Purves,
et al.; Neuroscience |
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Book |
Page |
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Topic |
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Purves; Neuroscience |
12 |
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Reflex circuit, knee-jerk
response. |
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Purves; Neuroscience |
17 |
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Neuroanatomical terminology |
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5 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
25 |
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Brain Imaging Techniques |
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8 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
31 |
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Electrical Signals in Nerve
Cells |
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6 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
47 |
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Voltage-dependent membrane
permeability |
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16 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
69 |
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Channels and Transporters |
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22 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
70 |
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Patch clamp method (diagram) |
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1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
82 |
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Toxins and Ion Channels |
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12 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
84 |
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Diseases caused by altered ion
channels |
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2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
93 |
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Synaptic Transmission |
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9 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
94 |
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Gap junctions,
electrical synapses |
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1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
129 |
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Neurotransmitters and their Receptors |
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35 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
129 |
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More than 100
different agents are known to serve as neurotransmitters. |
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0 |
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129 |
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Neuropeptides
are relatively large transmitter molecules composed of three to 36 amino
acids. |
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0 |
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129 |
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Individual amino acids such as glutamate and GABA, as well as the transmitters acetylcholine,
serotonin, and histamine, are much smaller than neuropeptides and have therefore come to be called small molecule neurotransmitters. |
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129 |
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Within the category of small molecule neurotransmitters, the biogenic amines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, and histamine) are often discussed separately because of their similar chemical properties and postsynaptic actions. |
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Purves; Neuroscience |
129 |
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Acetylcholine (ACh) was the first substance identified as a neurotransmitter. |
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131 |
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Functional features of the major neurotransmitters (table) |
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2 |
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131 |
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After synthesis in the cytoplasm
of a neuron, a vesicular ACh transporter loads approximately 10,000 molecules of ACh
into each cholinergic vesicle. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
135 |
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Positive feelings produced by heroine, generally described as
the 'rush', are often
compared to the feeling of sexual orgasm and begin in less than a minute after intravenous injection. There is
then a feeling of general well-being (referred to as 'on the nod') that lasts about an hour. |
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4 |
It's is |
135 |
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Symptoms of withdrawal can be intense; these are restlessness,
irritability, nausea, muscle pain, depression, sleeplessness, and a sense of anxiety and malaise. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
136 |
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Neurotoxins
that act on postsynaptic
receptors. |
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1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
137 |
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Glutamate
is the most important neurotransmitter in normal brain function. |
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1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
137 |
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Nearly all excitatory
neurons in the central
nervous system are glutamatergic. |
|
0 |
It's is |
137 |
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Glutamate
is a nonessential amino acid that does not cross
the blood brain barrier and therefore must be synthesized in neurons from local precursors. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
139 |
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Several types
of glutamate receptors
have been identified -- NMDA receptors, AMPA
receptors, and kainate
receptors |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
140 |
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Myasthenia gravis: an autoimmune disease of neuromuscular synapses. |
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1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
143 |
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Most inhibitory
synapses in the brain
and spinal cord use either GABA of glycine as neurotransmitters. |
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3 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
147 |
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Catecholamines are derived from the amino acid tyrosine. |
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4 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
147 |
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Five well-established biogenic amine neurotransmitters
-- three catecholamines -- (1) dopamine, (2) norepinephrine (noradrenaline), (3) epinephrine (adrenaline) -- and (4) histamine and (5) serotonin. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
147 |
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Dopamine is
present in several brain regions, although the major
dopamine containing area of the brain is the corpus striatum, which recieves major input from the substantia nigra and plays an essential role in the coordination
of body movements. |
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0 |
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147 |
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Dopamine is
also involved in motivation, reward, and
reinforcement, and many drugs of abuse work by affecting dopaminergic synapses in the CNS. |
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0 |
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148 |
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Biogenic amine neurotransmitters and Psychiatric disorders. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
149 |
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Dopamine --
Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area |
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1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
149 |
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Norepinephrine
(noradrenaline) --
Locus coeruleus |
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0 |
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149 |
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Epinephrine
-- Medullary epinephrine neurons |
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0 |
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151 |
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Serotonin
is found primarily in groups of neurons in the raphe
region of the pons and upper brainstem which have widespread projections to the forebrain and regulate sleep and wakefulness. |
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2 |
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151 |
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A large number of antipsychotic drugs that are
valuable in the treatment of depression and anxiety act on serotonergic pathways. |
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153 |
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Peptide
neurotransmitters |
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2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
153 |
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Many peptides known to be hormones also act as neurotransmitters. |
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0 |
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153 |
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Some peptide transmitters have been implicated
in modulating emotions. |
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0 |
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153 |
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The mechanisms responsible for
the synthesis and packaging of peptide transmitters are fundamentally
different from those used for small molecule neurotransmitters and are much
