| Llinás;
I of the Vortex |
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| Book |
Page |
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Topic |
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| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
9 |
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Many types of neurons in the nervous system are endowed with particular types of intrinsic electrical activity. |
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| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
10 |
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Simultaneity of neuronal
activity is the most pervasive mode of operation of the
brain. Neuronal groups that oscillate in phase, i.e. coherently, support simultaneity of
activity. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
12 |
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Simultaneity
of neuronal activity arising from intrinsic oscillatory electrical
activity, resonance,
and coherence are at
the root of cognition. |
|
2 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
13 |
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Brain
operates as a reality emulator. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
17 |
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Nervous systems are an exclusive property of actively moving creatures. |
|
4 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
18 |
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Brains are
an evolutionary prerequisite for guided movement in primitive animals. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
18 |
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Nervous system evolved to provide a plan, one composed of goal-oriented, mostly short-lived prediction verified by moment-to-moment
sensory input. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
21 |
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Prediction
is the ultimate function of the brain. |
|
3 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
25 |
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Ability to predict evolved in tandem with increasingly complex
movement strategies. |
|
4 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
30 |
|
Scherzo of Schubert's Piano Quartet No.8 requires
repetitive hand movements at approximately 8 Hz, which approaches the upper limit
for finger movements by professional pianists. |
|
5 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
42 |
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Intrinsic neuronal oscillation together with sensory input is necessary for the modulation of ongoing movement. |
|
12 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
44 |
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The spinal
cord is capable of sustaining a rhythmic movement -- like a decapitated chicken -- but it cannot organize and generate a directed movement. |
|
2 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
44 |
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Inferior Olive (IO) neurons play a fundamental role in movement coordination. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
46 |
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Inferior olive IO neurons axons form nerve fiber bundles that route into the cerebellum. |
|
2 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
46 |
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Purkinje cells are the largest nerve cells in the brain. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
46 |
|
Climbing fibers of IO
axons climb up over the Purkinje
cells' branching dendrites where the Purkinje cells receive input from other neurons. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
46 |
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Most movement
control processing occurs in the cerebellum. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
46 |
|
Climbing fibers, which are some of the most
powerful synaptic inputs in the vertebrate
central nervous system, play an important role in motor
control. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
46 |
|
Purkinje cells are inhibitory onto their target
neurons. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
46 |
|
Axons of
the IO (inferior olive] cells give rise to the cerebellar climbing fibers. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
46 |
|
Transmembrane voltage in IO (inferior olive) cells oscillates spontaneously at 8-12 Hz. IO cells fire action potentials (spikes) at
a frequency of 1-2 Hz, i.e., they do not fire on every oscillation.
|
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
46 |
|
IO cells (inferior olive) fire their action potentials rhythmically. Membrane conductance (ionic flow)
underlies the generation of this oscillatory activity, which is
referred to as regenerative firing. IO cells are capable of generating action potentials without
excitatory input. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
48 |
|
Cerebellum
is the neuronal area where most of the control of
movement coordination is processed. |
|
2 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
48 |
|
Oscillation
of the inferior olive results in a slight tremor at close to 10 Hz, even when we are not moving. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
48 |
|
The slight
oscillatory movement (known as physiological
tremor) serves to time movements, like a metronome does when we are learning
to play a musical instrument. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
48 |
|
No one can move faster than they can tremble. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
48 |
|
There is strong scientific
evidence to indicate the relationship of the inferior
olive to tremor. The pulsate organization of movement may well be related to rhythmic,
ensemble output of
the inferior olive. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
50 |
|
The brain's
control of organized
movement gave birth to the generation and nature of the mind. [Fuster's
perception-action cycle] |
|
2 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
50 |
|
Most motor
processing is handled by the cerebellum and its associated
incoming and outgoing systems. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
50 |
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Olivocerebellar system is the prime candidate
