Purves, et al.; Neuroscience
Book	Page		Topic
Purves; Neuroscience	12		Reflex circuit, knee-jerk response.
Purves; Neuroscience	17		Neuroanatomical terminology		5
Purves; Neuroscience	25		Brain Imaging Techniques		8
Purves; Neuroscience	31		Electrical Signals in Nerve Cells		6
Purves; Neuroscience	47		Voltage-dependent membrane permeability		16
Purves; Neuroscience	69		Channels and Transporters		22
Purves; Neuroscience	70		Patch clamp method (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	82		Toxins and Ion Channels		12
Purves; Neuroscience	84		Diseases caused by altered ion channels		2
Purves; Neuroscience	93		Synaptic Transmission		9
Purves; Neuroscience	94		Gap junctions, electrical synapses		1
Purves; Neuroscience	129		Neurotransmitters and their Receptors		35
Purves; Neuroscience	129		More than 100 different agents are known to serve as neurotransmitters.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	129		Neuropeptides are relatively large transmitter molecules composed of three to 36 amino acids.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	129		Individual amino acids such as glutamate and GABA, as well as the transmitters acetylcholine, serotonin, and histamine, are much smaller than neuropeptides and have therefore come to be called small molecule neurotransmitters.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	129		Within the category of small molecule neurotransmitters, the biogenic amines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, and histamine) are often discussed separately because of their similar chemical properties and postsynaptic actions.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	129		Acetylcholine (ACh) was the first substance identified as a neurotransmitter.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	131		Functional features of the major neurotransmitters (table)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	131		After synthesis in the cytoplasm of a neuron, a vesicular ACh transporter loads approximately 10,000 molecules of ACh into each cholinergic vesicle.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	135		Positive feelings produced by heroine, generally described as the 'rush', are often compared to the feeling of sexual orgasm and begin in less than a minute after intravenous injection. There is then a feeling of general well-being (referred to as 'on the nod') that lasts about an hour.		4
It's is	135		Symptoms of withdrawal can be intense; these are restlessness, irritability, nausea, muscle pain, depression, sleeplessness, and a sense of anxiety and malaise.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	136		Neurotoxins that act on postsynaptic receptors.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	137		Glutamate is the most important neurotransmitter in normal brain function.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	137		Nearly all excitatory neurons in the central nervous system are glutamatergic.		0
It's is	137		Glutamate is a nonessential amino acid that does not cross the blood brain barrier and therefore must be synthesized in neurons from local precursors.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	139		Several types of glutamate receptors have been identified -- NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, and kainate receptors		2
Purves; Neuroscience	140		Myasthenia gravis: an autoimmune disease of neuromuscular synapses.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	143		Most inhibitory synapses in the brain and spinal cord use either GABA of glycine as neurotransmitters.		3
Purves; Neuroscience	147		Catecholamines are derived from the amino acid tyrosine.		4
Purves; Neuroscience	147		Five well-established biogenic amine neurotransmitters --   three catecholamines -- (1) dopamine, (2) norepinephrine (noradrenaline), (3) epinephrine (adrenaline)  --   and (4) histamine and (5) serotonin.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	147		Dopamine is present in several brain regions, although the major dopamine containing area of the brain is the corpus striatum, which recieves major input from the substantia nigra and plays an essential role in the coordination of body movements.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	147		Dopamine is also involved in motivation, reward, and reinforcement, and many drugs of abuse work by affecting dopaminergic synapses in the CNS.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	148		Biogenic amine neurotransmitters and Psychiatric disorders.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	149		Dopamine -- Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area		1
Purves; Neuroscience	149		Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) -- Locus coeruleus		0
Purves; Neuroscience	149		Epinephrine -- Medullary epinephrine neurons		0
Purves; Neuroscience	151		Serotonin is found primarily in groups of neurons in the raphe region of the pons and upper brainstem which have widespread projections to the forebrain and regulate sleep and wakefulness.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	151		A large number of antipsychotic drugs that are valuable in the treatment of depression and anxiety act on serotonergic pathways.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	153		Peptide neurotransmitters		2
Purves; Neuroscience	153		Many peptides known to be hormones also act as neurotransmitters.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	153		Some peptide transmitters have been implicated in modulating emotions.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	153		The mechanisms responsible for the synthesis and packaging of peptide transmitters are fundamentally different from those used for small molecule neurotransmitters and are much like this synthesis of proteins that are secreted from non-neuronal cells.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	154		An especially important category of peptide neurotransmitters is the family of opioids. These peptides are so named because they bind to the same postsynaptic receptors activated by opium.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	155		The opium poppy has been cultivated for at least 5000 years, and its derivatives have been used as an analgesic since at least the Renaissance.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	155		The active ingredients in opium or a variety of plant alkaloids, predominantly morphine.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	155		Morphine, named for Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams, is still one of the most effective analgesics in use today, despite its addictive potential.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	155		Synthetic opiates such as methadone are also used as analgesics.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	155		Fentanyl, a drug with 80 times the analgesic potency of morphine, is widely used in clinical anesthesiology.