like this synthesis of proteins that are secreted from non-neuronal cells. |
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0 |
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154 |
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An especially important category
of peptide neurotransmitters
is the family of opioids. These peptides are so named because they bind to
the same postsynaptic receptors activated by opium. |
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1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
155 |
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The opium
poppy has been cultivated for at least 5000 years, and its derivatives have been used as an analgesic since at least the Renaissance. |
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1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
155 |
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The active
ingredients in opium or a variety of plant alkaloids, predominantly morphine. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
155 |
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Morphine,
named for Morpheus,
the Greek god of dreams,
is still one of the most effective analgesics in use today, despite
its addictive potential. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
155 |
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Synthetic opiates such as methadone are also used as analgesics. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
155 |
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Fentanyl, a
drug with 80 times the analgesic potency of morphine, is widely used in clinical
anesthesiology. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
155 |
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Opioid peptides were discovered in the 1970s during a search for endorphins, compounds that mimic the actions of morphine. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
155 |
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It was hoped that the endorphin
compounds would be analgesic, and that understanding them would shed light on
drug addiction. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
155 |
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The endogenous ligands of the
opioid receptors have now been identified as a family of more than 20 opioid
peptides. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
156 |
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Opiod peptides are widely
distributed throughout the brain and often colocalized was small molecule
neurotransmitters. |
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1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
156 |
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In general, peptides tend to be depressants. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
156 |
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Opioids are also involved in
complex behaviors such as sexual attraction and aggressive/submissive
behaviors. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
156 |
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Opioids have been implicated in
psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
156 |
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Unfortunately, the repeated
administration of opioids leads to tolerance and addiction. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
156 |
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Virtually all neuropeptides and
initiate their effects by activating key protein coupled receptors. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
156 |
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Peptides activate their ascent
is at low concentrations (nM to µM) compared to the concentration required to
activate receptors for small molecule neurotransmitters. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
156 |
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The properties of peptide
neurotransmitters allow the postsynaptic targets to be quite far removed from
the presynaptic terminals and to modulate the electrical properties of
neurons that are simply in the vicinity of the site of the peptide release. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
159 |
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Nitric oxide (NO) is an unusual but especially
interesting chemical signal. |
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3 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
159 |
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NO can permeate the plasma
membrane, meaning that NO generated inside one cell and traveled through the
extracellular medium and act within nearby cells. |
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0 |
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159 |
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The NO gaseous signal has a
range of influence that extends well beyond the cell of origin, diffusing a
few tens of microns from its site at production before it is degraded. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
159 |
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The properties of NO makes it a
potentially useful agent for coordinating the activities of multiple cells in
a very localized region, and may mediate certain forms of synaptic plasticity
that spread within small networks of neurons. |
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0 |
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159 |
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NO signals lasts only for a
short time, on the order of seconds or less. |
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0 |
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160 |
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Marijuana
and the Brain |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
165 |
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Molecular signaling within
neurons |
|
5 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
169 |
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Categories of cellular receptors: (1)
channel-linked receptors, (2)
enzyme-linked receptors, (3) G-protein-coupled receptors, (4) intracellular
receptors. |
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4 |
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172 |
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Second messengers |
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3 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
172 |
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Calcium ion
(Ca2+) is perhaps the most common
intracellular messenger in neurons. |
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0 |
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173 |
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Neuronal second messengers
(diagram) |
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1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
175 |
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Second messenger targets -- protein kinases and phosphatases. |
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2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
175 |
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Second messages typically
regulate neuronal functions by modulating the phosphorylation state of
intracellular proteins. |
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0 |
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175 |
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Phosphorylation rapidly and
reversibly changes protein function. |
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0 |
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175 |
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Regulation of cellular proteins
by phosphorylation (diagram) |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
178 |
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Second messengers elicit
prolonged changes in neuronal function by promoting the synthesis of new RNA
and protein. The resulting accumulation of new proteins requires at least
30-60 minutes, a timeframe that is orders of magnitude slower than the
responses mediated by ion fluxes or phosphorylation. |
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3 |
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178 |
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The reversal of second-messenger
events requires hours to days. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
179 |
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Steps involved in transcription of DNA
and RNA (diagram) |
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1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
179 |
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Intracellular signaling
transduction cascades regulate
gene expression by converting the transcriptional activator
proteins from an inactive
state to an active
state in which they
are able to bind to
DNA. |
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0 |
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179 |
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CREB
-- cAMP
response element binding protein, is a ubiquitous transcriptional activator. |
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0 |
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180 |
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Transcriptional regulation by CREB
(diagram) |
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1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
180 |
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Multiple signaling pathways converge by activating kinases that phosphorylate CREB. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
180 |
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Many genes
whose transcription
is regulated by CREB
have been identified. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
181 |
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Neuronal Signal Transduction |
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1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
181 |
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Understanding the general
properties of signal transduction processes at the plasma membrane, in this cytosol, and within the nucleus make it
