergent species descended from ancestral
species. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
100 |
|
Derived features are ones that differentiate a species from other
species that have different
evolutionary lineages, though they may share a common ancestor. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
100 |
|
Subcortical lesions are implicated in deficits of aphasia, since the middle cerebral artery is the
blood vessel most susceptible to thrombotic or embolic occlusion. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
100 |
|
Central branches of the middle cerebral artery supply the putamen, caudate nucleus, and globus pallidus. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
100 |
|
Brain imaging
techniques have shown that subcortical neural structures are necessary elements of a functional human language system. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
101 |
|
Damage to Broca's area alone or its immediate surroundings is insufficient to produce the full syndrome of Broca's aphasia. |
|
1 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
101 |
|
Damage to
the internal capsule
(the nerve fibers
that connect the neocortex to subcortical structures as well as to ascending fibers), the putamen, and the caudate nucleus can yield impaired speech production and agrammatisms similar to that of
the classic aphasias
as well as other cognitive deficits. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
103 |
|
The primary
deficits of Parkinson's
disease
are motoric tremors, rigidity, and repeated movement patterns. |
|
2 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
103 |
|
Subcortical
diseases also cause linguistic and cognitive deficits. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
103 |
|
Broca's aphasia can occur in even mild or moderately
impaired PD patients. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
103 |
|
Dementia
has long been associated with Huntington's
disease,
a neurodegenerative disease that systematically destroys the caudate nucleus but also affects the cortex. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
106 |
|
Low amplitude speech is a sign of Parkinson's disease. |
|
3 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
110 |
|
On Mount
Everest, as climbers
ascend,
the low oxygen
content of the thin
air brings on hypoxia. |
|
4 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
110 |
|
On Mount
Everest,
the time
needed to comprehend spoken English
sentences also increases. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
110 |
|
Hypoxic insult to basal ganglia structures sensitive to oxygen deprivation is the most likely cause of speech and syntax deficits. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
112 |
|
Studies suggest a link between
the rate at which a person speaks and the processing limitations
imposed on the phonetic
rehearsal mechanism of verbal
working memory. |
|
2 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
136 |
|
Chimpanzee vocalizations are closely bound to emotion. |
|
24 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
136 |
|
Chimpanzees cannot even produce vocalizations that are not bound to specific emotional states. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
136 |
|
The anatomical basis for the modulation of formant frequencies that is one of the central characteristics of human speech is the airway above the larynx. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
136 |
|
The human
upper airway that constitutes the supralaryngeal vocal track (SVT) differs from that of all other living species. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
137 |
|
The human supralaryngeal vocal track decreases
biological fitness by making swallowing
liquids and solid food more risky. |
|
1 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
137 |
|
The head and neck of an adult
male chimpanzee (diagram) |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
138 |
|
Lateral view of an adult human
supralaryngeal vocal track (SVT)
(diagram) |
|
1 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
138 |
|
In the human
supralaryngeal
configuration,
the larynx
occupies a low position
relative to the mandible and vertebrae of the spinal column. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
138 |
|
Normal swallowing in humans is achieved through a sequence of coordinated maneuvers of the tongue, the jaw, the pharyngeal constrictor
muscles, and muscles that move the hyoid bone. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
138 |
|
In humans, the larynx must be pulled forward so that food and drink enter the digestive tract; if not, a person
can choke to death if
food lodges in the larynx. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
139 |
|
The shape of the tongue is
scarcely altered when the different vowels of English are produced. |
|
1 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
139 |
|
The contour of the tongue forms
two tubes, a horizontal "tube" formed by the human mouth and a
vertical pharynx "tube." |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
141 |
|
Neanderthals
must have possessed language and speech. |
|
2 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
141 |
|
Neanderthal speech simply was not as efficient a medium of vocal communication as human speech. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
142 |
|
The fundamental
frequency phonation (F0), which is
determined by laryngeal muscles and alveolar (lung) air pressure, is one of the principal cues that signals the end of a sentence and major syntactic units. |
|
1 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
142 |
|
Most human
languages make use of controlled
variations of F0 to produce tones that differentiate words. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
142 |
|
The roots of speech
communication may extend back to the earliest stages of hominid evolution. |
|
0 |
Philip
Lieberman; Human Language |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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