Rodolfo Llinás; Mind-Brain Continuum
Chapter	Page		Topic
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	4		Nervous system is primarily self activating and capable of generating a cognitive representation of the external environment even in the absence of sensory input, as for example in dreams.
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	5		Emotions are examples of internally generated intrinsic events that are premotor templates in primitive forms.		1
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	5		Within each modality, sensory inputs are processed by activity in a constellation of cortical regions that analyze specific aspects of the stimuli.		0
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	5		Central nervous system must have developed over evolutionary time as a neuronal network that initially mediated simple reflex relations between sensory-motor connectivity.		0
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	6		Dreaming and wakefulness are so similar from electrophysiological and neurological points of view that wakefulness may be described as a dreamlike state modulated by sensory input.		1
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	7		Several noninvasive technologies have been developed that allow  partial window into human brain function.  Such techniques as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are quite powerful for visualizing localized activity in certain areas of the brain during particular functional states.		1
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	7		PET and MRI images of activity may be correlated to visual inputs,    voluntary movements,    and premotor potentials,    and can be accurately isolated at the microscopic level with an accuracy of 1 -- 3 mm. However, PET and MRI methods are quite limited in the time domain.		0
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	7		In a research environment, magnetoencephalography (MEG) can measure human brain function with a temporal resolution comparable to the central nervous system itself.    Frequency response of the MEG instruments -- 1 kHz -- ensures that the electrical events coexisting with cognition    may be measured in real time.		0
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	7		Experiments using magnetoencephalography (MEG) has demonstrated that the coherence and oscillations at 40 Hz may be centrally related to cognition.		0
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	7		In alert subjects, continuous 40-Hz oscillations can be recorded over large areas of the surface of the head.  These oscillations are not in phase, but exhibit a 12- to 13-ms phase shift between the rostral and caudal parts of the brain.		0
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	9		On presentation of sensory stimuli, 40-Hz oscillations show phase locking,    which is proposed to be related to cognitive processing and to the temporal binding of sensory stimuli.		2
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	9		To investigate the role of coherent 40-Hz oscillations in sensory segmentation and binding, MEG recordings were made from the auditory cortex.  Based on a power spectral analysis, we define the 40-Hz response produced by a single stimulus as a 2.5-oscillation cycle,    demonstrating 2.5 oscillations at 40 Hz.		0
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	12		Experimental observations have concluded that sensory information    is processed in discrete time segments    as low as 12 ms.		3
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	12		Whereas the 12.5 ms time for the quantum of cognition has been determined psychophysically,    another very distinct measurement of the phase shift of 40-Hz oscillatory activity over the human cortex has a 12.5-ms duration as well.		0
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	12		40 Hz oscillations are present at many levels in the CNS,    olfactory bulb,    specific and nonspecific thalamic nuclei,    reticular thalamic nucleus,    and neocortex.		0
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	13		Damage to the nonspecific thalamus produces deep disturbances of consciousness,    whereas damage to specific systems produces loss of the particular modality.		1
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	14		Specific thalamocortical system    is viewed as encoding specific sensory and motor information    through the resonant thalamocortical system specialized to receive such inputs.		1
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	14		Activity in the thalamocortical system would tend to oscillate near 40 Hz,    and activity in the specific thalamocortical system    could easily be recognized over the cortex by this oscillatory characteristic.		0
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	14		Specific thalamocortical system would provide the content that relates to the external world,    and the nonspecific system would give rise to the temporal conjunction, or the context    that would together generate a single cognitive experience.		0
Llinás & Paré; Brain Modulated by Senses	14		Perception at a given moment is represented by a small percentage of coherently oscillating cellular elements over the whole thalamocortical system.  [Edelman's dynamic core]		0
Damasio; Making Images	19		Making Images and Creating Subjectivity		5
Damasio; Making Images	20		It appears that the temporally coordinated activity of the varied early cortices, and other subcortical stations with which they are interconnected, yields the essence of what we call an image.		1