possible to consider how these processes work in concert to mediate specific functions in the brain. |
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0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
182 |
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Long term depression (LTD) |
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1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
182 |
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Mechanisms of action of
NGF: neuronal differentiation; cell
survival. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
183 |
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Signaling at cerebellar parallel
fibers synapses. (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
184 |
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A diversity of signal transduction pathways exist within all neurons. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
184 |
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Important effectors are protein
kinases and phosphatases that regulate the phosphorylation state of their
substrates, and thus their function. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
185 |
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Regulation
of tyrosine hydroxylase
by protein phosphorylation (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
190 |
|
Major classes of somatic sensory
receptors - (table) |
|
5 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
191 |
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Somatic sensory system (diagram)
-- Three-neuron relay: Centrally projecting axons of dorsal root ganglion
cells; neurons in the brain stem nuclei; neurons of the ventral posterior
nuclear complex of the thalamus. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
193 |
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Skin harbors a variety of
morphologically distinct mechanoreceptors (diagram) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
194 |
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Sensitivity of tactical
discrimination -- (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
201 |
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Mechanosensory pathways -- (diagram) |
|
7 |
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202 |
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Dermatome -- innervation arising
from a single dorsal root ganglion and its spinal nerve -- (diagram) |
|
1 |
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205 |
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Homunculus -- Human primary
somatic sensory cortex - (diagram) |
|
3 |
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207 |
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Brain modules -- patterns of
organization within the sensory cortices |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
211 |
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Pain can be separated into an
early perception of sharp pain and a later sensation that is described as
having a duller, burning quality. |
|
4 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
215 |
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Referred pain (diagram) |
|
4 |
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217 |
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Nociceptive information critical
for signaling the unpleasant quality of pain (diagram) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
220 |
|
Inflammatory response (diagram) |
|
3 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
226 |
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Descending systems that modulate
the transmission of ascending pain signals. |
|
6 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
230 |
|
Anatomy of the human eye of
(diagram) |
|
4 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
235 |
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Connections between the
hippocampus and possible declarative memory storage sites -(diagram) |
|
5 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
241 |
|
Structural differences between
rods and cones (diagrams) |
|
6 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
241 |
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Rod system has very low
spatial resolution but
is extremely
sensitive to light. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
241 |
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Cone system has very high spatial resolution but is relatively insensitive to light. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
242 |
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Range of luminance
values over which the
visual system operates (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
243 |
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Macular degeneration |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
244 |
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Distribution of rods and
cones in the human retina (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
245 |
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Cross-section of the human fovea. Overlying cellular
layers and blood vessels are displaced
so that light is subjected to a minimum of scattering before photons strike
the outer segments of the cones in the center of the fovea, call the foveola.
(diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
246 |
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Color vision -- light absorption
spectra of the four photopigments in the normal human retina. (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
248 |
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Many deficiencies
of color vision are the result of genetic
alterations in the red or green cone pigments due to the crossing over of
chromosomes during meiosis. (diagram) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
259 |
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Central visual pathways |
|
11 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
261 |
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Central projections of the
retinal ganglion cells. (diagram) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
261 |
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Pupillary light reflex (diagram) |
|
0 |
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262 |
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Blind Spot |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
271 |
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Column organization of the
striate cortex |
|
9 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
278 |
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Functional organization of
extrastriate visual areas |
|
7 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
279 |
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Subdivisions of the extrastriate
cortex in the macaque monkey. (diagram) |
|
1 |
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283 |
|
Auditory System |
|
4 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
288 |
|
Human ear
(diagram) |
|
5 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
292 |
|
Cochlea
(diagram) |
|
4 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
293 |
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Traveling waves along the cochlea (diagram) |
|
1 |
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297 |
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Mechanoelectrical transduction mediated by a hair cells (diagram) |
|
4 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
299 |
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Cross-section of the cochlea -- scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani, basilar membrane,
tectoral membrane. Stereocilia of the hair cells protrude
into the endolymph. |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
302 |
|
Response properties of auditory
nerve fibers (diagram) |
|
3 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
304 |
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Major auditory pathways (diagram) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
307 |
|
Integration
in the inferior colliculus |
|
3 |
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307 |
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Auditory pathways ascending via the olivary and lemniscal complexes, as well as other projections that arise directly from the cochlear nucleus, project to the brain auditory center, the inferior colliculus. |
|
0 |
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308 |
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Thalamus is
an obligatory relay
for all ascending auditory information destined for the cortex. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
309 |
|
Human auditory cortex (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
315 |
|
Vestibular system |
|
6 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
316 |
|
Vestibular labyrinth and its innervation (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
334 |
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Thalamocortical pathways caring vestibular information (diagram) |
|
18 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
337 |
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Chemical Ssenses |
|
3 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
338 |
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Organization of the human olfactory system (diagram) |
|
1 |
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340 |
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Chemical structure and human perceptual threshold for 12 common odorants. (diagram) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
346 |
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Odorant receptor genes (diagram) |
|
6 |
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348 |
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Olfactory coding |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
353 |
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Organization of the mammalian olfactory bulb. (diagram) |
|
5 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
365 |
|
Branches of the trigeminal nerve that innervate
the oral,
nasal, and
ocular cavities.
