| Pace-Schott - Sleep and Dreaming | |||||
| Book | Page | Topic | |||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 2 | State space model of the Brain-Mind; three-dimensional state space model (AIM). | |||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 2 | AIM model -- activation (A), information flow (I), mode of information processing (M). | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 3 | REM sleep; active or desynchronized sleep; characterized by a wake-like or 'activated' (high frequency, low amplitude or desynchronized) activity in the EEG. | 1 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 3 | Deepest stages of NREM sleep, which are termed "slow-wave" or "delta" sleep. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 7 | Dreams contain hallucinatory perceptions, especially visual and motoric. | 4 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 7 | Dreams are delusional; we are consistently duped into believing that we are awake, unless we cultivate lucidity. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 7 | Discovery of REM sleep (1953) and its strong correlation with dreaming. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 11 | Sleep laboratory environment -- unnatural setting that makes sleep more difficult and less deep. | 4 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 13 | Early-night NREM sources consists primarily of discrete biographical episodes, while REM sources were a mixture of episodic, abstract self-referential and semantic sources. | 2 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 13 | NREM dreaming is simpler; REM dreaming is more complex. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 13 | Waking level of aminergic modulation falls to 50% in NREM sleep and to nearly zero in REM. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 15 | The functional activity of a brain area may vary with changes in its inputs as most dramatically illustrated by the neural plasticity involving recruitment of dedicated brain areas to subserve new modalities such as the visual cortex in Braille learning. | 2 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 16 | Particularly strong REM sleep-related activation of the basal ganglia. | 1 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 16 | Basal ganglia may play an important role in an asending thalamocortical activation network. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 16 | Ascending thalamocortical activation network extends successively from the brainstem to the intralamina thalamic nuclei, then to the basal ganglia, and back to the ventral anterior and ventromedial thalamic nuclei, and thence to the cortex. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 16 | Possible role for the basal ganglia in the rostral transmission of PGO waves and the modulation of REM sleep phenomena. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 16 | Extensive interconnections of the basal ganglia and the pedunculopontine area. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 16 | Role of the basal ganglia in the initiation of motor activity may be related to the ubiquity of motion and dreams. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 16 | Widespread limbic activation in REM sleep. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 17 | Selective deactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in REM sleep. | 1 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 17 | Global and regional decreases in activation level in NREM sleep. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 20 | Brain lesions resulting in loss or alteration of dreaming. | 3 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 27 | Basal forebrain nuclei have close anatomical connections with the locus ceruleus, raphe nuclei, and pontine nuclei. | 7 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 27 | In addition to its brainstem and cortical connectivity, the basal forebrain also has close anatomical connections with the anterior and posterior hypothalamus, the amygdala, and the thalamus. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 27 | Acetylcholine plays a major role in basal forebrain control of behavioral state. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 27 | Regulation of oscillatory rhythms that accompany cortical activation. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 27 | Function as sleep promoting elements, possibly by GABAergic inhibition of hypothalamic and brainstem arousal systems, the hippocampus, or the cortex. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 27 | Extensive interactions between the brainstem structures (locus ceruleus, raphe nuclei, as well is the LDT and PPT) and the basal forebrain BF in sleep-wake control. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 27 | As in the brainstem, neuromodulatory systems interact within the BF itself. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 27 | Wake-associated gamma frequency oscillations. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 27 | Amygdala has reciprocal connections with pontine regions involved in the control of REM sleep, and receives serotoninergic innervation from the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei. | 0 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 32 | Forebrain processes in normal dreaming. (diagram) | 5 | ||
| Flanigan; dissolution of hard problem | 32 | Ascending arousal systems. | 0 | ||
| Flanigan; dissolution of hard problem | 32 | Thalamocortical relay centers and thalamic subcortical circuitry. | 0 | ||
| Flanigan; dissolution of hard problem | 33 | Motor initiation and control centers. | 1 | ||
| Flanigan; dissolution of hard problem | 34 | Visual Association cortex. | 1 | ||
| Flanigan; dissolution of hard problem | 34 | Dorsolateral prefrontal executive association cortex. | 0 | ||
| Flanigan; dissolution of hard problem | 34 | Hypothetical dynamic interactions of brain regions during normal dreaming. | 0 | ||
| Flanigan; dissolution of hard problem | 35 | Accommodations of NREM dreaming in an updated activation synthesis model. | 1 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 42 | Physiological signs and regional brain mechanisms of REM sleep dreaming. (diagram) | 7 | ||
| Hobson; Dreaming and the Brain | 43 | Normal transitioning within the AIM state space from wake to NREM and then to REM. (diagram) | 1 | ||
| Solms; Dreaming and REM Sleep | 51 | Dreaming and REM Sleep. | 8 | ||
| Solms; Dreaming and REM Sleep | 52 | All the visual events of REM sleep are initiated by brainstem neurons. | 1 | ||
| Solms; Dreaming and REM Sleep | 52 | Major pontine brainstem nuclei implicated in REM/NREM sleep cycle control. (diagram) | 0 | ||
| Solms; Dreaming and REM Sleep | 52 | Activation-synthesis model of dream neuropsychology -- dreams are actively generated by the brainstem and passively synthesized in the forebrain. | 0 | ||