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	155		Opioid peptides were discovered in the 1970s during a search for endorphins, compounds that mimic the actions of morphine.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	155		It was hoped that the endorphin compounds would be analgesic, and that understanding them would shed light on drug addiction.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	155		The endogenous ligands of the opioid receptors have now been identified as a family of more than 20 opioid peptides.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	156		Opiod peptides are widely distributed throughout the brain and often colocalized was small molecule neurotransmitters.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	156		In general, peptides tend to be depressants.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	156		Opioids are also involved in complex behaviors such as sexual attraction and aggressive/submissive behaviors.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	156		Opioids have been implicated in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	156		Unfortunately, the repeated administration of opioids leads to tolerance and addiction.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	156		Virtually all neuropeptides and initiate their effects by activating key protein coupled receptors.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	156		Peptides activate their ascent is at low concentrations (nM to µM) compared to the concentration required to activate receptors for small molecule neurotransmitters.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	156		The properties of peptide neurotransmitters allow the postsynaptic targets to be quite far removed from the presynaptic terminals and to modulate the electrical properties of neurons that are simply in the vicinity of the site of the peptide release.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	159		Nitric oxide (NO) is an unusual but especially interesting chemical signal.		3
Purves; Neuroscience	159		NO can permeate the plasma membrane, meaning that NO generated inside one cell and traveled through the extracellular medium and act within nearby cells.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	159		The NO gaseous signal has a range of influence that extends well beyond the cell of origin, diffusing a few tens of microns from its site at production before it is degraded.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	159		The properties of NO makes it a potentially useful agent for coordinating the activities of multiple cells in a very localized region, and may mediate certain forms of synaptic plasticity that spread within small networks of neurons.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	159		NO signals lasts only for a short time, on the order of seconds or less.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	160		Marijuana and the Brain		1
Purves; Neuroscience	165		Molecular signaling within neurons		5
Purves; Neuroscience	169		Categories of cellular receptors: (1) channel-linked receptors,  (2) enzyme-linked receptors, (3) G-protein-coupled receptors, (4) intracellular receptors.		4
Purves; Neuroscience	172		Second messengers		3
Purves; Neuroscience	172		Calcium ion (Ca2+) is perhaps the most common intracellular messenger in neurons.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	173		Neuronal second messengers (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	175		Second messenger targets -- protein kinases and phosphatases.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	175		Second messages typically regulate neuronal functions by modulating the phosphorylation state of intracellular proteins.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	175		Phosphorylation rapidly and reversibly changes protein function.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	175		Regulation of cellular proteins by phosphorylation (diagram)		0
Purves; Neuroscience	178		Second messengers elicit prolonged changes in neuronal function by promoting the synthesis of new RNA and protein. The resulting accumulation of new proteins requires at least 30-60 minutes, a timeframe that is orders of magnitude slower than the responses mediated by ion fluxes or phosphorylation.		3
Purves; Neuroscience	178		The reversal of second-messenger events requires hours to days.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	179		Steps involved in transcription of DNA and RNA (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	179		Intracellular signaling transduction cascades regulate gene expression by converting the transcriptional activator proteins from an inactive state to an active state in which they are able to bind to DNA.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	179		CREB --  cAMP response element binding protein, is a ubiquitous transcriptional activator.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	180		Transcriptional regulation by CREB (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	180		Multiple signaling pathways converge by activating kinases that phosphorylate CREB.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	180		Many genes whose transcription is regulated by CREB have been identified.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	181		Neuronal Signal Transduction		1
Purves; Neuroscience	181		Understanding the general properties of signal transduction processes at the plasma membrane, in this cytosol, and within the nucleus make it possible to consider how these processes work in concert to mediate specific functions in the brain.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	182		Long term depression (LTD)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	182		Mechanisms of action of NGF:  neuronal differentiation; cell survival.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	183		Signaling at cerebellar parallel fibers synapses.  (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	184		A diversity of signal transduction pathways exist within all neurons.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	184		Important effectors are protein kinases and phosphatases that regulate the phosphorylation state of their substrates, and thus their function.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	185		Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase by protein phosphorylation (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	190		Major classes of somatic sensory receptors - (table)		5
Purves; Neuroscience	191		Somatic sensory system (diagram) -- Three-neuron relay: Centrally projecting axons of dorsal root ganglion cells; neurons in the brain stem nuclei; neurons of the ventral posterior nuclear complex of the thalamus.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	193		Skin harbors a variety of morphologically distinct mechanoreceptors (diagram)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	194		Sensitivity of tactical discrimination -- (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	201		Mechanosensory pathways -- (diagram)		7