(diagram) |
|
12 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
371 |
|
Lower motor neuron circuits and
motor control |
|
6 |
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372 |
|
Overall organization of neural structures in the control of movement - (block diagram) |
|
1 |
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372 |
|
Cerebellum
is located on the dorsal surface of the pons. |
|
0 |
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372 |
|
Cerebellum
acts via it's afferent pathways to the upper motor neurons as a servomechanism, detecting the difference, or motor error, between an intended movement and the movement actually performed. |
|
0 |
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373 |
|
Basal ganglia suppress
unwanted movements
and prepare upper motor neuron circuits for the initiation of movements. |
|
1 |
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375 |
|
There are far
more muscle fibers
than motor neurons. |
|
2 |
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375 |
|
Individual motor
axons branch within muscles to synapse on many different fibers, distributed over a relatively
wide area within the
muscle, ensuring that contractile
force of the motor
unit is spread evenly. |
|
0 |
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387 |
|
Reflex pathway (diagram) - painful stimulus, spinal cord,
withdrawal of limb, crossed
extension reflex of contralateral limb, postural support. |
|
12 |
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391 |
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease) |
|
4 |
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393 |
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Upper motor neuron control of the brainstem and spinal cord |
|
2 |
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398 |
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Reticular formation neurons; early anatomical concepts, 1930s and 40s; damage to the upper brainstem tegmentum produced coma; transitions between sleep and wakefulness. |
|
5 |
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398 |
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Clusters of neurons in the midbrain and rostral pontine reticular formation participate in
the modulation of conscious states. |
|
0 |
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398 |
|
Reticular formation: Forebrain
projections of noradrenergic
neurons in the locus coeruleus and serotogenergic neurons in the raphe nuclei. |
|
0 |
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398 |
|
Biogenic amine neurotransmitters function as neuromodulators that alter the membrane potential and firing patterns of thalamocortical and cortical neurons. |
|
0 |
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398 |
|
Reticular formation neurons in the caudal pons and medulla oblongata; integrate feedback sensory signals with executive commands from upper motor neurons and deep cerebellar nuclei; organize the efferent activities
of motor neurons in
the brainstem and spinal cord. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
398 |
|
Reticular formation neurons organize mastication, facial expressions, reflexive orofacial behaviors such as sneezing, hiccuping,
yawning, swallowing. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
399 |
|
Some clusters of the reticular formation organize complex activities that require
the coordination of both somatic motor and visceral motor outflow, such as gagging and vomiting, and even laughing and crying. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
399 |
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Stereotypical patterns of
movement. |
|
0 |
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Neuroscience |
399 |
|
Reticular formation, heterogeneous collection of distinct neuronal clusters in the brainstem tegmentum; that either modulate the excitability of distant neurons in the forebrain and spinal cord; or coordinate the
firing pattern of neurons engaged in reflexive or stereotypical somatic motor and visceral motor behavior. |
|
0 |
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400 |
|
Reticular formation anatomy
- (diagram) Neurons in the reticular formation are scattered
among the axon bundles that course through the medial portion of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. (1) Midbrain, (2) Lower pons, (3) Middle medulla |
|
1 |
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400 |
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Postural control entails an anticipatory, or feedforward, mechanism. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
402 |
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Upper motor neurons reside in several adjacent and highly interconnected areas in the frontal lobe. |
|
2 |
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402 |
|
Upper motor neurons receive regulatory
input from the basal
ganglia and cerebellum via relays in the ventrolateral thalamus, as well as inputs from the somatic sensory regions of the parietal lobe. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
402 |
|
Pyramidal cells of cortical layer V are the upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
403 |
|
Upper motor neuron pathway;
corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts - (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
405 |
|
Motor cortex
contains a complete representation, or map,
of the body's musculature. |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
406 |
|
Topographic map of the body
musculature in the primary motor cortex - (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
408 |
|
What do motor maps represent?
Somatotopic maps in the motor cortex; Fine structure of the map; Details of
motor maps; Patterns of activity in the motor cortex generate a given
movement. |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
412 |
|
Lateral and medial areas of the
premotor cortex are involved in selecting specific movement or sequence of
movements from a repertoire of possible movements. |
|
4 |
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414 |
|
Muscle tone in the leg muscles
prevents the amount of sway that normally occurs while standing from becoming
too large. |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
415 |
|
Postural regulation -- reticular
formation is especially important in feedforward control of posture; anticipation of changes in body stability. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
415 |
|
Vestibular nuclei that project to the spinal cord are especially important in feedback
postural mechanisms; response
to sensory signals
that indicate an existing postural disturbance. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
415 |
|
Premotor cortices -- planning and selecting movements; primary motor cortex is responsible for their execution. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
415 |
|
Brainstem pathways can independently
organize gross motor control. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
415 |
|
Direct projections from the motor cortex to local
circuit neurons in the brainstem
and spinal cord are essential for the fine,
fractionated movements. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
417 |
|
Basal ganglia
- large and functionally diverse set of nuclei: caudate, putamen, globus
pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic
nucleus in the ventral
thalamus. |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
417 |
|
Certain basal
ganglia components are
required to initiate a
movement and to terminate a movement. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
417 |
|
Motor components of the basal ganglia make a subcortical loop that links most areas of the cortex with upper motor neurons in the primary and premotor cortex along
with neurons in the brainstem. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
417 |
|
Caudate and
putamen of the corpus striatum comprise the input zone of the basal ganglia. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
418 |
|
Basic circuits of the basal ganglia, excitatory and inhibitory connections. (Diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
418 |
|
Motor components of the basal ganglia - (diagram) |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
418 |
|
Basal ganglia pathway:
Most of the structures are in the telencephalon, although substantia nigra is in the midbrain, and thalamic and subthalamic nuclei are in the diencephalon. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
418 |
|
Ventral anterior and ventral lateral thalamic nuclei (VA/VL complex) are targets of the basal ganglia, relaying the modulatory affects of the basal ganglia to upper motor neurons in the cortex. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
418 |
|
Large dendritic trees of the striatum allow them to integrate inputs from a variety of cortical,
thalamic, and brainstem structures. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
418 |
|
Globus pallidus and substantia
nigra pars reticulata are the main sources of output from the basal ganglia complex. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
418 |
|
Nearly all regions of the neocortex project directly to the striatum, making the cerebral cortex the source
of the largest input to the basal ganglia, by far. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
418 |
|
The only
cortical areas that do
not project to the striatum are the primary visual and primary auditory cortices. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
418 |
|
Of the cortical
areas that innervate
the striatum, the heaviest projections are from association areas in the frontal and parietal lobes, but substantial contributions also
arise from the temporal, insular, and cingulate cortices. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
418 |
|
Association cortices do not process any one type of
sensory information; rather, they receive inputs from a number of primary and secondary sensory cortices and associated thalamic nuclei. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
419 |
|
Anatomical organization of inputs to the basal ganglia, caudate and putamen.