for a neural assembly capable of optimizing and
simplifying motor control. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
55 |
|
Premotor template that serves as a planning
platform for behavior or purposeful action. [Fuster's
perception-action cycle] |
|
5 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
55 |
|
Regardless of training or
personal effort, we cannot make movements faster than 10
Hz. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
56 |
|
Brain is a closed system modulated by the senses. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
57 |
|
Self-activating system is capable of emulating reality, even in the absence of input from reality, as occurs in dream states and daydreaming. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
57 |
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Emotions
are internally generated intrinsic events, excellent examples of premotor
templates in primitive form. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
58 |
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Play behavior
by young animals is an exploration of internal functional space. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
63 |
|
Embryos
generate continuous bouts of muscle tremor, not unlike small epileptic fits. |
|
5 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
63 |
|
Epileptic activity may be among the most primitive of all functional states -- a bit like
sneezing. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
65 |
|
Transformations between sensory input and motor output is an internal functional space, which is made up of neurons that
represent the properties of the external world. [Fuster's
perception-action cycle] |
|
2 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
77 |
|
Phosphorus
is critical to eukaryotic life. For energetically expensive tasks, cells must obtain the highest levels of usable energy from fuel molecules, via oxidative phosphorylation. |
|
12 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
77 |
|
With the development of
calmodulin, the calcium/calmodulin complex became an intracellular
tool as a signaling system via 'second messenger' roles. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
78 |
|
Neurons
arose within the space between sensing and moving; this space evolved to become the brain. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
81 |
|
Neurons are
a specialization of eukaryotic cells that allowed the evolution of natural
'computation' by cellular
ensembles. |
|
3 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
82 |
|
Neurons
came into existence to facilitate and orchestrate the ever-growing complexity of sensorimotor transformations. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
90 |
|
Electrochemical signaling, 1 to 5 milliseconds. |
|
8 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
90 |
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Gap junction channels, direct flow of current from cell to cell, rapid and synchronous firing of interconnected cells. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
120 |
|
Temporal coherence - timeness is consciousness - perceptual unity based on spacial and temporal conjunction. |
|
30 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
124 |
|
Consciousness
is a noncontinuous event
determined by simultaneity of activity in the thalamocortical system. |
|
4 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
124 |
|
The 40-Hz
oscillation is a candidate mechanism to produce temporal conjunction of rhythmic activity over a large ensemble of neurons. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
124 |
|
Thalamic input from the cortex is far larger than from the peripheral sensory systems. This
suggests that thalamocortical iterative activity is a main
mechanism of brain
function.
[Fuster's perception-action
cycle] |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
126 |
|
The thalamocortical
system, by its hublike
organization, allows radial
communication of the thalamic
nuclei with all aspects of the cortex. These cortical regions
include the sensory, motor, and associational areas. These areas subserve a feedforward/feedback, reverberating flow
of information. [Fuster's
perception-action cycle] |
|
2 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
127 |
|
Prediction
is the ultimate and most pervasive of all brain functions. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
128 |
|
"I" of the vortex |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
128 |
|
Secondary qualities of our
senses such as colors, identified smells, tastes, and sounds are but
inventions/constructs of an intrinsic CNS (central nervous system) semantic. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
129 |
|
What distinction is there
between dreaming and wakefulness? If cognition is a function of the 40-Hz
thalamocortical resonance, what happens to this
oscillatory rhythm during sleep, particularly dream or REM sleep? |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
130 |
|
The 40-Hz
coherent activity was present in the awake and REM
sleep states, but greatly
reduced in delta (slow-wave,
deep sleep). |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
130 |
|
An auditory stimulus produced
40-Hz oscillations in the wakefulness state |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
130 |
|
The waking and REM sleep states are very similar with respect to the presence of 40-Hz
oscillations. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
130 |
|
40-Hz oscillations are not reset by sensory input during REM sleep, even though studies have clearly shown that the thalamocortical system is accessible to sensory input during
sleep. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
130 |
|
Difference between dreaming and wakefulness: the external world is not perceived during REM sleep because the intrinsic activity of the nervous system does not place sensory input within
the context of the functional state being generated by the brain. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
131 |
|
Consciousness
is a product of thalamocortical activity. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
131 |
|
Dialogue
between the thalamus
and the cortex
generates subjectivity
in humans and in higher vertebrates.
