| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | |||||
| Book | Page | Topic | |||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 1 | A major trend in cognitive studies is to develop explicit models that can be used to summarize previous findings and to predict new ones. | |||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 1 | Modeling usually begins by trying to define the domain to which modeling applies. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 2 | Conflict between responses is ubiquitous, because the brain computes many simultaneous functions, the output of which could conflict with current goals. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 2 | Close links between attention and memory have been proposed from some of the earliest papers on working memory. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 3 | The visual system can extract objects from cluttered visual scenes. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 4 | The effort to measure activity in the brain with both temporal and spatial precision is a continually improving process. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 4 | The increased integration between human, primate, and even rodent studies augurs well for the achievement of a detailed understanding of the microcircuits related to attention. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 4 | Neuroscience studies typically involve aspects of the microcircuitry to examine neuronal firing under various conditions. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 4 | By examining the brain network involving the frontal eye fields in the parietal areas and recording from indwelling electrodes at several sites, they are able to argue the that bottom-up search activates the parietal areas first, where is top-down control activates the frontal eye fields earlier than the parietal areas. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 4 | Research studies often distinguish between voluntary and stimulus-driven attention shifts. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 4 | Behavioral and fMRI studies have shown that shifts of attention can occur without eye movements. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 5 | Covert attention shifts and saccade preparation interact. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 5 | Indirect pathways from cingulate to areas of the mid-temporal lobe are important in the formation of place memories. Dopaminergic input from the ventral tegmental area Is an important influence on this process. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 5 | The ability to examine connectivity between brain areas when the person is at rest has greatly enhanced studies of human brain development. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 5 | Resting in is a state common to all ages. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 5 | White matter changes over development as myelination occurs. Connectivity patterns illustrate details of the changing pattern between children and adults. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 5 | Development of the human anterior cingulate through its importance in error detection. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 5 | The cingulate is active in the detection of error even at seven months, but the full function of the network in correcting error continues to develop. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 5 | The detection of error is both cognitive and emotional; a major function of the network involving the anterior cingulate is regulation of emotion. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 5 | Emotion regulation is a key aspect of development, and those individuals who have difficulty with it are at risk for later behavioral problems. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 11 | Modes and Domains of Attention | 6 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 11 | All living things are information processing systems, each collecting information about the environment and internal states, and then using this information to direct behavior or toward an immediate and ultimate goals. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 11 | Operationalize attention as the differential allocation of information processing resources. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 11 | Delineate exogenous versus endogenous modes of allocation. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 11 | Exogenous modes of allocation are driven by bottom-up stimulation and are allegedly reflexive. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 11 | Endogenous modes of allocation are relatively nonreflective | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 12 | Attention to Space | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 12 | Overt Spatial Attention | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 13 | Covert Spatial Attention | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 16 | Attention to Time | 3 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 18 | Attention to Sensory Modality | 2 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 21 | Attention to Task | 3 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 23 | The finding by Stroop (1935) that word reading interferes with color naming. | 2 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 29 | Boolean Map Approach to Visual Attention | 6 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 29 | Attention has been studied extensively by psychologists and neuroscientists for more than half a century. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 29 | When theory is constructed using terms borrowed from ordinary language, it should not be surprising if a coherent understanding is elusive. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 32 | Cueing improves performance. | 3 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 32 | Perceiving a particular object improves the perception of subsequent objects in the same location. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 47 | Process-based computational cognitive models of attention. | 15 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 48 | At least three different attentional networks have been distinguished at both anatomical and functional levels. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 48 | Alerting -- achieving and maintaining an internal state in preparation for coming task related events, mainly involving the thalamus and the front and parietal areas. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 48 | Orienting -- selectively focusing on one or a few items out of many candidate inputs, mainly involving parts of frontal eye fields, areas near/along the intra-parietal sulcus, the subcortical follicular pathway, and reticular nucleus of the thalamus. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 48 | Executive control -- monitoring and resolving conflicts and planning, decision-making, error detection, and overcoming habitual actions mainly involving the anterior cingulate cortex and the latter role prefrontal cortex. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 48 | A growing body of evidence has shown that different attentional disorders often involve distinctive deficits among the networks -- alerting, orienting, executive control. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 54 | The view that the brain is an information processing system and the mind is a result of computation has gained much acceptance in the late half of the last century. | 6 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 57 | Models of Visual Search | 3 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 57 | When you look for the face of a friend in a crowd, you are carrying out a visual search task. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 57 | The visual search task includes bottom-up processing involving the extraction of critical features from the image, the interaction between perception and memory, the control of attention and eye movements, and decision processes (when you decide that your friend has been found). | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 57 | A theory of search must involve theories of perception, visual memory, action, and decision making. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 58 | Feature Integration Theory | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 76 | Inhibitory Mechanisms in the Attentional Networks | 18 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 76 | It is now well accepted that attention is not a unitary phenomenon but a cognitive system composed of several anatomical networks that perform specific computations. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 76 | The orienting network (frontal lobe, posterior parietal lobe, midbrain, and thalamus) is involved in locating relevant objects in space, orienting sensory organs to those locations, and filtering out irrelevant information that might compete for attention. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 76 | The executive network (frontal lobe, and serious cingulate) plays its main role in self-regulation and when processing and/or responding requires any kind of control. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 76 | Control is necessary when response conflict occurs because a well learned task has to be overridden in favor of a less practiced task. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 77 | The alerting network (parietal, frontal, and midbrain areas) is not directly involved in selective processing or control operations but in achieving and maintaining an optimal alert state, which prepares the individual to perceive all respond to a target. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 77 | To understand how attentional inhibition operates to control information processing, it is necessary to understand the ways in which attentional networks relate to one another. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 78 | Interaction between Inhibitory Mechanisms in the Orienting and Executive Attentional Networks | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 89 | Dynamic Cognitive Control and Frontal-Cingulate Interactions | 11 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 90 | Error detection in the brain is supported by the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 90 | The ACC region of paralimbic and transitional prefrontal cortex on the medial surface of the frontal lobes has been implicated in cognitive control processes since the earliest studies using functional imaging. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 90 | With anatomical connectivity to prefrontal and parietal areas, to the Amygdala.and other regions of the medial temporal lobe, and the multiple levels of the motor systems, the ACC was considered to be a strong candidate for participation in a performance monitoring function. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 90 | Early models of performance monitoring by the ACC hypothesized that this region of the brain participated in a comparator system. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 91 | Since the earliest studies using functional brain imaging in humans, it has been shown that with increasing demands for cognitive control during verbal fluency task and conflict eliciting task such as the Stroop task, activity in the anterior cingulate as well as the lateral prefrontal cortex systematically increases. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 96 | The ACC supports dynamic control by detecting processing conflicts that signal the need for control to be more strongly engaged. | 5 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 99 | Discrete Resource Limits in Attention and Working Memory | 3 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 100 | Discreet Capacity Limits in Visual Working Memory | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 100 | Working memory has a capacity limit of about three or four items. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 100 | Each slot is capable of storing a single individual item or "chunk" of information, regardless of complexity or information content. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 103 | Discreet Capacity Limits in Visual Selective Attention | 3 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 103 | Like working memory, visual selective attention is subject to severe capacity limitations. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 103 | Humans can attentatively track a maximum of approximately 3 or 4 moving objects simultaneously. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 103 | Like working memory storage, visual selective attention is constrained by the allocation of a discrete resource. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 107 | Capacity limits in working memory and visual selective attention are determined by a discrete resource. | 4 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 107 | Behavioral studies have revealed that selective attention and working memory storage are subject to capacity limits of about three or four items. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 107 | To perceive or remember multiple objects, the visual system must identify and segregate the features definding each item. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 107 | It has been suggested that the asymptotic limits in neural activity reflect the operation of a phase coding scheme that enables the selection or storage of a discrete number of objects. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 107 | Each selected or stored item is represented through a unique pattern of high frequency, synchronous firing across large populations of neurons. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 107 | When multiple items must be selected or stored, the high-frequency activity related to each remembered item may be multiplexed within distinct phases of slower oscillatory activity. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 107 | Discrete limits in the number of items that can be attended may result from a biophysical limit in the maintenance of asynchronous oscillatory patterns in the relevant neural populations. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 107 | Studies of storage-related neural activity have demonstrated that posterior alpha (approximately 10 Hz) activity related to working memory storage is modulated asymmetrically. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 108 | It is proposed that a common discrete resource mediates both selection and storage of visual information. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 108 | The common discrete resource for selection and storage likely relies on a phase coding scheme in which individual object representations are multiplexed within distinct phases of low frequency oscillations. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 143 | Activity in a particular set of frontal and parietal regions is associated not with performance of a specific type of task, but with tasks of many kinds, including perceptual discrimination, episodic and working memory, language comprehension and use, speedy response selection, and many more. | 35 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 143 | Rather than being specific to the particular content of the task, these regions are often sensitive to the level of demand within the task. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 143 | The general purpose role of the varied task regions has led to their being referred to as multiple demand (MD) regions. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 143 | Included in the end the pattern or the lateral frontal surface, particularly in around the inferior frontal selfless (INS), the anterior insula -- frontal Opera kill him (, the dorsal medial frontal cortex around the pre-supplementary motor area and adore so anterior cingulate cortex, and interop varietals sulcus (IPS). | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 146 | In many regions of the brain, neurons are highly selective in their response, e.g. firing a high rate to a line of a particular orientation while remaining relatively unresponsive to others. | 3 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 146 | In large areas of lateral frontal cortex, results of single unit recordings suggest how a flexible response patterns.when passed a man's change, so too does the selectivity of frontal neurons. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 146 | In each new task context, large proportions of cells are configured to code the specific information that particular the task requires. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 146 | Across large regions of dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, most recorded cells may differentiate specific stimuli. Almost all cells may show some form of current task related activity. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 148 | In fMRI studies, each voxel will will include up to a few million neurons. | 2 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 148 | fMRI studies suggest dense MD coding of attended or task-relevant events. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 148 | Throughout the MD cortex, it is proposed that many cells configure to code the specific content of the current cognitive epoch. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 151 | Just as a pattern of pre-frontal activity changes from one test step to the next, so to patterns of between-cell correlation or synchrony. | 3 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 151 | Research results suggest distributed coalitions of prefrontal cells driving the operations of each task step. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 151 | Across past steps, as coalitions are dissolved and reformed, each single neuron may participate in many different coalitions. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 151 | In complex behavior, there is a natural hierarchy of organization. Successive subgoals are achieved in service of a guiding supergoal. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 152 | Many researchers have suggested some kind of processing hierarchy within the lateral prefrontal cortex, proposing that more anterior regions direct more posterior activity, and in the regions most combined with more anterior regions to construct complex activity. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 154 | Task Segmentation and Cognitive Efficiency | 2 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 154 | In any complex behavior, an essential requirement is to discover and implement a useful division into separate task parts. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 154 | It is suggested that orthogonal codes in the lateral prefrontal cortex may be critical in keeping successive test steps distinct. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 154 | Face and house patterns are most distinct in high-level visual cortex. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 155 | Single-unit and fMRI data show that in many MD regions, neural activity is continually reshaped or programmed by immediate task context. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 156 | How do cells reform into new activity coalitions at each new task step, and how do such coalitions direct activity elsewhere in the brain? | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 156 | How does the brain discover useful separations of the added task into parts and draw together the information, knowledge, and operations of each define part? | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 156 | How is hierarchical structure maintained and goal directed behavior, such that in abandoning a goal dissolves all of its component subgoals and in many mental structures that may have been built for their achievement? | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 156 | How does it happen that, and he can't step is completed, its controller behavior disappears and just critical results of past and further stages? | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 159 | Nervous Anticipation | 3 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 159 | Perception is highly biased. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 159 | Perception does not build a veridical copy of external reality. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 159 | Perception is adapted flexibly, moment-to-moment, to deliver highly selective products that are most relevant for our current behavioral goals and survival. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 159 | The domain of psychological inquiry concerned with the selective nature of perception, and with the mechanisms by which perception is made selective, is generally known as attention. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 159 | Functions that proactively bias information processing in anticipation of forthcoming events, to prioritize and facilitate the extraction and construction of expected relevant items embedded within the stimulus energy stream. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 160 | The focus of attention can be oriented toward a location in anticipation of the probable occurrence of a behaviorally relevant target. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 160 | Perceptual processing is inherently competitive. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 160 | As stimulus energy moves through successive analysis stages, increasingly complex and abstracted "features" are computed with increasingly poor spatial resolution. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 160 | Features from more and more items impinge upon the receptive fields of the same neurons. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 160 | As a result of this convergence, multiple features compete for coding within their respective fields of neurons. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 160 | Temporal resolution also decreases, as information is integrated across increasingly larger temporal windows. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 160 | Space and time constitute fundamental axes for organizing the perceptual process. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 160 | At the cognitive level, features that co-occur in space and covary in time are recognized as constituting the same object. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 160 | In the visual system, the coding of various features is organized spatiotopically, which enables the spatial mapping of events to emerge from the coincidence and relations among active neuronal populations. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 160 | The temporal dynamics of neuronal activity may serve to synchronize and relate events over time. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 160 | By biasing neuronal activity to code only features of potentially relevant items and to filter out features from distracting items, it becomes possible to select only the attributes of the relevant objects and to integrate them into cohesive objects to guide conscious perception and action. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 161 | Biasing signals in attention play a major role in solving the difficult "binding problem" by helping piece together the constituent features of putative target events. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 161 | Without a biasing mechanism to guide feature selection and object integration, perception would be in pandemonium. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 171 | Temporal Rhythms | 10 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 171 | We would expect the rhythmic structure of events to facilitate behavior. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 188 | Under the attention network framework, three general functional divisions within the domain and notable of attention -- alerting, orienting, and executive control -- were associated with anatomical divisions and cortical circuitry thought to form three separable neural networks. | 17 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 188 | Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides the opportunity to quantify individual differences in microstructural properties of major white matter tracts by capturing the extent and direction that white matter tracts restrict diffusion of water within a three-dimensional tensor. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 189 | A fractional anisotropy measure within each voxel provides a normalized measure of the degree to which white matter tracts restrict the diffusion of water molecules across the track relative to diffusion along the track. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 189 | Since white matter in the brain consists of alighned axonal fibers, diffusion is constrained perpendicular to the orientation of fiber bundles, which leads to anisotropic diffusion. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 189 | The principal direction of diffusion reflects the orientation of predominant fiber bundles in a voxel. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 189 | Fractional anisotropy can be influenced by several white matter tract properties such a degree of myelination. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 189 | Identification of a set of clearly demarcated regions of interest (ROIs) within large white matter tracts. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 189 | Linking Individual Differences in Attention to White Matter Tract Networks | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 189 | DTI studies of white matter tract properties have demonstrated compelling links between individual variations in microstructural properties of white matter tracts and the efficiency of cognitive functions, such as individual differences in simple reaction times, executive function, alerting, visual search, mathematical reasoning, reading. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 190 | Significant correlations between short-term memory and frontal white matter tract regions were found in the same population of subjects, yet were demonstrated to be independent of the relationship found between reading and the left temporoparietal region. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 190 | The research finding of a correlational double dissociation demonstrates domain specificity in the influence of white matter tracts structures to individual differences in cognitive performance. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 190 | Based on the findings of functional and anatomical separability for cognitive networks such as those supporting reading and short-term memory, we hypothesize that a similar division of function exists within the attention system. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 312 | Development of Error Detection | 122 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 312 | By the term attention, we refer to the mechanisms that enable adaptive behavior by selecting, integrating, and prioritizing competing internal and external demands on our cognitive and emotional systems. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 312 | Attention is considered to involve different mechanisms implemented by separate, although interacting, brain networks -- orienting, alertness, and executive control. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 312 | The executive attention network has been related to the control of goal directed behavior, including selection, target detection, conflict resolution, in addition to proponent responses, and monitoring and error detection. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 312 | It has been repeatedly demonstrated that detecting an error leads to a slowing of the behavioral responses in the following trial. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 312 | Error detection may push the system to a more conservative point on the speed-accuracy trade-off curve. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 313 | Recognition of errors seems to activate the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 313 | The ACC has a fundamental role in relating actions to their outcomes and consequences, and thus guides decisions and choices about actions. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 313 | The association between ACC and error detection supported by imaging studies. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 313 | An important characteristic of brain's electrical activity related to the error and feedback components is that both of them are expressed in synchronized (phase-lock) theta activity (4 -- 8 Hz). | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 313 | Theta activity related to the error and feedback components has been localized specifically to the ACC. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 313 | ACC monitoring activity in the theta frequency band could be seen as a violation of expectation process; i.e., a monitoring process that compares and analyzes the similarities and differences between an expected stimulus or action and a presented or performed stimulus or action. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 313 | It is suggested that conflict and error detection are subcategories of the detection of a broader category of situations in which there is a violation of expectations. This includes the detection of erroneous information. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 314 | The connection between rule violation and theta activity was supported by time-frequency analyses, which showed a relative increase in power as well as in phase synchrony, especially in the theta frequency band, for incorrect conditions compared to the correct condition. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 314 | The phase synchrony enhancement began as early as 100 ms after the presentation of the solution and ended at about 400 ms. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 314 | If asynchrony enhancement was shown to be sensitive to the degree of deviation of the incorrect solution from the correct solution, showing great if asynchrony and the fate of man for greater deviations. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 315 | A basic brain infrastructure for detecting errors seems to be operational in infancy. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 317 | Self-regulating abilities continue to develop throughout childhood and adolescence. | 2 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 318 | Maturation of the error detection system might still not be fully complete by early adolescence. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 318 | In males, brain maturation at puberty is slower than in females. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 319 | Explore brain electrical activity related to the arid interaction and violation of expectation as comprising a key monitoring mechanism that involves executive attention. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 319 | The brain response to arrows is set at on the fate of frequency band and is generated in the ACC. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 319 | Although the basic features of the brain responds to arrows are already present in infantry infancy, we have demonstrated a developmental process during infancy and adolescence that continues until it reaches maturity. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 319 | There seems to be gender differences in the face of the developmental process the female brain responses to air as a maturing earlier than male ones. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 322 | Attention Control and Emotion Regulation in Early Development | 3 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 322 | What is generally considered to be a biologically and based differences in emotional reactivity among individuals and the emergence of regulation of that reactivity beginning late in the first year of life. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 323 | The basic brain architecture of the executive attention system may be in place in early infancy. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 323 | Development of Emotion Regulatory Behaviors | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 323 | Regulation of emotion is considered to be strongly associated with attentional control. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 323 | Children who show more effortful control tend to show less anger, fear, and discomfort. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 323 | Emotional regulation, just like attentional control, displays dramatic developments during infancy and early childhood. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 324 | Emotion self-control is considered to emerge fully between three and four years of age. | 1 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 324 | Attending to a non-startling stimulus typically results in a decrease in heart rate (the orienting reflex), whereas heart rate usually increases during a stressor, such as a challenging mental task. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 324 | Changes in the variability of the heart rate are associated with sustained attention as well as effortful cognitive processing. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 324 | The vegas nerve to the heart from the nucleus ambiguus serves an inhibitory function of slowing heart rate and modulating the effects on the heart of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 324 | Allow the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate, which is essential for cognitive or emotional responding. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 324 | Cardiac measures of autonomic nervous system activity during cognitive processing are widely used in developmental studies. | 0 | ||
| Posner; Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention | 327 | Self-control over the expression of negative emotion is critical for adaptive social functioning. | 3 | ||
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