- (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
419 |
|
The fact that different cortical areas project to different regions of the striatum implies that the corticostriatal pathway consists of multiple parallel pathways serving
different functions. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
419 |
|
Corpus striatum is functionally subdivided according to its inputs. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
419 |
|
Visual and somatic sensory cortical
projections are topographically
mapped within different
regions of the
putamen. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
419 |
|
Rostrocaudal bands within the striatum; functional
units concerned with
the movement of particular body parts. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
420 |
|
Neurons and
circuits of the basal ganglia - (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
420 |
|
Functionally distinct pathways project parallel from the cortex to the striatum. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
422 |
|
Functional organization of outputs from the basal ganglia - (block diagram) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
423 |
|
Efferent neurons of the internal globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars
reticulata together give rise to the major pathways that link the basal ganglia with upper motor neurons located in the
cortex and in the brainstem. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
423 |
|
Pathway from basal
ganglia to the cortex arises primarily in the internal
globus pallidus and reaches the motor cortex after a relay in the ventral anterior- and ventral lateral-nuclei of the dorsal thalamus. These thalamic nuclei project directly to motor areas of the cortex, thus completing a vast loop that originates in multiple cortical areas and terminates (after relays in the basal ganglia and thalamus) back in the motor areas of the frontal lobe. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
423 |
|
Axons from substantia nigra pars reticulata synapse on upper motor neurons in the superior colliculus that command eye movements, without an intervening relay in the thalamus |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
423 |
|
Because efferent
cells of
both the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars
reticulata are GABAergic, the main output of the basal ganglia is inhibitory. In contrast to the
quiescent medium spiny
neurons, the neurons in both these output zones have high levels of spontaneous activity that tend to prevent unwanted
movements by tonically
inhibiting cells in the superior colliculus and thalamus. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
429 |
|
Parkinson's Disease |
|
6 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
432 |
|
Basal ganglia loops and non-motor brain functions - (diagram) |
|
3 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
433 |
|
Tourette's syndrome: excessive activity in basal ganglia loops. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
435 |
|
Cerebellum
influences movements by modifying activity patterns of the
upper motor neurons. |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
435 |
|
Primary function of the cerebellum is to detect the difference, or motor
error, between an intended movement and the actual movement, and through its projections to the upper
motor neurons, to reduce
the error. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
435 |
|
Like the basal
ganglia, the cerebellum is part of a vast loop that receives projections from and sends projections back to the cerebral cortex and brainstem. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
435 |
|
Cerebellum
is concerned with the regulation of highly skilled movements,
especially the planning and execution of complex spatial and temporal sequences of movement, including speech. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
436 |
|
Cerebellum
- overall organization and subdivisions - (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
438 |
|
Inferior Olive - (diagram) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
438 |
|
Cerebral cortex is by far the largest source of inputs to the cerebellum. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
440 |
|
Cerebellum outputs to cerebral
cortex - (diagram) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
440 |
|
Cerebellum
projects to motor neurons in the cortex via a relay in the thalamus and in the brainstem. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
443 |
|
Purkinje cells - excitatory and inhibitory connections in the cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei. |
|
3 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
443 |
|
Climbing fiber from Inferior
Olive - (diagram) |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
443 |
|
Purkinje cell output to the deep cerebellar nuclear
cell generates an error
correction signal that modify
movements already begun. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
444 |
|
Prion diseases |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
454 |
|
Actions and innervation of
Extraocular Muscles |
|
10 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
458 |
|
Neural control of Saccadic Movements |
|
4 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
462 |
|
Sensorimotor integration in the superior colliculus. |
|
4 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
472 |
|
Visceral motor system - Sympathetic; Parasympathetic -
(diagram) |
|
10 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
474 |
|
Summary of major functions of
the Viseral Motor System -
(Table) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
483 |
|
Central autonomic network for
control of visceral motor function - (diagram) -- Medial prefrontal cortex,
Insular cortex, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem reticular
formation, autonomic ganglia, spinal visceral sensory neurons, cranial nerves
IX and X, etc. |
|
9 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
483 |
|
Central control of visceral
motor system - (diagram) |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
484 |
|
Hypothalamus
- (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
492 |
|
Autonomic control of cardiovascular function - (diagram) |
|
8 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
494 |
|
Autonomic control of bladder function - (diagram) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
497 |
|
Autonomic control of sexual function in the human male - (diagram) |