Purves; Neuroscience	202		Dermatome -- innervation arising from a single dorsal root ganglion and its spinal nerve -- (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	205		Homunculus -- Human primary somatic sensory cortex - (diagram)		3
Purves; Neuroscience	207		Brain modules -- patterns of organization within the sensory cortices		2
Purves; Neuroscience	211		Pain can be separated into an early perception of sharp pain and a later sensation that is described as having a duller, burning quality.		4
Purves; Neuroscience	215		Referred pain (diagram)		4
Purves; Neuroscience	217		Nociceptive information critical for signaling the unpleasant quality of pain (diagram)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	220		Inflammatory response (diagram)		3
Purves; Neuroscience	226		Descending systems that modulate the transmission of ascending pain signals.		6
Purves; Neuroscience	230		Anatomy of the human eye of (diagram)		4
Purves; Neuroscience	235		Connections between the hippocampus and possible declarative memory storage sites -(diagram)		5
Purves; Neuroscience	241		Structural differences between rods and cones (diagrams)		6
Purves; Neuroscience	241		Rod system has very low spatial resolution but is extremely sensitive to light.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	241		Cone system has very high spatial resolution but is relatively insensitive to light.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	242		Range of luminance values over which the visual system operates (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	243		Macular degeneration		1
Purves; Neuroscience	244		Distribution of rods and cones in the human retina (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	245		Cross-section of the human fovea. Overlying cellular layers and  blood vessels are displaced so that light is subjected to a minimum of scattering before photons strike the outer segments of the cones in the center of the fovea, call the foveola. (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	246		Color vision -- light absorption spectra of the four photopigments in the normal human retina. (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	248		Many deficiencies of color vision are the result of genetic alterations in the red or green cone pigments due to the crossing over of chromosomes during meiosis.  (diagram)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	259		Central visual pathways		11
Purves; Neuroscience	261		Central projections of the retinal ganglion cells.  (diagram)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	261		Pupillary light reflex (diagram)		0
Purves; Neuroscience	262		Blind Spot		1
Purves; Neuroscience	271		Column organization of the striate cortex		9
Purves; Neuroscience	278		Functional organization of extrastriate visual areas		7
Purves; Neuroscience	279		Subdivisions of the extrastriate cortex in the macaque monkey. (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	283		Auditory System		4
Purves; Neuroscience	288		Human ear (diagram)		5
Purves; Neuroscience	292		Cochlea (diagram)		4
Purves; Neuroscience	293		Traveling waves along the cochlea (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	297		Mechanoelectrical transduction mediated by a hair cells (diagram)		4
Purves; Neuroscience	299		Cross-section of the cochlea -- scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani, basilar membrane, tectoral membrane. Stereocilia of the hair cells protrude into the endolymph.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	302		Response properties of auditory nerve fibers (diagram)		3
Purves; Neuroscience	304		Major auditory pathways (diagram)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	307		Integration in the inferior colliculus		3
Purves; Neuroscience	307		Auditory pathways ascending via the olivary and lemniscal complexes, as well as other projections that arise directly from the cochlear nucleus, project to the brain auditory center, the inferior colliculus.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	308		Thalamus is an obligatory relay for all ascending auditory information destined for the cortex.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	309		Human auditory cortex (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	315		Vestibular system		6
Purves; Neuroscience	316		Vestibular labyrinth and its innervation (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	334		Thalamocortical pathways caring vestibular information (diagram)		18
Purves; Neuroscience	337		Chemical Ssenses		3
Purves; Neuroscience	338		Organization of the human olfactory system (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	340		Chemical structure and human perceptual threshold for 12 common odorants. (diagram)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	346		Odorant receptor genes (diagram)		6
Purves; Neuroscience	348		Olfactory coding		2
Purves; Neuroscience	353		Organization of the mammalian olfactory bulb. (diagram)		5
Purves; Neuroscience	365		Branches of the trigeminal nerve that innervate the oral,  nasal, and ocular cavities. (diagram)		12
Purves; Neuroscience	371		Lower motor neuron circuits and motor control		6
Purves; Neuroscience	372		Overall organization of neural structures in the control of movement - (block diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	372		Cerebellum is located on the dorsal surface of the pons.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	372		Cerebellum acts via it's afferent pathways to the upper motor neurons as a servomechanism, detecting the difference, or motor error, between an intended movement and the movement actually performed.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	373		Basal ganglia suppress unwanted movements and prepare upper motor neuron circuits for the initiation of movements.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	375		There are far more muscle fibers than motor neurons.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	375		Individual motor axons branch within muscles to synapse on many different fibers, distributed over a relatively wide area within the muscle, ensuring that contractile force of the motor unit is spread evenly.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	387		Reflex pathway (diagram) - painful stimulus, spinal cord, withdrawal of limb, crossed extension reflex of contralateral limb, postural support.		12
Purves; Neuroscience	391		Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease)		4
Purves; Neuroscience	393		Upper motor neuron control of the brainstem and spinal cord		2