Damasio; Making Images	20		Early sensory cortices are the critical base for processes of image making.		0
Damasio; Making Images	20		Damage to higher-order association cortices,  which are located outside of the early sensory region, does not preclude the making of images.		0
Damasio; Making Images	20		Hypothesized that the early sensory  cortices of each modality construct, with the assistance of structures in the thalamus and the colliculi, neural representations that are the basis for images.		0
Damasio; Making Images	20		Temporally coordinated activity of varied early cortices and of the subcortical stations with which they are interconnected yields the essence of what we call an image.		0
Damasio; Making Images	20		An important characteristic of images is that they have spatially and temporally organized patterns, and in the case of visual, somatosensory, and auditory images, those patterns are topographically organized.		0
Damasio; Making Images	20		Topographic representations can be committed to memory in the form of nontopographically organized dispositional  representations, and can be stored in dormant form in both cortical regions or subcortical nuclei.		0
Damasio; Making Images	20		Subsequent reactivation of those dormant dispositional  representations, followed by signaling from their storage sites back to early sensory cortices, can  regenerate topographically organized representations.		0
Damasio; Making Images	20		Retroactivation process uses the rich connectional patterns of feed-forward and feedback that characterize the architecture of cortical regions and subcortical nuclei.		0
Damasio; Making Images	20		Topographic representations can arise in turn as a result of signals external to the brain in the perceptual process, or in the process of  recall from signals inside the brain, coming from memory records held in dispositional representation form.		0
Damasio; Making Images	21		Convergence zones    receive convergent signals    and originate divergence signals    toward the sites    from which convergent signals came.		1
Damasio; Making Images	21		Convergence zones are located throughout association cortices and subcortical nuclei.		0
Damasio; Making Images	23		Conceptualize the self as a collection of images about the most invariant aspects of our organism and its interactions.		2
Damasio; Making Images	23		Core components of the self concern body structure    (i.e. viscera,    musculoskeletal frame)    and fundamentals of one's identity    (i.e. usual activities,    preferences,    physical and human relationships, etc.)		0
Damasio; Making Images	25		An object that is being represented,    an organism responding to the object of representation,    and a description of the organism in the process of changing in response to the object --    are held simultaneously in working memory    and are placed side-by-side    on rapid interpolation    in early sensory cortices.		2
Damasio; Making Images	25		Subjectivity would emerge when the brain is simultaneously producing not just images of an entity, of self and of organism responses,    but also another kind of image:    that of an organism in the act of perceiving and responding to an entity.		0
Ramachandran; Illusions of Body Image	29		Our behavior is mostly governed by a cauldron of emotions and motives of which we are largely unconscious.    Incarnations of this idea include such phenomena as blindsight, or the elicitation of changes in skin conductance in patients who have no conscious recognition of faces.		4
Ramachandran; Illusions of Body Image	29		Anosognosia: the vehement denial of paralysis in some patients who have suffered a right hemisphere stroke.		0
Ramachandran; Illusions of Body Image	42		The left hemisphere creates a model of reality.    If confronted with some new information    that does not fit the model,    the left hemisphere tends to deny,    repress,    or confabulate.		13
Ramachandran; Illusions of Body Image	42		The right hemisphere plays "devil's advocate" for unrealistic models    and forces the organism    to revise the entire model.		0
Ramachandran; Illusions of Body Image	43		In an anosognosia patient,    the left hemisphere is doing all the confabulation and denial.    The right hemisphere is not available    to force a paradigm shift in response to conflicting information.    Thus a delusional trap with continued confabulation.		1
Ramachandran; Illusions of Body Image	53		Humor typically involves taking someone along the garden path of expectation so that the left hemisphere constructs a story or model and then a sudden unexpected twist is introduced to generate a paradigm shift,    i.e. a completely new model is invoked to explain the same data.		10
Ramachandran; Illusions of Body Image	53		The twist in the humor episode has to be a novel but inconsequential.  Thus, we may regard humor as a response to inconsequential anomaly.		0
Ramachandran; Illusions of Body Image	55		Physicists refer to the "edge of chaos" in dynamical systems -- the emergence of "complexity" at the boundary between stability and chaos.		2
Ramachandran; Illusions of Body Image	56		Domain specificity    is not restricted to anosognosia,    it shows up in many areas of neurology.		1
Ramachandran; Illusions of Body Image	56		What are we to make of selective loss of vegetable names with sparing of fruits?    Or the loss of an animate object names, but not of inanimate ones?    Such findings pose a serious challenge for any theory of knowledge representation in the brain.		0