|
3 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
501 |
|
Early brain development. |
|
4 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
505 |
|
Stem cells. |
|
4 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
510 |
|
Formation of Major Brain
Subdivisions |
|
5 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
512 |
|
Homeotic genes and brain development. |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
516 |
|
Precursor cells are located in the ventricular
zone, the innermost
cell layer surrounding the lumen of the neural tube,
in a region of extraordinary mitotic activity. It has been estimated that in
humans, about 250,000 new neurons are generated each minute during the peak of cell proliferation during gestation. |
|
4 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
519 |
|
Generation of cortical neurons
during gestation, Cortical layers - (diagram) |
|
3 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
520 |
|
Migration
is a ubiquitous feature of development that brings cells into appropriate
spacial relationships. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
520 |
|
Migration of postmitotic
neuroblasts in the fetal brain. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
522 |
|
Radial migration in the developing cortex - (diagram) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
523 |
|
Stereotyped movements bring different classes of cells into contact with one another, thereby constraining cell-cell signaling to specific times
and places. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
524 |
|
Cortical projection neurons, interneurons, astrocytes
and oligodendroglia
were probably not derived from the same precursor
pools. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
524 |
|
Mosaic of transcriptional regulators whose expression and activity is restricted to various domains in the ventral forebrain orchestrates the long distance
migration of distinct
cell types. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
527 |
|
Growth cones
are highly motile structures that explore the extracellular
environment. |
|
3 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
529 |
|
Basic structure of growth cones
- (diagram) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
530 |
|
Axon Guidance
at the Optic Chiasm. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
532 |
|
Axon guidance molecules, ligands
and receptors - (diagram) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
532 |
|
Semaphorins,
repulsive cues, either bound to cell surface or secreted; receptors (plexins and neuropilin) found in growth cones. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
533 |
|
Growth cone
interactions with environment - (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
536 |
|
Secreted factor "slit"
and its receptor "robo", preventing an axon from straying back over
the midline once it has crossed in response to netrin. |
|
3 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
537 |
|
Formation of topographic
maps - in the somaticsensory,
visual, and motor
systems, neuronal connections in the periphery
are arranged as similarly adjacent locations in the central nervous system. In the early 1960s, Roger Sperry articulated the chemoaffinity hypothesis. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
543 |
|
Neurotrophins
- intercellular signaling molecules, originate
from target tissues
and regulate neuronal differentiation, growth, and survival. |
|
6 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
548 |
|
Neuron innervated by 105 inputs, (mammalian brain neurons may have as
many as 105 synapses on dendrites) |
|
5 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
552 |
|
Discovery of BDNF and the neurotrophin family. |
|
4 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
554 |
|
Neurotrophin receptors and their specificity for the neurotrophins. |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
555 |
|
Signaling to the neurotrophins and their receptors. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
557 |
|
Modification
of brain circuits as a
result of experience. |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
557 |
|
Uniqueness of individual human brains -- genetic and environmental influences. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
557 |
|
Neuronal activity generated by interactions with the
outside world in postnatal life provides a mechanism by which the environment can influence brain structure and
function. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
557 |
|
Many of the effects of activity are transduced via signaling pathways that modify levels of intracellular Ca2+ and thus influence local cytoskeletal organization as
well as gene expression. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
557 |
|
As humans and other mammals mature, the brain becomes increasingly refractory to the lessons of experience. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
557 |
|
Critical periods -- environmental factors are especially influential in early
life during temporal
windows. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
558 |
|
Imprinted
geese -- Konrad Lorenz |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
559 |
|
Learning a language has critical
period for humans. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
560 |
|
Birdsong |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
562 |
|
Critical periods in visual system development -- ocular dominance columns. |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
563 |
|
Ocular dominance columns (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
564 |
|
Transneuronal labeling with
radioactive amino acids. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
570 |
|
Representation of Hebb's
postulate as it might operate during development of the visual system. |
|
6 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
575 |
|
Plasticity of my mature synapses
and circuits. |
|
5 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
575 |
|
New neurons
can be generated throughout life in a limited number of brain
regions, suggesting that new cells can be
integrated into existing circuits. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
575 |
|
Synaptic plasticity underlies behavioral modification in invertebrates. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
575 |
|
Eric Kandel
and his colleagues at Columbia University.
Marine mollusk Aplysia
Californica.