Purves; Neuroscience	398		Reticular formation neurons; early anatomical concepts, 1930s and 40s; damage to the upper brainstem tegmentum produced coma; transitions between sleep and wakefulness.		5
Purves; Neuroscience	398		Clusters of neurons in the midbrain and rostral pontine reticular formation participate in the modulation of conscious states.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	398		Reticular formation: Forebrain projections of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus and serotogenergic neurons in the raphe nuclei.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	398		Biogenic amine neurotransmitters function as neuromodulators that alter the membrane potential and firing patterns of thalamocortical and cortical neurons.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	398		Reticular formation neurons in the caudal pons and medulla oblongata; integrate feedback sensory signals with executive commands from upper motor neurons and deep cerebellar nuclei; organize the efferent activities of motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	398		Reticular formation neurons organize mastication, facial expressions, reflexive orofacial behaviors such as sneezing, hiccuping, yawning, swallowing.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	399		Some clusters of the reticular formation organize complex activities that require the coordination of both somatic motor and visceral motor outflow, such as gagging and vomiting, and even laughing and crying.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	399		Stereotypical patterns of movement.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	399		Reticular formation, heterogeneous collection of distinct neuronal clusters in the brainstem tegmentum; that either    modulate the excitability of distant neurons in the forebrain and spinal cord;   or  coordinate the firing pattern of neurons engaged in reflexive or stereotypical somatic motor and visceral motor behavior.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	400		Reticular formation anatomy - (diagram) Neurons in the reticular formation are scattered among the axon bundles that course through the medial portion of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. (1) Midbrain, (2) Lower pons, (3) Middle medulla		1
Purves; Neuroscience	400		Postural control entails an anticipatory, or feedforward, mechanism.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	402		Upper motor neurons reside in several adjacent and highly interconnected areas in the frontal lobe.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	402		Upper motor neurons receive regulatory input from the basal ganglia and cerebellum via relays in the ventrolateral thalamus, as well as inputs from the somatic sensory regions of the parietal lobe.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	402		Pyramidal cells of cortical layer V are the upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	403		Upper motor neuron pathway; corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts - (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	405		Motor cortex contains a complete representation, or map, of the body's musculature.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	406		Topographic map of the body musculature in the primary motor cortex - (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	408		What do motor maps represent? Somatotopic maps in the motor cortex; Fine structure of the map; Details of motor maps; Patterns of activity in the motor cortex generate a given movement.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	412		Lateral and medial areas of the premotor cortex are involved in selecting specific movement or sequence of movements from a repertoire of possible movements.		4
Purves; Neuroscience	414		Muscle tone in the leg muscles prevents the amount of sway that normally occurs while standing from becoming too large.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	415		Postural regulation  --  reticular formation is especially important in feedforward control of posture; anticipation of changes in body stability.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	415		Vestibular nuclei that project to the spinal cord are especially important in feedback postural mechanisms; response to sensory signals that indicate an existing postural disturbance.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	415		Premotor cortices  --  planning and selecting movements;   primary motor cortex is responsible for their execution.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	415		Brainstem pathways can independently organize gross motor control.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	415		Direct projections from the motor cortex to local circuit neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord are essential for the fine, fractionated movements.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	417		Basal ganglia - large and functionally diverse set of nuclei: caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra,   subthalamic nucleus in the ventral thalamus.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	417		Certain basal ganglia components are required to initiate a movement and to terminate a movement.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	417		Motor components of the basal ganglia make a subcortical loop that links most areas of the cortex with upper motor neurons in the primary and premotor cortex along with neurons in the brainstem.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	417		Caudate and putamen of the corpus striatum comprise the input zone of the basal ganglia.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	418		Basic circuits of the basal ganglia,    excitatory and inhibitory connections.  (Diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	418		Motor components of the basal ganglia - (diagram)		0
Purves; Neuroscience	418		Basal ganglia pathway:   Most of the structures are in the telencephalon, although substantia nigra is in the midbrain, and thalamic and subthalamic nuclei are in the diencephalon.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	418		Ventral anterior and ventral lateral thalamic nuclei (VA/VL complex) are targets of the basal ganglia, relaying the modulatory affects of the basal ganglia to upper motor neurons in the cortex.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	418		Large dendritic trees of the striatum allow them to integrate inputs from a variety of cortical, thalamic, and brainstem structures.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	418		Globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata are the main sources of output from the basal ganglia complex.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	418		Nearly all regions of the neocortex project directly to the striatum, making the cerebral cortex the source of the largest input to the basal ganglia, by far.