Pace-Schott - Sleep and Dreaming
Book	Page		Topic
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	2		State space model of the Brain-Mind; three-dimensional state space model (AIM).
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	2		AIM model -- activation (A), information flow (I), mode of information processing (M).		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	3		REM sleep;    active or desynchronized sleep;    characterized by a wake-like or 'activated' (high frequency, low amplitude or desynchronized) activity in the EEG.		1
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	3		Deepest stages of NREM sleep,    which are termed "slow-wave"    or "delta" sleep.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	7		Dreams    contain hallucinatory perceptions,    especially visual and motoric.		4
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	7		Dreams are delusional;    we are consistently duped into believing that we are awake,    unless we cultivate lucidity.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	7		Discovery of REM sleep (1953) and its strong correlation with dreaming.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	11		Sleep laboratory environment --    unnatural setting that makes sleep more difficult and less deep.		4
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	13		Early-night NREM sources    consists primarily of discrete biographical episodes,    while REM sources were a mixture of episodic, abstract self-referential and semantic sources.		2
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	13		NREM dreaming is simpler;    REM dreaming is more complex.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	13		Waking level of aminergic modulation    falls to 50% in NREM sleep    and to nearly zero in REM.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	15		The functional activity of a brain area may vary with changes in its inputs as most dramatically illustrated by the neural plasticity involving recruitment of dedicated brain areas to subserve new modalities such as the visual cortex in Braille learning.		2
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	16		Particularly strong REM sleep-related    activation of the basal ganglia.		1
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	16		Basal ganglia may play an important role in an asending thalamocortical activation network.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	16		Ascending thalamocortical activation network    extends successively from the brainstem    to the intralamina thalamic nuclei,    then to the basal ganglia,    and back to the ventral anterior  and ventromedial thalamic nuclei,    and thence to the cortex.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	16		Possible role for the basal ganglia    in the rostral transmission of PGO waves    and the modulation of REM sleep phenomena.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	16		Extensive interconnections    of the basal ganglia    and the pedunculopontine area.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	16		Role of the basal ganglia    in the initiation of motor activity    may be related to the ubiquity    of motion and dreams.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	16		Widespread limbic activation    in REM sleep.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	17		Selective deactivation    of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex    in REM sleep.		1
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	17		Global and regional decreases in activation level   in NREM sleep.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	20		Brain lesions resulting in loss or alteration of dreaming.		3
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	27		Basal forebrain nuclei    have close anatomical connections    with the locus ceruleus,    raphe nuclei,    and pontine nuclei.		7
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	27		In addition to its brainstem and cortical connectivity,    the basal forebrain    also has close anatomical connections    with the anterior and posterior hypothalamus,    the amygdala,    and the thalamus.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	27		Acetylcholine plays a major role in basal forebrain control of behavioral state.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	27		Regulation of oscillatory rhythms that accompany cortical activation.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	27		Function as sleep promoting elements,    possibly by GABAergic inhibition    of hypothalamic and brainstem arousal systems,    the hippocampus,    or the cortex.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	27		Extensive interactions    between the brainstem structures (locus ceruleus,  raphe nuclei, as well is the LDT and PPT)    and the basal forebrain BF    in sleep-wake control.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	27		As in the brainstem,    neuromodulatory systems    interact    within the BF itself.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	27		Wake-associated    gamma frequency oscillations.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	27		Amygdala    has reciprocal connections    with pontine regions involved in the control of REM sleep,    and receives serotoninergic innervation    from the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei.		0
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	32		Forebrain processes    in normal dreaming.  (diagram)		5
Flanigan; dissolution of hard problem	32		Ascending arousal systems.		0
Flanigan; dissolution of hard problem	32		Thalamocortical relay centers and thalamic subcortical circuitry.		0
Flanigan; dissolution of hard problem	33		Motor initiation and control centers.		1
Flanigan; dissolution of hard problem	34		Visual Association cortex.		1
Flanigan; dissolution of hard problem	34		Dorsolateral prefrontal executive association cortex.		0
Flanigan; dissolution of hard problem	34		Hypothetical dynamic interactions of brain regions during normal dreaming.		0
Flanigan; dissolution of hard problem	35		Accommodations of NREM dreaming in an updated activation synthesis model.		1
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	42		Physiological signs and regional brain mechanisms of REM sleep dreaming. (diagram)		7
Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain	43		Normal transitioning    within the AIM state space    from wake    to NREM    and then to REM. (diagram)		1
Solms; Dreaming and REM Sleep	51		Dreaming and REM Sleep.		8
Solms; Dreaming and REM Sleep	52		All the visual events    of REM sleep    are initiated by brainstem neurons.		1
Solms; Dreaming and REM Sleep	52		Major pontine brainstem nuclei    implicated in REM/NREM sleep cycle control. (diagram)		0