This sea slug has only a few tens of thousands of neurons, many of
which are quite large (up to 1 µ in diameter). |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
577 |
|
Habituation
is found in many species, including humans. When dressing, we initially experience tactile
sensations due to clothes
stimulating our skin, but hibituation quickly causes these sensations to fade. |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
579 |
|
The same serotonin-induced enhancement of glutamate-release that mediates short-term sensitization is also
thought to underlie long-term sensitization. |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
579 |
|
Neural mechanisms underlying plasticity in the adult nervous system. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
579 |
|
Behavioral plasticity can arise from plastic changes in the efficacy of synaptic
transmission. These changes
in synaptic function can be either short-term effects that rely on post-translational modification of
existing synaptic proteins, or long-term changes that require changes in gene
expression, new
protein synthesis, and perhaps even growth of new synapses, or elimination of existing ones. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
584 |
|
Long-term potentiation of Hippocampal
synapses. |
|
5 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
584 |
|
Many other brain areas are
involved in the complex process of memory formation,
storage and retrieval. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
585 |
|
Dendrites
of pyramidal cells in
the CA1 region
receive synapses from Schaffer collaterals, the axons of pyramidal cells in the CA3 region. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
585 |
|
A brief,
high-frequency train of stimuli causes LTP. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
585 |
|
LTP occurs
not only at the excitatory synapses of the hippocampus but at many other synapses in a variety of brain regions, including the cortex, amygdala, and cerebellum. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
585 |
|
Potentiation
of synaptic transmission
persists for several hours. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
586 |
|
State of the membrane
potential of the postsynaptic
cell determines whether LTP occurs. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
586 |
|
LTP is
restricted to the activated synapses, rather than to all the synapses on a given cell. This
characteristic of LTP
is consistent with the storage of specific information. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
586 |
|
If one
pathway is weakly activated at the same time that a neighboring pathway on the same
cell is strongly
activated, both
synaptic pathways undergo LTP. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
588 |
|
NMDA receptor
behaves as a molecular "and" gate. |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
588 |
|
NMDA receptor
can detect the coincidence of two events. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
597 |
|
Changes in gene
expression cause enduring changes in synaptic
function during LTP and
LTD. |
|
9 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
597 |
|
Initial basis
of long-lasting forms
of synaptic plasticity
in the mammalian CNS, such as LTP and LTD,
entail post-translational changes that lead to altered distributions or density of
postsynaptic AMPA receptors. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
597 |
|
Long-lasting
forms of synaptic plasticity requires changes in gene
expression. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
597 |
|
Hippocampal LTP has an early
phase that involves post-translational mechanisms, it also has a later phase
that depends on gene expression and the synthesis of new proteins. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
597 |
|
Late phase of LTP is initiated
by transcription factors such as CREB, which stimulate the expression of
other transcriptional regulators. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
597 |
|
Number and size of synaptic contacts increases during LTP. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
598 |
|
Mechanisms
responsible for long-lasting changes in synaptic transmission during LTP. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
599 |
|
Some of the proteins newly synthesized during LTP are involved in construction of new synaptic contacts. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
599 |
|
Behavioral plasticity requires activity-dependent
synaptic changes that lead to changes in the functional connections within and
among neural circuits. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
599 |
|
Changes in the efficacy and local geometry of connectivity
provide a basis for learning
and memory. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
599 |
|
Abnormal patterns of neuronal
activity, such as epilepsy, can stimulate abnormal changes in synaptic connections that may further increase the
frequency and severity of seizures. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
599 |
|
How selective
changes of synaptic
strength encode memories or other complex behavioral modifications in the mammalian
brain is not known. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
599 |
|
Plasticity in Adult Cerebral
Cortex |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
600 |
|
Epilepsy:
the effect of pathological activity on Neural Circuitry |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
600 |
|
Many highly accomplished people
have suffered from epilepsy:
Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Napoleon, Dostoyevsky, van Gogh. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
600 |
|
Plastic changes in the visual, auditory, and motor cortices. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
602 |
|
Limited changes in cortical circuitry can occur in the adult brain. |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
602 |
|
Basic features of cortical
organization -- such as ocular dominance columns and the broader
topographical organization of inputs from the thalamus -- remain fixed. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
602 |
|
Rapid and reversible character of most of these changes
in cortical function probably reflect alterations in the strength of synapses already present. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
602 |
|
Adult plasticity indicates that normal experience can alter the strength of existing
synapses and even elicit some local remodeling of synapses and circuits. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
603 |
|
When peripheral
nerves are injured, the damaged
axons regenerate vigorously and can re-grow over distances of many centimeters. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
603 |
|
CNS axons typically fail to
regenerate. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
608 |
|
Neurogenesis in the adult
mammalian brain. |
|
5 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
613 |
|
Association cortices. |
|
5 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
614 |
|
Primary cortices occupy a relatively small fraction of the total cortical area. Remainder of the
neocortex, association cortices, is the seat of human cognitive
ability. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
615 |
|
Structure of the human
neocortex, including the association cortices (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
615 |
|
Brodmann areas (diagram) |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
616 |
|
Canonical neocortical
circuitry.