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	418		The only cortical areas that do not project to the striatum are the primary visual and primary auditory cortices.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	418		Of the cortical areas that innervate the striatum, the heaviest projections are from association areas in the frontal and parietal lobes, but substantial contributions also arise from the temporal, insular, and cingulate cortices.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	418		Association cortices do not process any one type of sensory information; rather, they receive inputs from a number of primary and secondary sensory cortices and associated thalamic nuclei.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	419		Anatomical organization of inputs to the basal ganglia,   caudate and putamen. - (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	419		The fact that different cortical areas project to different regions of the striatum implies that the corticostriatal pathway consists of multiple parallel pathways serving different functions.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	419		Corpus striatum is functionally subdivided according to its inputs.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	419		Visual and somatic sensory cortical projections are topographically mapped within different regions of the putamen.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	419		Rostrocaudal bands within the striatum;    functional units concerned with the movement of particular body parts.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	420		Neurons and circuits of the basal ganglia - (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	420		Functionally distinct pathways project parallel from the cortex to the striatum.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	422		Functional organization of outputs from the basal ganglia - (block diagram)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	423		Efferent neurons of the internal globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata together give rise to the major pathways that link the basal ganglia with upper motor neurons located in the cortex and in the brainstem.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	423		Pathway from basal ganglia to the cortex arises primarily in the internal globus pallidus and reaches the motor cortex after a relay in the ventral anterior- and ventral lateral-nuclei of the dorsal thalamus. These thalamic nuclei project directly to motor areas of the cortex, thus completing a vast loop that originates in multiple cortical areas and terminates (after relays in  the basal ganglia and thalamus) back in the motor areas  of the frontal lobe.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	423		Axons from substantia nigra pars reticulata synapse on upper motor neurons in the superior colliculus that command eye movements, without an intervening relay in the thalamus		0
Purves; Neuroscience	423		Because efferent cells  of both the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata are GABAergic, the main output of the basal ganglia is inhibitory.     In contrast to the quiescent medium spiny neurons, the neurons in both these output zones have  high levels of spontaneous activity that tend to prevent unwanted movements by tonically inhibiting cells in the superior colliculus and thalamus.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	429		Parkinson's Disease		6
Purves; Neuroscience	432		Basal ganglia loops and non-motor brain functions - (diagram)		3
Purves; Neuroscience	433		Tourette's syndrome: excessive activity in basal ganglia loops.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	435		Cerebellum influences movements by modifying activity patterns of the upper motor neurons.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	435		Primary function of the cerebellum is to detect the difference, or motor error, between an intended movement and the actual movement, and through its projections to the upper motor neurons, to reduce the error.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	435		Like the basal ganglia, the cerebellum is part of a vast loop that receives projections from and sends projections back to the cerebral cortex and brainstem.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	435		Cerebellum is concerned with the regulation of highly skilled movements, especially the planning and execution of complex spatial and temporal sequences of movement, including speech.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	436		Cerebellum - overall organization and subdivisions - (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	438		Inferior Olive - (diagram)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	438		Cerebral cortex is by far the largest source of inputs to the cerebellum.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	440		Cerebellum outputs to cerebral cortex - (diagram)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	440		Cerebellum projects to motor neurons in the cortex via a relay in the thalamus and in the brainstem.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	443		Purkinje cells - excitatory and inhibitory connections in the cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei.		3
Purves; Neuroscience	443		Climbing fiber from Inferior Olive - (diagram)		0
Purves; Neuroscience	443		Purkinje cell output to the deep cerebellar nuclear cell generates an error correction signal that modify movements already begun.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	444		Prion diseases		1
Purves; Neuroscience	454		Actions and innervation of Extraocular Muscles		10
Purves; Neuroscience	458		Neural control of Saccadic Movements		4
Purves; Neuroscience	462		Sensorimotor integration in the superior colliculus.		4
Purves; Neuroscience	472		Visceral motor system - Sympathetic; Parasympathetic - (diagram)		10
Purves; Neuroscience	474		Summary of major functions of the Viseral Motor System - (Table)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	483		Central autonomic network for control of visceral motor function - (diagram) -- Medial prefrontal cortex, Insular cortex, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem reticular formation, autonomic ganglia, spinal visceral sensory neurons, cranial nerves IX and X, etc.		9
Purves; Neuroscience	483		Central control of visceral motor system - (diagram)		0
Purves; Neuroscience	484		Hypothalamus - (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	492		Autonomic control of cardiovascular function - (diagram)		8
Purves; Neuroscience	494		Autonomic control of bladder function - (diagram)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	497		Autonomic control of sexual function in the human male - (diagram)		3
Purves; Neuroscience	501		Early brain development.		4
Purves; Neuroscience	505		Stem cells.		4