Merzenich; Neural Representations	61		The cerebral cortex is best understood in terms of ensembles of neurons that are used to represent the perceived world.		5
Merzenich; Neural Representations	62		The cerebral cortex is not a passive machine that waits for inputs,    but an active, dynamic system    that constructs and maintains    our complex internal world through its activities.		1
Merzenich; Neural Representations	62		All perceptions,    choices,    actions,    and representations    take place against the backdrop of an internal context that is formed from experience    and is maintained with the cortical system.		0
Merzenich; Neural Representations	62		The cortex    represents the world    through the use of interconnected networks of neurons or neuronal assemblies.		0
Merzenich; Neural Representations	62		Coding in the cortex is probably relational rather than strictly combinatorial,    meaning that the system uses relations between elements and ensembles    to establish reliable and flexible representations.		0
Merzenich; Neural Representations	63		The cortex is a dynamic system in which all representations occur against a backdrop of a continuing, internally generated content.		1
Merzenich; Neural Representations	64		The internal context supplied by the nervous system    includes such things as attention,   expectancy,    mental semblancy,    planning,    emotion,    and motivation;    and it determines the qualities of    our awareness of an object,    our choices of how to act,    and our actions themselves.		1
Merzenich; Neural Representations	64		Object and context hold equally important causal roles    that lead to perception and onward to action,    and each is represented by continuing activity patterns in the brain.		0
Merzenich; Neural Representations	65		Research studies have shown that important aspects of neural representation take place only through the combined actions or interactions of neuronal ensembles, and not by the activities of individual neurons alone.		1
Merzenich; Neural Representations	65		Representation ensembles    span cortical and subcortical systems,    with objects represented simultaneously    across broadly separated cortical areas.		0
Merzenich; Neural Representations	66		Cortical neuronal representations    must be understood as being relational    rather than merely combinatorial.		1
Merzenich; Neural Representations	66		The significance of a given neuron's signal    can only be interpreted by the brain    in terms of its relation to the activity of other neurons,    not with respect to a fixed system    whereby each neuron indicates a distinct feature.		0
Merzenich; Neural Representations	68		Given the short time constants governing synaptic plasticity in the cortex (milliseconds to tens of milliseconds),    temporally coincident,    coherent inputs    are highly effective    in driving representational changes.		2
Merzenich; Neural Representations	69		At lower system levels,    the cortical areas are occupied by topographically ordered representations    of the retina,    cochlea,    or skin.    During learning,    it is possible for large,    continuous,    strongly interconnected neuronal ensembles    to emerge    and represent behaviorally important stimuli.		1
Merzenich; Neural Representations	70		The majority of input to cortical neurons comes from other neurons in the local network neighborhood.		1
Merzenich; Neural Representations	70		Strongly correlated afferent bombardment    leads to changes in the connections between neighboring neurons,    thereby creating cooperating neuronal groups that,    because of their strengthened, positive interconnections,    appeared to discharge as members of a neuronal syncitium..		0
Merzenich; Neural Representations	71		The generation of progressively more coincident firing across neuronal assemblies as a consequence of learning,    amplifies representational power and effects, both locally, and within the projection targets of a reorganizing cortical area.		1
Merzenich; Neural Representations	71		Modulatory Control of Cortical Plasticity		0
Hickmott; Neurotransmitter Regulation of Synaptic Plasticity	83		Neurotransmitter Receptor Regulation and Its Role in Synaptic Plasticity and Stabilization		12
Hickmott; Neurotransmitter Regulation of Synaptic Plasticity	87		In 1949 Donald Hebb proposed a "neurophysiological postulate" of learning that states that presynaptic and postsynaptic cells that fire nearly synchronously tends to increase the efficacy of their connections.		4
Hickmott; Neurotransmitter Regulation of Synaptic Plasticity	90		For many regions of the brain, during normal development,    activation of the NMDA receptor is a necessary component    of the activity-dependent mechanism that selectively prunes synapses and tunes developing connections.		3
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization	104		The essential advantage of the dynamic, self organizing binding process is that individual cells can bind at different times with different partners, when input constellations change.		14
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization	106		During the formation of functionally coherent assemblies,    the discharges of neurons undergo a specific temporal patterning    so that cells participating in the encoding of related contents eventually come to discharge in synchrony.		2
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization	106		The temporal patterning of neurons is thought to be based on a self-organizing process that is mediated by a highly selective network of reentrant connections.		0