Thalamic input primarily to layer 4. (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
617 |
|
Cortical lamination (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
618 |
|
Connectivity of the association cortices (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
620 |
|
Neuroanatomy of attention (diagram) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
625 |
|
Psychosurgery |
|
5 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
634 |
|
Brain size and intelligence |
|
9 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
637 |
|
Language and speech |
|
3 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
638 |
|
Major brain areas involved in a
comprehension and production of language (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
639 |
|
Relationship of the major
language areas to the classical map of the cerebral cortex. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
640 |
|
Speech -- throat sagittal
(diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
644 |
|
Characteristics of Broca's and
Wernicke's aphasias (table) |
|
4 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
646 |
|
Language and lateralization
(diagram) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
650 |
|
Language and handedness |
|
4 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
652 |
|
Cortical variability of language
representation among individuals -- Roger Penfield's original study data
(diagram) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
659 |
|
Sleep and wakefulness |
|
7 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
661 |
|
Styles of sleep in different
species (diagram) |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
668 |
|
electroencephalography |
|
7 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
673 |
|
Circuitry involved in the decreased sensation and the muscle paralysis that occurs during REM sleep (diagram) |
|
5 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
676 |
|
Cortical regions whose activity
is increased or decreased during REM sleep (diagram) |
|
3 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
677 |
|
A key component of the reticular activating system is a
group of cholinergic nuclei near the pons-midbrain junction that project to
the thalamocortical neurons. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
681 |
|
AIM diagram (Hobson), sleep-wake states - (diagram) |
|
4 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
682 |
|
Sleep apnea |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
687 |
|
Emotions |
|
5 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
693 |
|
Limbic system |
|
6 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
694 |
|
In the 1850s, Paul Broca use the
term 'limbic lobe' to refer
to the part of the cerebral cortex that forms a rim (limbus is Latin for rim) around
the corpus callosum and diencephalon on the medial face of the hemispheres. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
694 |
|
Hippocampus
now appears to have little to do with emotional behavior, whereas the amygdala plays a major role in the
experience and expression of emotion. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
694 |
|
Limbic lobe
includes the cortex on the medial aspect of the
cerebral hemisphere that forms a rim around the corpus callosum and diencephalon, including the cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
695 |
|
Modern conception of the limbic system (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
696 |
|
Anatomy of the amygdala (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
701 |
|
Generally, the amygdala and its connections to the
prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia are likely to
influence the selection and initiation of
behaviors aimed at obtaining rewards and avoiding punishments. |
|
5 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
703 |
|
It is likely that interactions between the amygdala and neocortex and related subcortical
circuits account for what is perhaps the most enigmatic aspect of emotional
experience: the highly subjective 'feelings' that attend most emotional states. |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
711 |
|
Sex, sexuality, and the brain |
|
8 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
711 |
|
Sexually dimorphic brain
structures tend to cluster around the third ventricle in the anterior
hypothalamus and are an integral part of the system that governs visceral
motor behavior. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
713 |
|
Brain circuits in primates are
masculinized primarily by the actions of androgens. |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
714 |
|
Development of male and female
phenotypes (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
723 |
|
Components of the hypothalamus (diagram) |
|
9 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
733 |
|
Declarative memory |
|
10 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
733 |
|
Nondeclarative memory |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
734 |
|
Immediate memory (fractions of a second) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
735 |
|
Working memory (seconds to minutes) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
736 |
|
Long-term memory (days, weeks, or a lifetime) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
736 |
|
Long-term memory - long-term
changes in the efficacy of transmission of the relevant synoptic connections,
and/or the growth and reordering of the connections. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
736 |
|
Priming |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
736 |
|
Association
in information storage. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
738 |
|
Forgetting |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
741 |
|
Hippocampus
- establishing new declarative memories. |
|
3 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
742 |
|
Case of H. M. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
744 |
|
Formation of declarative
memories depends on the hippocampus and its subcortical connections to the mammillary bodies and dorsal thalamus. |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
746 |
|
Brain Systems Underlying
Long-Term Storage of Declarative Memory |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
747 |
|
Declarative memories are stored widely in specialized
areas of the cerebral
cortex. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
747 |
|
Retrieving declarative memories involves the medial temporal lobe, as well as regions of the
frontal cortex. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
747 |
|
Connections between the hippocampus and possible declarative memory storage sites
-(diagram) |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
748 |
|
Nondeclarative memory involves the basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, sensory association cortex, and
cerebellum. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
748 |
|
Brain Systems Underlying Nondeclarative Learning and Memory |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
749 |
|
Acquisition and storage of
declarative vs. nondeclarative information - (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
752 |
|
Age-related neurodegeneration may be slowed in elderly people who make special effort to continue using
their full range of human memory abilities (both declarative and nondeclarative) |
|
3 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
755 |
|
Cerebellum
is attached to the dorsal aspect of the pons by three large white-matter
tracts, the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar
peduncles. |
|
3 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
755 |
|
Inferior olivary complex |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
755 |
|
Brainstem
is involved in regulating the level of consciousness, primarily through
the extensive forebrain projections of the
reticular formation. |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
756 |
|
Cranial nerve VIII, Vestibulocochlear
(auditory) nerve, hearing, junction of pons and
medulla. |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
758 |
|
Ventral view
of brainstem, cranial
nerves; midbrain, pons, medulla, spinal cord |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
759 |
|
Dorsal view
of brainstem, cranial
nerves, thalamus |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
759 |
|
Major brainstem subdivisions - (diagram) |
|
0 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
765 |
|
Major arteries of the brain (diagram) |
|
6 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
767 |
|
Stroke |
|
2 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
768 |
|
Cellular basis of the blood-brain barrier (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
769 |
|
Meninges of the brain (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
770 |
|
Circulation of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
(diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
771 |
|
Ventricular system of the human brain. - (diagram) |
|
1 |
Purves; Neuroscience |
772 |
|
Total volume of
CSF in the
ventricular system is approximately 140 mL. Entire volume in the system is turned over several times a
day. |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|