Purves; Neuroscience	510		Formation of Major Brain Subdivisions		5
Purves; Neuroscience	512		Homeotic genes and brain development.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	516		Precursor cells are located in the ventricular zone, the innermost cell layer surrounding the lumen of the neural tube, in a region of extraordinary mitotic activity. It has been estimated that in humans, about 250,000 new neurons are generated each minute during the peak of cell proliferation during gestation.		4
Purves; Neuroscience	519		Generation of cortical neurons during gestation, Cortical layers - (diagram)		3
Purves; Neuroscience	520		Migration is a ubiquitous feature of development that brings cells into appropriate spacial relationships.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	520		Migration of postmitotic neuroblasts in the fetal brain.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	522		Radial migration in the developing cortex - (diagram)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	523		Stereotyped movements bring different classes of cells into contact with one another, thereby constraining cell-cell signaling to specific times and places.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	524		Cortical projection neurons, interneurons, astrocytes and oligodendroglia were probably not derived from the same precursor pools.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	524		Mosaic of transcriptional regulators whose expression and activity is restricted to various domains in the ventral forebrain orchestrates the long distance migration of distinct cell types.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	527		Growth cones are highly motile structures that explore the extracellular environment.		3
Purves; Neuroscience	529		Basic structure of growth cones - (diagram)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	530		Axon Guidance at the Optic Chiasm.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	532		Axon guidance molecules, ligands and receptors - (diagram)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	532		Semaphorins, repulsive cues, either bound to cell surface or secreted; receptors (plexins and neuropilin) found in growth cones.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	533		Growth cone interactions with environment - (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	536		Secreted factor "slit" and its receptor "robo", preventing an axon from straying back over the midline once it has crossed in response to netrin.		3
Purves; Neuroscience	537		Formation of topographic maps - in the somaticsensory, visual, and motor systems, neuronal connections in the periphery are arranged as similarly adjacent locations in the central nervous system. In the early 1960s, Roger Sperry articulated the chemoaffinity hypothesis.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	543		Neurotrophins - intercellular signaling molecules, originate from target tissues and regulate neuronal differentiation, growth, and survival.		6
Purves; Neuroscience	548		Neuron innervated by 105 inputs, (mammalian brain neurons may have as many as 105 synapses on dendrites)		5
Purves; Neuroscience	552		Discovery of BDNF and the neurotrophin family.		4
Purves; Neuroscience	554		Neurotrophin receptors and their specificity for the neurotrophins.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	555		Signaling to the neurotrophins and their receptors.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	557		Modification of brain circuits as a result of experience.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	557		Uniqueness of individual human brains -- genetic and environmental influences.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	557		Neuronal activity generated by interactions with the outside world in postnatal life provides a mechanism by which the environment can influence brain structure and function.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	557		Many of the effects of activity are transduced via signaling pathways that modify levels of intracellular Ca2+ and thus influence local cytoskeletal organization as well as gene expression.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	557		As humans and other mammals mature, the brain becomes increasingly refractory to the lessons of experience.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	557		Critical periods -- environmental factors are especially influential in early life during temporal windows.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	558		Imprinted geese -- Konrad Lorenz		1
Purves; Neuroscience	559		Learning a language has critical period for humans.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	560		Birdsong		1
Purves; Neuroscience	562		Critical periods in visual system development -- ocular dominance columns.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	563		Ocular dominance columns (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	564		Transneuronal labeling with radioactive amino acids.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	570		Representation of Hebb's postulate as it might operate during development of the visual system.		6
Purves; Neuroscience	575		Plasticity of my mature synapses and circuits.		5
Purves; Neuroscience	575		New neurons can be generated throughout life in a limited number of brain regions, suggesting that new cells can be integrated into existing circuits.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	575		Synaptic plasticity underlies behavioral modification in invertebrates.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	575		Eric Kandel and his colleagues at Columbia University.  Marine mollusk Aplysia Californica.  This sea slug has only a few tens of thousands of neurons, many of which are quite large (up to 1 µ in diameter).		0
Purves; Neuroscience	577		Habituation is found in many species, including humans. When dressing, we initially experience tactile sensations due to clothes stimulating our skin, but hibituation quickly causes these sensations to fade.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	579		The same serotonin-induced enhancement of glutamate-release that mediates short-term sensitization is also thought to underlie long-term sensitization.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	579		Neural mechanisms underlying plasticity in the adult nervous system.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	579		Behavioral plasticity can arise from plastic changes in the efficacy of synaptic transmission. These changes in synaptic function can be either short-term effects that rely on post-translational modification of existing synaptic proteins, or long-term changes that require changes in gene expression, new protein synthesis, and perhaps even growth of new synapses, or elimination of existing ones.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	584		Long-term potentiation of Hippocampal synapses.		5