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization	109		Distributed groups of neurons can engage in synchronous activity.		3
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization	109		Temporally coded assemblies of neurons require that the probabilities with which distributed cells    synchronize their responses    should reflect some of the Gestalt criteria applied in perceptual grouping.		0
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization	113		Individual cells can change partners with which they synchronize when stimulus configurations change.		4
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization	114		In mammals,    cortico-cortical connections    develop mainly postnatally and attain their full specificity through an activity-dependent selection process.		1
Singer; Neuronal Synchronization	125		It seems likely that neural activation patterns (assemblies) reaching the threshold of conscious awareness must be sufficiently organized, i.e. coherent.		11
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	133		The physical quantities constituting long-term memory or synaptic strengths.		8
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	136		Dynamic Link Architecture		3
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	137		Two aspects of neuron signals in the brain:    (1) rate or mean frequency of firing,    (2) fine temporal signal structure,    which is evaluated in terms of correlations among sets of cells.		1
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	137		If, during a time interval, the signals on a set of neurons are significantly correlated, the set is interpreted as being bound during that interval.		0
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	137		There is experimental evidence for the existence in the nervous system of temporal signal structure of appropriate nature to encode binding by temporal synchrony.		0
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	137		Correlations involving just two neurons    cannot play a central role because binary correlations are too easily drowned in the noise of accidental coincidences.    Therefore, the significant correlations will be those involving larger numbers of neurons, perhaps near-simultaneous spikes on fifty neurons, which can easily be recognized as being statistically significant.		0
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	139		Cortical neural signals have a very pronounced stochastic structure,    and nervous tissue is evidently designed to create and preserve it.    An assumption of statistical independence of signals therefore must be faulty,    and strong signal correlations must be present in the brain.		2
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	140		Temporal bandwidth of neural signals is severely limited.    It is not possible within short periods of time to express complicated multilevel binding structures in terms of signal correlations.		1
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	140		Rapid synaptic modification -- synapses are characterized by two quantities, T and J, where T is the conventional permanent synaptic weight; and J is the momentarily effective strength of a synapse. The parameter J can vary on a rapid time scale between zero and a maximum determined by T.		0
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	140		Forceful activity events can modify synapses in a small fraction of a second, perhaps a few milliseconds.    When there is no further activity in the two cells connected by a synapse,    J slowly returns to its resting value, with the time constant of short-term memory.		0
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	141		Two central hypotheses of dynamic link architecture: (1) binding by signal correlations, and (2) short-term synaptic modification.		1
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	141		Signal correlations come to express the patterns of connections in the circuit, i.e., the underlying causal structure of the nervous system.		0
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	142		Neurons are coincidence detectors and are superbly sensitive to signal correlations.		1
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	142		A correlation pattern can selectively activate receiving circuits of appropriate structure.    In the simplest case this is possible if the circuit that receives the pattern    is isomorphic    to the circuit that created it.		0
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	142		Whereas in classic neural networks, neurons do not pay attention to fine signal structure, in the dynamic link architecture the incoming signals have to be correlated in time.		0
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	142		A given set of neurons    can support a large number of activity patterns    that differ only in their fine temporal structure.		0
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	142		The cognitive system of dynamic link architecture is based upon "synfire" chains -- sets ("pools") of neurons, each one connected nearly all-to-all with the next pool.  The synfire chain can be traversed by an activity process in which all the cells in a pool fire simultaneously and thus succeed in firing the cells in the next pool simultaneously.		0
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	142		Each neuron can participate in many synfire chains and even several times in the same chain. Synfire chains are proposed as the basic building blocks of a compositional cognitive system.		0
