| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | |||||
| Book | Page | Topic | |||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 5 | Computed tomography (CT) became widely available in the late 1970s. | |||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 5 | Development of MRI and the early 1980s. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 7 | Frontal lobes have three major divisions -- motor, premotor, and prefrontal regions. | 2 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 7 | Motor and premotor areas are considered distinctive functional units, whereas prefrontal cortex is more complex, requiring further subdivision. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 7 | Left and right frontal lobes are differentiated. Left frontal lobe is more specialized for language-related functions. Right frontal region is dominant in social cognition and emotions. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 7 | Prefrontal cortex can be parcellated into orbital, dorsolateral, and cingulate regions. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 7 | Orbitofrontal cortex has important medial-lateral and right-left divisions. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 7 | Medial orbitofrontal cortex is strongly connected with the hypothalamic nuclei. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 7 | Lateral orbital cortex is strongly connected with the anterior temporal and insular regions. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 7 | Working memory is a core constituent of executive function. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 7 | Interpersonal perspective taking (theory of mind). | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 7 | Linguistic functions of Broca's area in prefrontal cortex. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 7 | Right prefrontal cortex for social and emotional behavior. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 7 | Right supplementary motor area. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 7 | Combination of fMRI and lesion studies. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 7 | Intimate connections between subcortical and frontal structures. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 7 | Five distinctive frontal subcortical systems: (1) supplementary motor area, (2) frontal eye fields, (3) dorsolateral prefrontal, (4) orbitofrontal, (5) anterior cingulate cortex. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 8 | Orbitofrontal dysfunction causes social defects. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 8 | Movement disorders are particularly prominent when the basal ganglia component of frontal--subcortical circuits is affected. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 9 | Phineas Gage | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 9 | Orbitofrontal and dorsolateral components of the frontal lobes are distinctive. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 9 | Cingulate cortex is particularly important for initiation of behavior. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 9 | Frontal lobes are a large brain region representing 30% of the cortical surface. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 13 | Suck reflex. | 4 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 13 | Broca's aphasia. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 13 | Prefrontal cortex is parcellated into orbitofrontal, dorsolateral prefrontal, and medial frontal/anterior cingulate regions. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 14 | Frontal-cortical regions are connected to a complex circuitry of subcortical structures. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 14 | Main excitatory transmitter is glutamate. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 14 | Common inhibitory transmitter is GABA. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 14 | Modulating input from serotoninergic and dopaminergic nuclei. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 15 | Medial frontal cortex comprises the supplementary motor area and the anterior cingulate cortex. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 15 | Right-hemispheric orbitofrontal regions mediate the rules of social convention. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 28 | Connectivity of the frontal-subcortical circuits (diagram) | 13 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 29 | Akinetic mutism occurs with bilateral lesions of the anterior cingulate cortex. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 30 | The two OFCs (medial and lateral) mediate empathetic, civil, and socially appropriate behavior. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 32 | Parkinson's disease (PD) | 2 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 37 | Tourette's syndrome is characterized by repetitive vocal and/or motor tics. | 5 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 38 | Frontal lobe evolved to manage the pyramidal pathway. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 44 | Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). | 6 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 45 | Lateral and medial views of the left cerebral hemisphere of the human brain (diagram) prefrontal, premotor, motor, central sulcus, lateral sulcus; paralimbic | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 49 | Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) lies on the medial surface of the cingulate gyrus, wrapping around the anterior portion of the corpus callosum. | 4 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 49 | Functional organization of the ACC reflects its central role as an integrative center for the cognitive-behavioral and emotional-autonomic-motor neural networks. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 49 | Diverse functional affiliations of the ACC reflect its widespread connections to the DLPFC. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 49 | Prefrontal regions are reciprocally connected with temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices, where they receive higher-level visual, auditory, and somatosensory information. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 49 | Prefrontal regions have strong connections with limbic structures such as the hippocampus and amygdala, which mediate processes such as learning and memory, emotional and affective tone, autonomic regulation, drive, and motivation. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 49 | Prefrontal association and paralimbic cortices play a major role integrating information about external world and internal states that guides executive behavior. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 50 | Schematic diagram of interconnections between DLPFC and ACC regions, Brodmann's areas shown. (Diagram) | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 51 | It is estimated that 2-3% of all cortical neurons send projections to the contralateral hemisphere, most of which cross in the corpus callosum. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 51 | Higher-order association areas tend to have the greatest density of commissural projections, whereas fewer interhemispheric connections are present between primary sensory and motor cortices. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 51 | General pattern of callosal collectivity between prefrontal regions broadly reflects cortical topography along the anterior-posterior hemisphere axis. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 52 | Corticocortical connections exhibit a modular functional architecture responsible for channeling patterns of activation in multifocal intra- and interhemispheric networks. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 59 | Cerebral cortex can be partitioned in two ways: (1) structurally or (2) functionally. | 7 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 59 | Functionally, five subtypes of cortex have been proposed: (1) primary sensory-motor; (2) unimodal association; (3) heteromodal association; (4) paralimbic; (5) limbic. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 59 | Temporal-insular-orbitofrontal region is largely devoted to olfaction. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 59 | Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the insular; two major components of the paralimbic belt. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 61 | Connections of the OFC. (diagram) | 2 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 62 | Within Brodmann's classic cortical map, the insula is considered to be the fifth and smallest lobe of the brain, comprising Brodmann's areas 13 -- 16. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 62 | The insula lies within the the convergence of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, and can be seen only when these lobes are retracted. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 63 | Lateral aspect of the right insula. (diagram) | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 68 | Structural and functional asymmetries of the human frontal lobes. | 5 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 70 | Variability in frontal cortex surface anatomy. (Photo) | 2 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 71 | Lesions encompassing more than areas 44 and 45 are necessary to produce the full syndrome of nonfluent aphasia. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 72 | Even simple language tasks, although highly lateralized, activate a network of widely distributed left hemisphere cortical areas. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 74 | Asymmetries of prosody and emotion. | 2 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 74 | Speech involves not only the communication of vocabulary and grammatical content but also social and emotional content. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 74 | Rhythmic, melodic intonation in speech that contributes social and emotional elements of meaning to language is term "prosody". | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 75 | Frontal lobe is one of the most critical cerebral structures involved in sensorimotor integration. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 75 | Different regions of the frontal lobe receive segregated cortical inputs from a variety of cortical areas of sensory significance. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 75 | Frontal lobe controls voluntary action through planning of movements in prefrontal areas, preparation of movements in premotor areas, and execution of movements in primary motor areas. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 75 | Lateral wall of the frontal lobe can be subdivided in three main sectors along the anterior-posterior axis: prefrontal, premotor, and primary motor. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 76 | Prefrontal cortex: a role in working memory. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 78 | Premotor cortex. | 2 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 79 | Primary motor cortex. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 80 | Medial wall of the frontal lobe: (SMA and ACC) | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 80 | Supplementary motor area (SMA). | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 80 | Pre-SMA is a related to selection and preparation of movements. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 80 | SMA-proper is related to aspects of motor execution. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 81 | Anterior cingulate cortex. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 82 | Mirror neurons. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 94 | Cortical lamination during development of the telencephalon. | 12 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 100 | 20th-century cytoarchitectural maps of the human brain (diagram) | 6 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 107 | Evolution of the frontal lobes | 7 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 110 | Neocortex was definitely present in mammals 70 million years ago in late Cretaceous times. | 3 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 110 | Orbital surface of the frontal lobe in primates is the ventral anterior projection of the frontal lobes that covers the orbits of the eyes. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 111 | Primate brain squeezes into cranial space, and the anterior portion of the brain squeezes in above the eyeballs. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 111 | Frontal lobes are a feature of the brain of all living primates. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 111 | Anthropoid frontal lobes as brain structures began no later than the late Eocene, about 40 million years ago. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 111 | 40,000-year-old Neanderthal. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 113 | Australopithecine discovery in 1923 at Taung in South Africa. | 2 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 113 | Infamous Piltdown fraud of 1913, which combined a human cranium to an orangutan jaw. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 116 | Constraints on the use of animal models. Some human frontal lobe motor functions can be studied in other mammal species, whereas other functions such as language may be uniquely human. | 3 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 121 | Serotonin, initially identified in peripheral tissues, was first detected in the mammalian central nervous system 40 years ago. | 5 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 121 | In evolutionary terms, serotonin is one of the oldest neurotransmitters. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 121 | Serotonin neurons arise from midbrain nuclei systematically organized in the medial and dorsal raphe nuclei. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 121 | Ascending fibers from dorsal raphe project preferentially to the cortex and striatal regions, whereas the median raphe projects to the limbic regions. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 121 | Each projecting serotonin neuron sends over 500,000 terminals to the cerebral cortex. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 121 | Average density of serotonin innervations in the cortex is greater than that of dopamine or noradrenaline. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 121 | 5-HT receptors with at least 14 members represent one of the most complex families of neurotransmitter receptors. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 122 | Operational characteristics and locations of the 5-HT receptor subtypes. (table) | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 124 | Serotonin-dopamine interactions | 2 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 125 | Behavioral and affected disturbances related to the frontal lobe and to serotoninergic system abnormalities. (table) | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 127 | Orbitofrontal cortex and the ventral striatum in the prediction and perception of reward. | 2 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 128 | Treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. SSRIs increase the extracellular concentration of 5-HT. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 129 | Behavioral disorders are a major problem in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 135 | Attention is a basic component of brain function on which many neural processes depend. | 6 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 135 | Attention is influenced by external signals during cognitively demanding task ("signal-driven" or "bottom-up" modulation), as well as by an intrinsic knowledge - or practice-based executive influence ("cognitive" or "top-down") modulation of detection. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 135 | Both bottom-up and top-down modulation of attention is mediated by release of acetylcholine (ACh) from basal forebrain neurons that project throughout the cerebral cortex, particularly in the medial frontal lobes. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 135 | Voluntary, top-down modulation of attention involves a direct stimulation of basal forebrain cholinergic, and possibly brainstem cholinergic, neurons by structures within the frontal lobes. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 136 | Cholinergic circuits that mediate attention (diagram) | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 136 | Role of ACh in mediating different aspects of attention. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 136 | ACh helps to recruit multiple brain regions involved in attentional processes. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 136 | ACh may effect changes in neural synchrony at a macroscopic level by promoting 40 Hz oscillations in brain activity that synchronize brain regions involved in attention. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 136 | Modeling studies of attention suggest that ACh may signal expected uncertainty, whereas other neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine, signal unexpected uncertainty, thus potentially playing different roles in "top-down" and "bottom-up" modulation of attention. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 136 | Extracellular ACh levels increase in frontal lobe structures in attention-demanding tasks. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 137 | Ach-induced changes and neuronal physiology have different effects on a intracortical and thalamocortical connectivity. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 137 | Ach-induced changes inhibit intracortical information processing, while promoting thalamocortical transfer of information. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 137 | ACh acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system, but in the CNS it plays a neuromodulatory role. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 137 | Increased firing rate of cortical neurons induced by Ach. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 138 | Cortical long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission are strongly influenced by pharmacological modulation of ACh. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 138 | Much of the processing performed by the frontal lobe is accomplished by neural circuits that include the basal ganglia. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 138 | ACh has a role in modulating attention mediated by the frontal cortex. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 138 | ACh mediates the conditioned responses of cortical neurons and thus contributes to the enhanced processing of behaviorally significant stimuli. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 139 | ACh is released into the cortex into temporal patterns. Slow, tonic effects of ACh on cortical neurons globally enhance processing of information; more receptive to sensory stimuli. Circadian rhythms. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 139 | Brief, phasic changes in the basal forebrain neuronal activity as a result of the presentation of behaviorally significant stimuli and reward. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 139 | ACh signaled expected uncertainty, whereas norepinephrine (NE) signaled unexpected uncertainty. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 145 | Midbrain dopaminergic (DA-ergic) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) play a central role in behaviors ranging from movement control to higher cognitive functions, including motivation, reward, learning, and memory. | 6 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 145 | Altered dopaminergic function is implicated in pathological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, dementias, drug addiction, schizophrenia, depression, and eating disorders. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 146 | When spikes of DA neurons are clustered into bursts, the increase in extracellular DA in the projection area is much greater than for regularly spaced spikes. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 147 | Bursting activity of DA neurons, leading to increased DA release, in mediating addictive behaviors. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 152 | Dense serotoninergic projection to the VTA comes from the raphe nuclei and innervates both DA and non-DA neurons in the midbrain. | 5 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 152 | Due to the diversity of serotonin receptor subtypes, the effects of 5-HT on VTA neuron activity are complex. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 155 | DA is a major player in a series of attention-dependent and cognitive tasks, and DA might more accurately be described as a "learning" molecule. | 3 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 165 | Computed tomography (CT) scanning in the mid-1970s, correlate clinical abnormalities with locations of lesions in the brain. | 10 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 165 | The two most common methods for structural brain imaging -- CT scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 165 | MRI images can now be obtained at very high resolution, now below 1 mm. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 165 | MRI is very sensitive to even very small brain lesions, which are associated with edema (accumulation of water). | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 165 | Most current MRI is performed using 1.5 T (tesla) magnets, newer machines using 3 T and 4 T magnets are now in use at many centers. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 165 | With higher field strength come better signal-to-noise ratio and higher resolution, although images are more susceptible to artifacts induced by idiosyncrasies and variations in tissue. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 167 | CT scanning involved the use of standard x-rays. | 2 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 167 | Compared with MRI, CT images are usually lower in resolution. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 167 | CT scans are relatively inexpensive and quick; a complete scan can be obtained in 15 minutes. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 167 | CT scans are safe for patients with metal implants such as pacemakers. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 170 | Talairach coordinate system -- Talairach and Tournoux (1988), the most commonly used standard space, originally created for stereotactically based neurosurgery. | 3 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 170 | Talairach grid is a coordinate system that places the brain into a rectangular grid system anchored to the location of the anterior commissure (AC), the posterior commissure (PC), and the outer boundaries of the brain. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 170 | Talairach coordinate system requires that the image be spatially transformed and resampled, so that the line connecting the anterior and posterior commissioners (AC-PC line) is aligned horizontally along the main horizontal plane of the Talairach reference system, and the interhemispheric fissure is aligned to match the central vertical plane of the system. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 170 | Research groups have established protocols for the parcellation of the cerebral cortex using sulcal landmarks and anatomical conventions. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 170 | Cognitive neuroscientists are interested in how brain functions map onto the structure of the cortex. Regions of Interest (ROI) definitions. A total of 47 ROIs. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 171 | Great amount of variability in sulcal patterns of the cerebral cortex. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 172 | Degenerative diseases are often considered to affect primarily gray matter. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 187 | Phineas Gage, 1848. | 15 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 187 | Prefrontal cortex (PFC), "executive functions". | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 188 | Top-down modulation. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 188 | Selective attention, working memory (WM) encoding, long-term memory (LTM) encoding. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 189 | Baddeley's 1986 model of working memory. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 192 | Top-down modulation. | 3 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 193 | Attention based on stimulus salience or novelty (bottom-up processes); internally driven goal directed decisions concerning stimuli or stored representations (top-down modulation). | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 193 | PFC role in modulating activity in sensory cortices. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 207 | Event related potentials (ERPs) provide valuable information about neural activity with millisecond temporal resolution. | 14 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 207 | ERPs have limited spatial resolution for identifying the locus of the neural generators of the ERP components. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 207 | fMRI renders indirect information about neural activation via hemodynamic measures with excellent spatial specificity but reduced temporal resolution. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 208 | Episodic memory (EM). | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 209 | Asymmetrical lateralization of various cognitive functions. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 209 | Language is almost exclusively left lateralized. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 209 | Three general perspectives: (1) process-specific lateralization, (2) content-specific lateralization, (3) non-lateralization. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 227 | Frontal lobes and autobiographical memory. | 18 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 234 | Separation of episodic from semantic autobiographical memory. | 7 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 235 | Self-referential processing can be considered a key element of autobiographical memory. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 235 | Confabulation is the unintentional recollection of erroneous information that can be either plausible or completely bizarre. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 235 | In confabulation, ability to differentiate real events from thought content or imagined events may be impaired. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 237 | "Flashbulb" memories, involving a high level of surprise and that are very arousing. Assassination of JFK. | 2 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 237 | Orbitofrontal cortex is involved in emotional processing. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 256 | The major representations of plan-level knowledge in the human brain appears to be the prefrontal cortex. | 19 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 257 | Mapping planning processes to brain. (diagram) | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 262 | Saccades are rapid shifts of gaze that serve to maintain an image on the fovea. | 5 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 265 | Brain regions involved n saccade control. (Diagram) | 3 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 266 | Superior colliculus | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 318 | Even rats possess much of the circuitry that supports interoceptive awareness in humans. | 52 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 318 | Orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees have shown mirror self-recognition behaviors not present in monkeys, who often regard their reflections as adversaries. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 318 | To travel mentally through time, to conjure lucid images of one's past and future, is thought to be a uniquely human capacity. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 319 | From birth, humans iteratively construct the self. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 319 | Learn to think abstractly about ourselves, others, and the complex relations between them. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 319 | In infants, social smile emerges around two months of age. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 320 | Primitive forms of explicit memory are thought to emerge late in the first year, although this question remains debated. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 320 | Self-recognition emerges between 15 and 24 months of age. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 320 | Self-recognition remains an important developmental milestone. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 320 | Around 18 months, toddlers began to use personal pronouns (e.g., "I", "me", "you"). | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 320 | Memory systems developed dramatically during the second year, and early forms of biographical memory provide a foundation for more longitudinal representations of self. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 321 | Some researchers separate the self into a minimal self, the immediate experience of one's person unextended in time, and a more longitudinal or narrative self, related to one's personal past and future. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 321 | Antonio Damasio further divides the minimal self into a "proto-self" (body state, unconscious) and a "core self" (conscious thought and feeling). | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 321 | The more longitudinal self, also referred to as the "extended self" or "autobiographical self" is made up of elements that follow an individual through time. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 321 | Minimal self provides a platform for the longitudinal self. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 321 | Phylogenetically ancient systems rooted in the brainstem and hypothalamus are the homeostatic bedrock of the minimal self. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 321 | The minimal self neural network represents the body and support its most basic needs, all beneath the surface of awareness. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 321 | Conscious representations of self are layered upon the minimal self, but additionally provide the immediate, streaming, and subjective experience of human mental life. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 321 | Self-representational layers of mental images are woven into the larger tapestry our brains create about the world outside. [This interaction of a mental image of the external world with a mental image representing the self is the basis of consciousness.] | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 321 | Three processing streams the minimal self most organize: interoception, exteroception, and phrenoception. | 0 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 322 | Interoception: mapping the body state in consciousness. Body state data that our brains receive is almost always running, even in dreamful sleep. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 323 | Exterioception: body-centered world map. We live in a complex three-dimensional environment. The minimal self must track the physical extent and location of the body within the gravitational field. Visual, auditory, and vestibular data are integrated into a spatially refined image and used to construct an egocentric world map. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 324 | Phrenoception: representing acts of the mind. Just as interoceptive and exteroceptive feedback are cortically represented, the brain's own intrinsic spontaneous activities -- thoughts -- must be cortically represented for consciousness Spontaneous thoughts are a fundamental feature of the minimal self. | 1 | ||
| Miller; Human Frontal Lobes | 325 | Whereas the minimal self describes self representational acts that occur at the moment, the longitudinal [autobiographical] self relates to the elements of our extended individual life histories. | 1 | ||