Solms; Dreaming and REM Sleep	52		Activation-synthesis model    of dream neuropsychology --    dreams    are actively generated by the brainstem    and passively synthesized in the forebrain.		0
Solms; Dreaming and REM Sleep	52		Causal stimuli for dream imagery    arise from the pontine brainstem    and not in cognitive areas of the cerebrum.		0
Solms; Dreaming and REM Sleep	52		Dream process    is seen as having no primary ideational,    volitional,    or emotional content.     Forebrain is assigned an entirely passive role:    it's external input and output channels    are blockaded by brainstem mechanisms,    its perceptual and motor engrams    are activated by brainstem mechanisms,    and it's memory systems merely generate the best possible fit of intrinsically inchoate data.  [Gestalts]  [Bayesian inference]		0
Vertes; No Memory Consolidation in REM	75		Case against memory consolidation in REM sleep.		23
Vertes; No Memory Consolidation in REM	76		Allan Hobson favors the hypothesis that memories are consolidated in REM sleep.		1
Vertes; No Memory Consolidation in REM	76		Memory consolidation    refers to neural processing that occurs after information is initially registered,    which contributes to its permanent storage in memory.		0
Vertes; No Memory Consolidation in REM	79		Theta rhythm of the hippocampus is present throughout REM sleep.		3
Vertes; No Memory Consolidation in REM	79		Theta rhythm of waking    is selectively present    during certain behaviors critical for survival:    exploration,    defensive behaviors,    predation.		0
Vertes; No Memory Consolidation in REM	79		Long-term potentiation (LTP) is optimally elicited in the hippocampus with stimulation at theta frequencies (5-7 Hz or pulses separated by 170-200 ms).		0
Vertes; No Memory Consolidation in REM	79		We believe the case is strong for the involvement of theta rhythm in mnemonic functions of waking but not of REM sleep.		0
Vertes; No Memory Consolidation in REM	80		Our position is that the theta rhythm of REM sleep    is a byproduct    of the intense activation of the pontine region of the brain stem in REM sleep.		1
Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming	85		Evolutionary Hypothesis of the Function of Dreaming.		5
Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming	85		Hypothesis: Biological function of dreaming    is to simulate threatening events    and to rehearse threat perception    and threat avoidance.  [Llinás;  brain operates as a reality emulator.]		0
Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming	86		Dreaming    refers to the subjective conscious experiences    we have during sleep.		1
Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming	86		Define a dream    as a subjective experience during sleep,    consisting of complex and organized images    that show temporal progression.		0
Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming	87		During REM sleep,    ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves    originate in the pons    and activate the forebrain.		1
Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming	87		Forebrain attempts to make sense    of the random activation by the PGO waves,    and it synthesizes dream images    to fit the patterns    of internally generated stimulation.  [Gestalts]  [Llinás;  brain operates as a reality emulator.]		0
Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming	87		Allan Hobson has suggested that REM dreaming might have a function in memory processing,    and he regards the rehearsal of motor programs    as a possible function of dreaming during REM sleep.		0
Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming	88		Content of dreams seems to be random.		1
Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming	92		Negative emotions such as anxiety, fear, and panic,    can be seen as adaptive responses that increase fitness in dangerous situations threatening a loss of reproductive resources.		4
Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming	94		Nightmares, or long, frightening dreams.		2
Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming	95		Brain activation during REM sleep is consistent with the activation of brain areas required to simulate emotionally charged, threatening events.		1
Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming	105		Daydreaming    often reflects our attempts at exploring the future    through trial actions or through positing a variety of alternatives.		10
Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming	106		Allan Hobson suggests that the function of dreaming is memory consolidation    and the linking of memory representations with motor programs.		1
Cartwright; brain makes dreams	125		Discovery in the early 1950s of REM sleep.		19
Dornhoff; forebrain dream generation	139		It is doubtful that dreams have any adaptive function.  There are too many people including children and brain lesioned patients, who sleep adequately without them, and no evidence that either recalled or remembered dreams have any functions.		14
Dornhoff; forebrain dream generation	140		Low levels of REM dreaming in young children.		1
Dornhoff; forebrain dream generation	141		Dreaming    is a cognitive achievement    that develops throughout childhood.    There is the forebrain network    for dream generation    that is most often triggered by brainstem activation.		1
Flanigan; Dissolution of hard problem	148		What Chalmers calls the "hard problem" of consciousness    is the problem of explaining how subjectivity can arise from complexly organized material stuff.		7
Flanigan; Dissolution of hard problem	148		We have at present nothing remotely approaching a complete theory of how the brain does everything it does, including how it produces consciousness.		0
Flanigan; Dissolution of hard problem	148		Chalmers has pressed the line that even if we are provided with a complete neurobiological theory of how the brain works, nothing will have been done to erase the intuition that there is an unbridgeable gap between the way the organized objective brain works and the first-person grasp I have of myself as a thinking-feeling creature.		0
Flanigan; Dissolution of hard problem	148		Chalmers asserts that knowing all the facts about how the brain works will fail to explain how the brain gives rise to subjective mental life.		0
Flanigan; Dissolution of hard problem	148		It is amazing that consciousness can emerge from brain processes.  Explaining the mechanisms that give rise to the different types of waking consciousness, NREM, and REM mentation, is all  there is to solving the "hard problem."		0
Flanigan; Dissolution of hard problem	149		Ekman's list of basic and universal emotions extends to seven emotions:    fear,    anger,    sadness,    disgust,    contentment,    surprise,    and happiness.		1
Flanigan; Dissolution of hard problem