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	142		Signal correlations are evaluated by synapses by modifying their dynamic weight. The interaction between signal correlations and synaptic dynamics has the form of a positive feedback loop. This feedback loop is the basis for a system of rapid network self-organization.		0
von der Malsburg; Binding Problem	142		Signal correlations act back on the network and modify its structure by rapid synaptic modification. This leads to a run-away situation that comes to a halt when a dynamic network connectivity pattern is reached in which the signal structure and the connectivity structure are consistent with each other.		0
Logothetis, Object Recognition in Primates	147		Recognition and Representation of Visual Objects in Primates		5
Logothetis, Object Recognition in Primates	147		Nonlinear interpolation among stored orthographic or perspective views that can be determined on the basic of geometric features or material properties of the object.		0
Logothetis; Object Recognition in Primates	160		The inferior temporal area (IT) is composed of the large region of cortex    extending from just anterior to the inferior occipital sulcus    to just posterior to the temporal pole,    and from the fundus of the superior temporal sulcus    to the fundus of the occititotemporal sulcus.		13
Logothetis; Object Recognition in Primates	160		Lesion studies in monkeys showed that damage to IT    spares low-level visual tasks, such as orientation discrimination,    but disrupts    pattern perception and recognition.		0
Logothetis; Object Recognition in Primates	160		Cells in the inferior temporal area (IT) have large receptive fields that almost always include the fovea, and most of the cells are selective for stimulus attributes such as size, color, orientation, and direction of movement.		0
Logothetis; Object Recognition in Primates	161		Shape is a prevailing stimulus feature in IT cortex. The IT neurons respond in a selective manner to the shape of various natural or humanmade objects.		1
Logothetis; Object Recognition in Primates	161		The most striking class of highly selective cells in IT    are those responding to the sight of faces.		0
Logothetis; Object Recognition in Primates	161		Presenting different views    or parts of the face in isolation    revealed that the neurons may respond selectively    to face views,    features,    or subsets of features.		0
Logothetis; Object Recognition in Primates	163		A small percentage of neurons,    although often firing with a rate of between 5 and 20 Hz, could not be driven by any of the stimuli used in these experiments.		2
Logothetis; Object Recognition in Primates	165		Some IT neurons were maximally sensitive to the front view of the face,    and their response fell off as the head was rotated into the profile view;    others were sensitive to the profile view    with no reaction to the front view of the face.		2
Logothetis; Object Recognition in Primates	166		The study revealed a total of five cell types in the superior temporal sulcus,    each maximally responsive    to one view of the head.		1
Logothetis; Object Recognition in Primates	166		The five types of cells were separately tuned for full face,    profile,    back of the head,    head up,    head down.		0
Logothetis; Object Recognition in Primates	166		Most of these head-sensitive neurons    were 2 to 10 times more sensitive to faces    than to simple geometrical stimuli    or three-dimensional objects.		0
Logothetis; Object Recognition in Primates	166		The study found cells in the IT cortex of infant monkeys that had responses selective for    shape,    faces,    geometrical patterns,    and color.		0
Logothetis; Object Recognition in Primates	166		At least some of the neurons    that are selective to highly complex patterns    are available to the recognition system    even at the earliest developmental stage of the visual system.		0
Logothetis; Object Recognition in Primates	169		Only a small number of object views    have to be stored    to achieve the perceptual invariance    that biological visual systems exhibit    in everyday life.		3
Logothetis; Object Recognition in Primates	169		A small population of neurons in inferior temporal cortex    responds selectively    to individual members of the object classes.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	177		Taste can be simplified to four primitive chemical categories,    and responses are monotonic to concentration.		8
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	178		Within early stages of the visual,    auditory,    and somatosensory systems    it is the relevant and monotonically coded dimensions, and relations among them,    that are mapped so systematically.		1
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	178		In the visual system,    early cortical processing stages    detect specific features such as contrast, color, depth, and movement separately,    and the  representations of these features are systematically organized.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	178		At the highest levels of processing,    combinations of  simpler features    form perceptual objects.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	178		The highest-level processing of the visual system, combining simpler features into perceptual objects, occurs in the inferotemporal area with its enormous convergence of inputs about visual features.    At this stage of visual processing,    no topography has been identified.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	178		In the inferotemporal area there is a clustering of cells involved in encoding particular stimuli.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	179		Instead of odor primitives,    the olfactory system likely uses categorization mechanisms    based on distributed olfactory cortical networks.		1