Purves; Neuroscience	584		Many other brain areas are involved in the complex process of memory formation, storage and retrieval.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	585		Dendrites of pyramidal cells in the CA1 region receive synapses from Schaffer collaterals, the axons of pyramidal cells in the CA3 region.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	585		A brief, high-frequency train of stimuli causes LTP.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	585		LTP occurs not only at the excitatory synapses of the hippocampus but at many other synapses in a variety of brain regions, including the cortex, amygdala, and cerebellum.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	585		Potentiation of synaptic transmission persists for several hours.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	586		State of the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell determines whether LTP occurs.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	586		LTP is restricted to the activated synapses, rather than to all the synapses on a given cell. This characteristic of LTP is consistent with the storage of specific information.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	586		If one pathway is weakly activated at the same time that a neighboring pathway on the same cell is strongly activated, both synaptic pathways undergo LTP.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	588		NMDA receptor behaves as a molecular "and" gate.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	588		NMDA receptor can detect the coincidence of two events.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	597		Changes in gene expression cause enduring changes in synaptic function during LTP and LTD.		9
Purves; Neuroscience	597		Initial basis of long-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity in the mammalian CNS, such as LTP and LTD, entail post-translational changes that lead to altered distributions or density of postsynaptic AMPA receptors.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	597		Long-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity requires changes in gene expression.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	597		Hippocampal LTP has an early phase that involves post-translational mechanisms, it also has a later phase that depends on gene expression and the synthesis of new proteins.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	597		Late phase of LTP is initiated by transcription factors such as CREB, which stimulate the expression of other transcriptional regulators.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	597		Number and size of synaptic contacts increases during LTP.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	598		Mechanisms responsible for long-lasting changes in synaptic transmission during LTP.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	599		Some of the proteins newly synthesized during LTP are involved in construction of new synaptic contacts.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	599		Behavioral plasticity requires activity-dependent synaptic changes that lead to changes in the functional connections within and among neural circuits.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	599		Changes in the efficacy and local geometry of connectivity provide a basis for learning and memory.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	599		Abnormal patterns of neuronal activity, such as epilepsy, can stimulate abnormal changes in synaptic connections that may further increase the frequency and severity of seizures.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	599		How selective changes of synaptic strength encode memories or other complex behavioral modifications in the mammalian brain is not known.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	599		Plasticity in Adult Cerebral Cortex		0
Purves; Neuroscience	600		Epilepsy: the effect of pathological activity on Neural Circuitry		1
Purves; Neuroscience	600		Many highly accomplished people have suffered from epilepsy: Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Napoleon, Dostoyevsky, van Gogh.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	600		Plastic changes in the visual, auditory, and motor cortices.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	602		Limited changes in cortical circuitry can occur in the adult brain.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	602		Basic features of cortical organization -- such as ocular dominance columns and the broader topographical organization of inputs from the thalamus -- remain fixed.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	602		Rapid and reversible character of most of these changes in cortical function probably reflect alterations in the strength of synapses already present.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	602		Adult plasticity indicates that normal experience can alter the strength of existing synapses and even elicit some local remodeling of synapses and circuits.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	603		When peripheral nerves are injured, the damaged axons regenerate vigorously and can re-grow over distances of many centimeters.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	603		CNS axons typically fail to regenerate.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	608		Neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain.		5
Purves; Neuroscience	613		Association cortices.		5
Purves; Neuroscience	614		Primary cortices occupy a relatively small fraction of the total cortical area.  Remainder of the neocortex, association cortices, is the seat of human cognitive ability.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	615		Structure of the human neocortex, including the association cortices (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	615		Brodmann areas (diagram)		0
Purves; Neuroscience	616		Canonical neocortical circuitry.  Thalamic input primarily to layer 4. (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	617		Cortical lamination (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	618		Connectivity of the association cortices (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	620		Neuroanatomy of attention (diagram)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	625		Psychosurgery		5
Purves; Neuroscience	634		Brain size and intelligence		9
Purves; Neuroscience	637		Language and speech		3
Purves; Neuroscience	638		Major brain areas involved in a comprehension and production of language (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	639		Relationship of the major language areas to the classical map of the cerebral cortex.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	640		Speech -- throat sagittal (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	644		Characteristics of Broca's and Wernicke's aphasias (table)		4