[Edelman's dynamic core] |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
133 |
|
Fixed Action Patterns (FAPs) -
Automatic brain modules that make complex
movements; well defined motor
patterns, (walking, swallowing) |
|
2 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
133 |
|
Compare FAPs, which include the brain, with spinal reflexes in which the brain is not involved. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
134 |
|
FAPs group simple reflexes and lower FAPs into functional modules capable of more
complex goal-oriented behavior. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
134 |
|
Central Pattern Generators
(CPGs) generate neuronal patterns of activity that drive FAPs such as the walking FAP. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
136 |
|
It is believed that the more complex FAPs are generated centrally by the basal
ganglia. |
|
2 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
136 |
|
The basal
ganglia represent
some of the least understood areas of the brain, particularly in regard to their functional organization and architecture. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
136 |
|
Expression of
FAPs is supported by
the interplay among a number of vastly different
parts of the nervous system and the basal ganglia. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
138 |
|
Majority of connections within the basal ganglia are inhibitory. |
|
2 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
138 |
|
Basal ganglia's intrinsic, reciprocal inhibitory
activity keeps all potential FAPs from becoming active. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
138 |
|
When a FAP
is executed, we say that it has been "liberated" into action. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
138 |
|
Basal ganglia
are the doors that,
when unlatched by the
motor cortex, may release into action very large functions outside of the
basal ganglia. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
144 |
|
FAPs are
most probably implemented at the level of the basal ganglia and put into context by the reentry of the basal ganglia output into the ever-cycling
thalamocortical system. |
|
6 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
151 |
|
Language
itself is a FAP. |
|
7 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
151 |
|
Broca's area
is responsible for the generation of motor aspects of language. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
152 |
|
Language centers of the brain - (diagram) |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
152 |
|
Nervous system appears very much to be organized in functional modules. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
153 |
|
FAPS are
subject to modification;
they can be learned, remembered, and perfected. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
155 |
|
Emotions as
Fixed Action Patterns (FAPs) |
|
2 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
156 |
|
Emotions
are among the very oldest of our brain
properties. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
157 |
|
Motor FAPs
of relatively primitive animals are accompanied by a well-defined emotional
component. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
161 |
|
Emotions
are linked to the motor
aspects of FAPs by access through the amygdala and the hypothalamus and their connectivity
with the brain stem. |
|
4 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
164 |
|
A Parkinson patient cannot express the emotional state because their associated motor
FAPs are no longer psychologically
accessible. |
|
3 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
166 |
|
Macroscopic strategy of the
brain -- smells awful, so don't eat it -- smells right, mate with it. |
|
2 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
168 |
|
Cognition
and consciousness
probably evolved from
the emotional states
that trigger FAPs. |
|
2 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
169 |
|
Combine
FAPs, emotions, consciousness into one directed
output -- Thalamocortical system. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
169 |
|
There is no perception that is ever separated from a possible, functional, motor implementation. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
169 |
|
Thalamocortical system, especially the non-specific
intralaminar system, projects extremely
aggressively to the basal ganglia. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
169 |
|
When a soloist
plays a concerto with a symphony orchestra, the
concerto is played purely from memory. This highly
specific motor pattern FAP is stored somewhere in the brain during practice sessions and is released during the performance. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
169 |
|
Although it seems intuitively
impossible that something as complicated and exacting in detail as the finger movements in playing Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto would be a FAP, it is an automatic module of discrete motor function. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
169 |
|
The playing of an instrumental concerto implies that
a highly specific motor pattern is stored somewhere and subsequently released at the time of the performance. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
169 |
|
From the musical
performance of an instrumental
concerto example, it is evidence that a FAP can be learned. In addition, a human FAP can be modified by experience. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
170 |
|
Neural processes underlying creativity have nothing to do with rationality. Creativity is not born out of reasoning. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
170 |
|
Activity in
the basal ganglia is running all the time, playing motor patterns and snippets
of motor patterns amongst and between themselves.