| Solms; Dreaming and REM Sleep | 52 | Causal stimuli for dream imagery arise from the pontine brainstem and not in cognitive areas of the cerebrum. | 0 | ||
| Solms; Dreaming and REM Sleep | 52 | Dream process is seen as having no primary ideational, volitional, or emotional content. Forebrain is assigned an entirely passive role: it's external input and output channels are blockaded by brainstem mechanisms, its perceptual and motor engrams are activated by brainstem mechanisms, and it's memory systems merely generate the best possible fit of intrinsically inchoate data. [Gestalts] [Bayesian inference] | 0 | ||
| Vertes; No Memory Consolidation in REM | 75 | Case against memory consolidation in REM sleep. | 23 | ||
| Vertes; No Memory Consolidation in REM | 76 | Allan Hobson favors the hypothesis that memories are consolidated in REM sleep. | 1 | ||
| Vertes; No Memory Consolidation in REM | 76 | Memory consolidation refers to neural processing that occurs after information is initially registered, which contributes to its permanent storage in memory. | 0 | ||
| Vertes; No Memory Consolidation in REM | 79 | Theta rhythm of the hippocampus is present throughout REM sleep. | 3 | ||
| Vertes; No Memory Consolidation in REM | 79 | Theta rhythm of waking is selectively present during certain behaviors critical for survival: exploration, defensive behaviors, predation. | 0 | ||
| Vertes; No Memory Consolidation in REM | 79 | Long-term potentiation (LTP) is optimally elicited in the hippocampus with stimulation at theta frequencies (5-7 Hz or pulses separated by 170-200 ms). | 0 | ||
| Vertes; No Memory Consolidation in REM | 79 | We believe the case is strong for the involvement of theta rhythm in mnemonic functions of waking but not of REM sleep. | 0 | ||
| Vertes; No Memory Consolidation in REM | 80 | Our position is that the theta rhythm of REM sleep is a byproduct of the intense activation of the pontine region of the brain stem in REM sleep. | 1 | ||
| Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming | 85 | Evolutionary Hypothesis of the Function of Dreaming. | 5 | ||
| Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming | 85 | Hypothesis: Biological function of dreaming is to simulate threatening events and to rehearse threat perception and threat avoidance. [Llinás; brain operates as a reality emulator.] | 0 | ||
| Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming | 86 | Dreaming refers to the subjective conscious experiences we have during sleep. | 1 | ||
| Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming | 86 | Define a dream as a subjective experience during sleep, consisting of complex and organized images that show temporal progression. | 0 | ||
| Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming | 87 | During REM sleep, ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves originate in the pons and activate the forebrain. | 1 | ||
| Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming | 87 | Forebrain attempts to make sense of the random activation by the PGO waves, and it synthesizes dream images to fit the patterns of internally generated stimulation. [Gestalts] [Llinás; brain operates as a reality emulator.] | 0 | ||
| Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming | 87 | Allan Hobson has suggested that REM dreaming might have a function in memory processing, and he regards the rehearsal of motor programs as a possible function of dreaming during REM sleep. | 0 | ||
| Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming | 88 | Content of dreams seems to be random. | 1 | ||
| Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming | 92 | Negative emotions such as anxiety, fear, and panic, can be seen as adaptive responses that increase fitness in dangerous situations threatening a loss of reproductive resources. | 4 | ||
| Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming | 94 | Nightmares, or long, frightening dreams. | 2 | ||
| Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming | 95 | Brain activation during REM sleep is consistent with the activation of brain areas required to simulate emotionally charged, threatening events. | 1 | ||
| Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming | 105 | Daydreaming often reflects our attempts at exploring the future through trial actions or through positing a variety of alternatives. | 10 | ||
| Revonsuo; Evolutionary Function of Dreaming | 106 | Allan Hobson suggests that the function of dreaming is memory consolidation and the linking of memory representations with motor programs. | 1 | ||
| Cartwright; brain makes dreams | 125 | Discovery in the early 1950s of REM sleep. | 19 | ||
| Dornhoff; forebrain dream generation | 139 | It is doubtful that dreams have any adaptive function. There are too many people including children and brain lesioned patients, who sleep adequately without them, and no evidence that either recalled or remembered dreams have any functions. | 14 | ||
| Dornhoff; forebrain dream generation | 140 | Low levels of REM dreaming in young children. | 1 | ||
| Dornhoff; forebrain dream generation | 141 | Dreaming is a cognitive achievement that develops throughout childhood. There is the forebrain network for dream generation that is most often triggered by brainstem activation. | 1 | ||
| Flanigan; Dissolution of hard problem | 148 | What Chalmers calls the "hard problem" of consciousness is the problem of explaining how subjectivity can arise from complexly organized material stuff. | 7 | ||
| Flanigan; Dissolution of hard problem | 148 | We have at present nothing remotely approaching a complete theory of how the brain does everything it does, including how it produces consciousness. | 0 | ||
| Flanigan; Dissolution of hard problem | 148 | Chalmers has pressed the line that even if we are provided with a complete neurobiological theory of how the brain works, nothing will have been done to erase the intuition that there is an unbridgeable gap between the way the organized objective brain works and the first-person grasp I have of myself as a thinking-feeling creature. | 0 | ||
| Flanigan; Dissolution of hard problem | 148 | Chalmers asserts that knowing all the facts about how the brain works will fail to explain how the brain gives rise to subjective mental life. | 0 | ||
| Flanigan; Dissolution of hard problem | 148 | It is amazing that consciousness can emerge from brain processes. Explaining the mechanisms that give rise to the different types of waking consciousness, NREM, and REM mentation, is all there is to solving the "hard problem." | 0 | ||
| Flanigan; Dissolution of hard problem | 149 | Ekman's list of basic and universal emotions extends to seven emotions: fear, anger, sadness, disgust, contentment, surprise, and happiness. | 1 | ||
| Flanigan; Dissolution of hard problem | |||||