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	179		Analysis of sensory processing by cell assemblies in the relatively simple olfactory cortex may offer insights into coding at higher levels in other sensory systems.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	179		Continuous turnover of receptor cells occurs in the olfactory sensorium;    receptor cells are gradually renewed.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	179		Olfactory bulb    remains plastic    beyond its full development;    injury or odor deprivation can result in reorganization in the bulb    well into adulthood.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	179		Olfactory identification is very poor.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	179		Odor memories can be exceedingly powerful.    A fragrant perfume can bring forth strong memories    associated with a long-forgotten romance.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	179		Olfactory identification    is very poor for humans;    they often misidentify highly familiar odors    using only olfactory cues.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	180		Odor processing does not converge with that of other senses    until the final common paths    into the entorhinal cortex, amygdala, and prefrontal area.		1
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	180		Vision,    audition,    and somatosensation    merge in temporal and parietal association areas of the neocortex    well before the common paths    into the entorhinal cortex,    amygdala,    and prefrontal convergence sites.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	180		Common processing of conventional sensory modalities includes a convergence in the verbal areas of the neocortex.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	180		Hippocampus has myriad connections with many brain areas.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	180		Olfactory system projects heavily onto and has especially immediate access to the hippocampal system.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	180		Hippocampal system    in odor-guided learning and memory.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	181		A pronounced rhythm    dominates the EEG    throughout the nonprimate mammalian limbic system    during exploratory activity and learning.    Theta rhythm range 5-12 Hz.		1
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	183		Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) is induced preferentially by electrical stimulation that is based on three separate but related patterns of afferent activation.		2
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	183		The LTP in CA1 is preferentially induced by    high-frequency bursts of stimulation (4 pulses at 100 Hz,    repeated at 5 to 10 Hz),    and can be induced by a single burst if another burst or single pulse    precedes the that burst by 130 to 200 msec,    i.e.latencies that parallel frequencies of 5-7 Hz.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	183		Patterned stimulation is most effective in inducing LTP in dentate gyrus when delivered at the peak of dentate theta rhythm		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	183		Brief episodes of high-frequency stimulation, when applied in the appropriate temporal relationship to prior activity and to continuing theta rhythm, can reliably enhance synaptic efficacy in a brain area critical to the formation of certain types of memory.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	183		Coherent activity associated with theta bursting appears to pervade the hippocampal cell population.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	183		Subsets of hippocampal cells achieve near-synchronous activity relative to particular phases of theta rhythm.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	192		The binding problem of early sensory processing refers to how early-stage, separately-processed stimulus elements are sorted and combined to form perceptually distinct complex stimuli.		9
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	192		Hippocampal system contains afferents from all sensory modalities.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	192		Afferents to the hippocampal system may be better conceived as functionally rather than perceptually defined inputs.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	198		Different forms of binding of perceptual elements by components of the hippocampal system.		6
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	198		In the parahippocampal region perceptual elements may be bound by a conceptual fusion or compression into a single configural representation. This can involve multimodal elements that occur simultaneously or even in sequence, but they are bound into a single composite encoding.		0
Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory	198		Hippocampus, in contrast to the parahippocampal region, prevents the representational compression when perceptual elements and their relations may need to be recognized separately at a later time. Representations are bound only by the memory network in which they reside.		0