Because of the reentrant inhibitory connectivity among and between these nuclei, they seem to act as a continuous, random, motor pattern generator. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
170 |
|
Mozart said his music came to
him, uninterrupted. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
176 |
|
We are born
with a well-wired
brain and an incredible amount of knowledge
derived from the genetic wiring of our brains. |
|
6 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
180 |
|
Some FAPs
are critical for survival; begin breathing at birth. |
|
4 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
180 |
|
Certain emotional states are prewired and operative at birth. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
181 |
|
Referential memory represents that which has accrued
during development and throughout
a single lifetime. [Autobiographical memory] |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
182 |
|
Working memory -- (diagram) |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
182 |
|
Working memory is the ability to hold the detail of significant
content of the external world with the momentary
internal context generated by the thalamocortical system. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
183 |
|
Coactivate familiar, associated patterns of already embedded patterns of activity. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
183 |
|
Pattern of ensemble firing in a given sensory
cortex eventually associates and resonates with neurons in the cortical area
that deal with related subjects. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
183 |
|
Particular snippet
of a song is randomly released
from the basal ganglia; this fragment of a FAP then brings with
it the internal visual of when you heard this song last or perhaps where you
were and what you were doing when you first heard it. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
184 |
|
Current event memory; no different from that used in remembering where you left
the book you recently purchased. This memory may vanish in a few days. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
184 |
|
Memorable occasion; clearly referential; becomes transferred into long-term memory as "things we will never forget." |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
184 |
|
Implicit memory |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
184 |
|
Explicit memory |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
185 |
|
Patient HM had surgery to control epilepsy; both medial temporal lobes
removed in 1953; extensively studied aftermath. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
187 |
|
Neuroimaging, PET (positron emission tomography), fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) |
|
2 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
187 |
|
Brain regions
that seem to underlie implicit memory include the amygdala, whereas explicit memory involves the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
188 |
|
Short-term
or "working" memory is supported by ongoing activity that re-enters a neuronal loop. (analogous to continuously repeating a phone number while
dialing), ongoing electrical activity produced by synaptic feedback. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
188 |
|
Donald O. Hebb |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
188 |
|
Long Term Potentiation (LTP) |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
193 |
|
Brain is prewired by nature and for the most
part genetically determined. Hubel and Wiesel, vision; Mountcastle, somatosensory;
Chomsky, language. |
|
5 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
194 |
|
Double vision (diplopia) occurs
because the eyes are no longer perfectly aligned. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
194 |
|
Acquisition of phonemes that characterize a certain
language; learned within a particular period of time; learn a
particular language, but only at the expense of the ability to learn other
languages. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
195 |
|
Limits of adaptability apply to
everything we do or learn. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
199 |
|
Imprinting |
|
4 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
199 |
|
Neural resonance |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
202 |
|
Primitive creatures such as ants and
cockroaches are biological
automatons. |
|
3 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
202 |
|
Brain function implements what
natural selection has found to be the most beneficial in terms of species
survivability. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
202 |
|
Sensory experience leading to active movement (motoricity) through the function of prediction is the ultimate reason
for the very existence of the central nervous system. [Fuster's
perception-action cycle] |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
204 |
|
Epileptic patients, electrically stimulated cerebral cortex; limbs, finger, lips
twitch from electrical stimulation of motor homunculus; sensory experiences elicited by electrical stimulation of
somatosensory and association cortices. |
|
2 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
205 |
|
Somatosensory cortex ("sensory homunculus"), motor
cortex ("motor homunculus"), Wilder Penfield maps. - (illustration) |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
206 |
|
Qualia are fundamentally related
to electrical activity in the brain. Qualia must be subserved by electrical
events at nerve cells. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
