| Bruce McEwen; Cerebrum 2007 - Emerging Ideas in Brain Science | |||||
| Book | Page | Topic | |||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 169 | Hardwired for Happiness | |||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 171 | Enemies of happiness, such as stress, depression, anxiety, and phobias. | 2 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 171 | Key neurotransmitters in the mechanisms of emotion in the brain and body. | 0 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 171 | Deeper understanding of the biological components of happiness, and to practical applications for achieving it such as antidepressant drugs. | 0 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 172 | Our most basic negative emotional processes, such as fear, stress, anxiety, anger, and aggression and how they relate to the brain, nervous system, hormones, and an internal organs. | 1 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 172 | Neural correlates of an emotion, particularly the subcortical structures such as limbic system, hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia, and midbrain. | 0 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 172 | Unhappiness was considered to arrive on its own, since fear, anger, and defense are responses to danger from the external world and are vital for our survival ("fight or flight"). | 0 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 172 | Feelings of pleasure and happiness were thought to be largely cultural, guiding our behavior toward desirable situations. | 0 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 172 | "pleasure centers of the brain", 1950s, James Olds and Peter Milner. | 0 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 172 | Specific structures in the subcortical brain process motivational input; the nucleus accumbens is one of the most active. | 0 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 173 | Stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in humans elicits smiling, laughter, pleasurable feelings, happiness, even euphoria. | 1 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 173 | Extensive mapping has proved the existence of a coherent "reward system" in the brain. | 0 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 173 | When the cortex has received and processed a sensory stimulus indicating a reward, it sends a signal to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain. The VTA then releases dopamine not only to the nucleus accumbens, but also into the septum, the amygdala, and the prefrontal cortex. These regions are connected through the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). | 0 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 173 | Dopamine is involved in functions ranging from motivation and reward to feeding and drug addiction. | 0 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 173 | Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with positive emotions and feelings; it is essential for activation of the reward system because it sets in motion the neural circuits involved in motivation. | 0 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 173 | Dopamine-driven reward system is best known for its association with addiction, in which it causes uncontrollable urges to engage in distructive behavior. | 0 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 174 | Endorphins, a kind of internal morphine composed of a sequence of amino acids. | 1 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 174 | Receptors for endorphins, called opiate receptors, can be found in several parts of the brain. | 0 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 174 | When released by the pituitary gland and by neurons in the hypothalamus, endorphins suppress pain. | 0 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 174 | Pleasurable feelings that accompany actions such as eating chocolate, laughing, smiling, touching, meditating, singing, listening to good music, and even orgasm are partially attributed to the brain's release of endorphins. | 0 | ||
| Cardoso; Hardwired for Happiness | 174 | It is proposed that opiate receptors and endorphins provide a biomolecular basis for emotion. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 185 | Hope for "Comatose" Patients | 11 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 188 | Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) | 3 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 190 | States of Disordered Consciousness. | 2 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 190 | Immediate consequence of severe brain injury is the loss of consciousness that results in a coma, an "unarousable unresponsiveness." | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 190 | Person in a coma does not respond to vigorous efforts to elicit a response of any kind -- sound, movement, eye-opening -- and shows no variation in behavior, simply a sleep-like state with eyes closed. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 191 | Coma, Persistent Vegetative State (PVS), Minimally Conscious State (MCS) -- (table) | 1 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 191 | Prognosis for someone in a coma very much depends on the person's age, the amount of structural damage, and whether there is evidence of direct injury to the brain stem. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 191 | Comatose state, if uncomplicated by other factors, is typically followed within 7 to 14 days by an indeterminate period during which an eyes-open, "wakeful" appearance alternates with an eyes-closed, "sleep" state. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 191 | Vegetative states demonstrate no evidence of awareness of self or response to their surroundings. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 191 | If a patient remains in a vegetative state for more than 30 days, he is deemed to be in a persistent vegetative state (PVS). | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 191 | Prospects for recovery of consciousness become grim when the vegetative state becomes chronic or permanent, after three months in the case of anoxic injury, and a year following traumatic injuries. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 192 | Minimally conscious state (MCS) | 1 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 192 | Limited behavior exhibited by MCS patients can include basic verbalization, gestures, memory, attention, intention, and awareness of self and environment. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 192 | Emerging from MCS after he passed through an initial coma and a period in the vegetative state. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 192 | Progression from PVS to MCS may take months following a traumatic brain injury. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 193 | Rudolfo Llinas, M.D., Ph.D.. | 1 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 196 | Crucial importance of functional integration, functioning forebrain networks. | 3 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 196 | Differences in integration of functions, more than levels of restling brain activity, are what separate PVS from MCS. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 196 | Abnormally increased synchronization of populations of neurons as is seen in epilepsy, delicate balance of excitation and inhibition. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 197 | Patients with severe cognitive impairment could be limited, in part, by a lack of functional integration among imtact regions of their brains. | 1 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 197 | Deep brain stimulation has advanced the treatment of drug-resistant Parkinson's disease, sometimes dramatically. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 197 | Deep brain stimulation is being investigated to help patients with chronic pain, epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders such as depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 198 | Deep brain stimulation to raise the functional level of MCS patients. | 1 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 198 | Patients in a vegetative state, including Terry Schiavo. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 198 | Deep brain stimulation to regions of the central thalamus, an area with many connections to the cerebral cortex. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 198 | In 50 PVS patients studied worldwide, deep brain stimulation evoked no evidence of sustained recovery of interactive awareness. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 198 | Areas electrically stimulated in the PVS patients are part of the thalamus that are known to link a state of arousal with some aspects of moment-to-moment behavior. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 198 | PVS patients initiate no behavior, follow no commands, and attempt no communication. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 198 | MCS patients near the border line of emergence typically have changes in cognitive functioning that come and go over hours, days, weeks, or even longer. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 198 | In MCS patients, deep brain stimulation of the central thalamus might improve integration to the damaged networks that underlie moment-to-moment behavior. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 198 | In contrast to MCS patients, functional and structural neural imaging studies demonstrate that the networks in patients with chronic PVS have been overwhelmingly damaged. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 199 | Society must reexamine its attitudes toward patients with severe brain injury. | 1 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 199 | Because the futility of any potential treatment was pivotal in justifying the right-to-die for PVS patients, many physicians remain nihilistic about potential interventions in these patients with severely impaired consciousness. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 199 | Rights of patients to refuse life-sustaining therapies. | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 199 | Seminal 1976 Karen Quinlan case, the New Jersey Supreme Court allowed the removal of life-sustaining therapy because Quinlan was in a vegetative state without any possibility of return to a "cognitive sapient state." | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 200 | Hopeless condition of chronic PVS patients, sense of nihilism is so pervasive. | 1 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 200 | Right to die and the right to appropriate medical care | 0 | ||
| Schiff; Comatose | 202 | Terry Schiavo case | 2 | ||
| Huron; Music Review | 213 | Review of Daniel Levitin; This is Your Brain on Music | 11 | ||