Purves; Neuroscience	646		Language and lateralization (diagram)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	650		Language and handedness		4
Purves; Neuroscience	652		Cortical variability of language representation among individuals -- Roger Penfield's original study data (diagram)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	659		Sleep and wakefulness		7
Purves; Neuroscience	661		Styles of sleep in different species (diagram)		2
Purves; Neuroscience	668		electroencephalography		7
Purves; Neuroscience	673		Circuitry involved in the decreased sensation and the muscle paralysis that occurs during REM sleep (diagram)		5
Purves; Neuroscience	676		Cortical regions whose activity is increased or decreased during REM sleep (diagram)		3
Purves; Neuroscience	677		A key component of the reticular activating system is a group of cholinergic nuclei near the pons-midbrain junction that project to the thalamocortical neurons.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	681		AIM diagram (Hobson), sleep-wake states - (diagram)		4
Purves; Neuroscience	682		Sleep apnea		1
Purves; Neuroscience	687		Emotions		5
Purves; Neuroscience	693		Limbic system		6
Purves; Neuroscience	694		In the 1850s, Paul Broca use the term 'limbic lobe' to refer to the part of the cerebral cortex that forms a rim (limbus is Latin for rim) around the corpus callosum and diencephalon on the medial face of the hemispheres.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	694		Hippocampus now appears to have little to do with emotional behavior, whereas the amygdala plays a major role in the experience and expression of emotion.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	694		Limbic lobe includes the cortex on the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere that forms a rim around the corpus callosum and diencephalon, including the cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	695		Modern conception of the limbic system (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	696		Anatomy of the amygdala (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	701		Generally, the amygdala and its connections to the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia are likely to influence the selection and initiation of behaviors aimed at obtaining rewards and avoiding punishments.		5
Purves; Neuroscience	703		It is likely that interactions between the amygdala and neocortex and related subcortical circuits account for what is perhaps the most enigmatic aspect of emotional experience: the highly subjective 'feelings' that attend most emotional states.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	711		Sex, sexuality, and the brain		8
Purves; Neuroscience	711		Sexually dimorphic brain structures tend to cluster around the third ventricle in the anterior hypothalamus and are an integral part of the system that governs visceral motor behavior.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	713		Brain circuits in primates are masculinized primarily by the actions of androgens.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	714		Development of male and female phenotypes (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	723		Components of the hypothalamus (diagram)		9
Purves; Neuroscience	733		Declarative memory		10
Purves; Neuroscience	733		Nondeclarative memory		0
Purves; Neuroscience	734		Immediate memory (fractions of a second)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	735		Working memory (seconds to minutes)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	736		Long-term memory (days, weeks, or a lifetime)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	736		Long-term memory - long-term changes in the efficacy of transmission of the relevant synoptic connections, and/or the growth and reordering of the connections.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	736		Priming		0
Purves; Neuroscience	736		Association in information storage.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	738		Forgetting		2
Purves; Neuroscience	741		Hippocampus - establishing new declarative memories.		3
Purves; Neuroscience	742		Case of H. M.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	744		Formation of declarative memories depends on the hippocampus and its subcortical connections to the mammillary bodies and dorsal thalamus.		2
Purves; Neuroscience	746		Brain Systems Underlying Long-Term Storage of Declarative Memory		2
Purves; Neuroscience	747		Declarative memories are stored widely in specialized areas of the cerebral cortex.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	747		Retrieving declarative memories involves the medial temporal lobe, as well as regions of the frontal cortex.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	747		Connections between the hippocampus and possible declarative memory storage sites -(diagram)		0
Purves; Neuroscience	748		Nondeclarative memory involves the basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, sensory association cortex, and cerebellum.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	748		Brain Systems Underlying Nondeclarative Learning and Memory		0
Purves; Neuroscience	749		Acquisition and storage of declarative vs. nondeclarative information - (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	752		Age-related neurodegeneration may be slowed in elderly people who make special effort to continue using their full range of human memory abilities (both declarative and nondeclarative)		3
Purves; Neuroscience	755		Cerebellum is attached to the dorsal aspect of the pons by three large white-matter tracts, the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles.		3
Purves; Neuroscience	755		Inferior olivary complex		0
Purves; Neuroscience	755		Brainstem is involved in regulating the level of consciousness, primarily through the extensive forebrain projections of the reticular formation.		0
Purves; Neuroscience	756		Cranial nerve VIII, Vestibulocochlear (auditory) nerve, hearing, junction of pons and medulla.		1
Purves; Neuroscience	758		Ventral view of brainstem, cranial nerves; midbrain, pons, medulla, spinal cord		2
Purves; Neuroscience	759		Dorsal view of brainstem, cranial nerves, thalamus		1
Purves; Neuroscience	759		Major brainstem subdivisions - (diagram)		0
Purves; Neuroscience	765		Major arteries of the brain (diagram)		6
Purves; Neuroscience	767		Stroke		2
Purves; Neuroscience	768		Cellular basis of the blood-brain barrier (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	769		Meninges of the brain (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	770		Circulation of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	771		Ventricular system of the human brain. - (diagram)		1
Purves; Neuroscience	772		Total volume of CSF in the ventricular system is approximately 140 mL. Entire volume in the system is turned over several times a day.		1