206 |
|
A quantum
of cognition is measured to be a well-defined 12-15 millisecond time epoch. [This quantum of cognition has nothing to
do with quantum mechanics.] |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
206 |
|
The perceptual
capability of the central nervous system is such
that for two sensory stimuli to be perceived as two
distinguishable sensory events, there must be a
minimum of 12.5 milliseconds separating these events. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
206 |
|
A quantum
of cognition requires the patterned activation of millions or even hundreds of millions of cells. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
207 |
|
Electricity
is the only medium fast enough and far-reaching enough to support the rapid and
widespread ensemble activity underlying sensory experience within perceptual time frames. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
207 |
|
In the deep
sleep state, sensory
input of all types (modalities) is for the most
part rejected by the thalamocortical system. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
208 |
|
There are particular types of electrical patterns, global and
local, that must be coactivated for feelings to be evoked. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
209 |
|
Some people believe that qualia
represent very profound events in neuronal function dealing with quantum mechanical structures of neurons that include the detailed organization of microtubules and microfilaments. Llinás doubts that this topic is worth pursuing at any serious level. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
210 |
|
Patterned electrical activity in neurons and their molecular
counterparts are sensations. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
210 |
|
Qualia or feelings - conscious experience. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
215 |
|
It is assumed that the brain attempts at all times to decrease the functional overhead of
motor control.
Further, it is assumed that the brain also attempts to decrease the functional overhead of
sensory systems. |
|
5 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
215 |
|
We cannot
experience everything all at once, all the time,
so qualia provide a
construct based on what the thalamocortical system
deems worthy on a moment-to-moment
basis of focus/attention/significance. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
215 |
|
Weber-Fechner law governing the
relationship between the intensity of sensory activation and perception: s = k * ln A/A0 |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
220 |
|
Generated from the internal
functional geometry within the basal ganglia is a translation into expression
through the functional geometry of how the body can and needs to move, given
the momentary (internal and/or external) context. |
|
5 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
220 |
|
Functional organization of
sensory systems, translation of the geometry of the properties of the
external world into the geometry of the internal functional space, reality is
that all times simplified. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
220 |
|
Think of qualia -- sensations or sensory experience -- as the brain's innate
drive toward reducing overhead. Each
element of sensory input carries its own significance and the whole is
assembled by the pre-existent presence of significant activity and the
absence of other significant activity. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
221 |
|
Qualia as a
sort of master organ,
one that allows for the individual senses to operate or comingle in an ensemble fashion. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
228 |
|
Nervous system's capacity to
generate the premotor imagery required to abstract the properties of things
from the things themselves. |
|
7 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
228 |
|
Abstract thinking must have preceded language during evolution. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
228 |
|
Premotor events leading to expression of language are similar to the premotor events of any purposeful movement. [Fuster's perception-action cycle] |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
229 |
|
Language exists in many species
far older than Homo sapiens. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
229 |
|
Prosody is
an outward gesturing
of an internal state;
smiling, laughter, frowning, lifting of one's eyebrows; convey internal state in a way that
is recognizable to someone else. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
230 |
|
Prosody
represents a subcategory within language. |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
230 |
|
Pheromone delivery and reception
systems of a moth are known to be effective for distances of several miles.
Pheromone released by the female is recognized specifically and exclusively
by the male of the same species; find each other in an otherwise crowded
niche. |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
237 |
|
FAP of vocalization. |
|
7 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
243 |
|
Vocalization
became with usage a FAP. |
|
6 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
244 |
|
Wernicke's area (language comprehension, or auditory association area). |
|
1 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
244 |
|
Broca's speech area (alexia, inability to read, anomia, word-finding
difficulties, aphasias, speech disorders). |
|
0 |
| Llinás; I of the Vortex |
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