Edmund Rolls - Emotion Explained
Book	Page		Topic
Rolls; Emotion Explained	0		This book evolved from earlier book The Brain and Emotion (1999)
Rolls; Emotion Explained	0		What produces emotions?  --  reinforcing stimuli, i.e. rewards and punishers.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	0		Why do we have emotions?  -- emotions are evolutionarily adaptive as a provides an efficient way for genes to influence our behavior.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	0		How do we have emotions?  -- describing what is known about brain mechanisms of emotion.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	0		Why do emotional states feel like something?  -- this is part of a large problem of consciousness.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	0		Functions of affective states in motivated behavior (including hunger, thirst, and sexual  behavior),.  This book proposes a fundamental and simple relation between emotion and motivation.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	0		Interactions between mood, and cognition and memory.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	0		Impulsive behavior that is a feature of borderline personality disorder.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	0		Emotional feelings, part of the much larger problem of consciousness.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	0		Functional neuroimaging -- activations of some brain regions are directly correlated with subjective feelings of affective state.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	1		What are emotions?  Why do we have emotions?  What is their adaptive value?  What are the brain mechanisms of emotion, and how can disorders of emotion be understood?  Why does it feel like something to have an emotion?  Why do emotions sometimes feel so intense?		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	1		Emotion and motivation are linked by the property that both involve rewards and punishers.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	1		Emotions can be thought of as states elicited by rewards or punishers.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	1		Motivation can be thought of as a state in which a reward is being sought, or a punisher is being avoided or escaped from.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	1		Importance of reward and punishment for emotion and motivation.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	2		Some stimuli are innately rewarding or punishing and are called primary reinforcers.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	2		No learning is necessary to respond to pain as aversive. -- Pain is a primary reinforcer.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	2		Stimulus-reinforcement association learning.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	3		Autonomic responses are those mediated through the autonomic nervous system, via the vagus and sympathetic nerves, which affect smooth muscle.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	4		Many endocrine (hormonal) responses are mediated through the autonomic nervous system and are autonomic responses, for example the release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal gland during emotional excitement.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	4		Previously neutral stimuli can by pairing with unconditioned stimuli come by learning the association to produce learned autonomic responses. -- Classical Conditioning		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	4		Classical conditioning is very similar to stimulus-reinforcer    association learning, except that in the case of classical conditioning the responses involved are autonomic and endocrine responses.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	4		Motivation refers to the state an animal is the and when it is willing to work for a reward or to escape from or avoid a punisher.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	7		For both emotion and motivation,    rewards and punishers    are assessed    in order to provide the goals for behavior.		3
Rolls; Emotion Explained	7		Computing the reward and punisher value    of sensory stimuli,    and then using selection between    different rewards    and avoidance of punishers    in a common reward-based currency    appears to be the fundamental design that brains use    in order to produce appropriate behavior.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	7		Having reward and punishment systems is the solution that evolution has developed to produce appropriate behavior.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	11		Proposed definition of emotions -- emotions    are states elicited by    rewards and punishers.		4
Rolls; Emotion Explained	18		Some Primary Reinforcers (diagram)		7
Rolls; Emotion Explained	36		A mood is a continuing state normally elicited by a reinforcer, and is thus part of what an emotion is.		18
Rolls; Emotion Explained	41		Functions of Emotion -- Reward, Punishment, and Emotion		5
Rolls; Emotion Explained	43		Rewards and Punishers		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	45		Stimulus-reward learning and reinforcement by rewards and punishers.		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	49		Selection of behavior -- cost-benefit 'analysis'		4
Rolls; Emotion Explained	51		Autonomic and endocrine responses		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	53		Emotional states are motivating		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	63		Brain Mechanisms Underlying Emotion		10
Rolls; Emotion Explained	64		Pathways involved in emotion (diagram)		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	65		Schematic diagram of connections    of taste, olfactory, somatosensory, and visual pathways. (diagram)		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	67		Taste		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	67		Smell		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	67		Pleasant and painful touch		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	69		Visual stimuli		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	71		Representing potential secondary reinforces		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	78		Receptive field size and translation invariantce		7
Rolls; Emotion Explained	84		An important question for understanding brain function is whether a particular object, (or face) is represented in the brain by the firing of one or a few gnostic (or 'grandmother') cells,    or whether instead the firing of a group or ensemble of cells    each with somewhat different responsiveness    provides the representation.		6
Rolls; Emotion Explained	89		Facial expression, gesture and view    represented by a population of neurons    in the cortex in the superior temporal sulcus.		5
Rolls; Emotion Explained	89		The brain mechanisms that build the appropriate view-invariant representations of objects    required for learning emotional responses to objects, including faces.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	91		Orbitofrontal Cortex		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	91		Phineas Gage		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	95		Effects of damage to the orbitofrontal cortex		4
Rolls; Emotion Explained	97		Neurophysiology and functional neuroimaging of the orbitofrontal cortex		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	98		Taste		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	99		The nature of the representation of taste    in the orbitofrontal cortex    is that the reward value of the taste is represented.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	102		Olfactory representation in the orbitofrontal cortex		3
Rolls; Emotion Explained	108		Visual inputs to the orbitofrontal cortex,    and visual stimulus-reinforcer    association learning    and reversal.		6
Rolls; Emotion Explained	120		A representation of faces in the orbitofrontal cortex		12
Rolls; Emotion Explained	122		Cognitive influences on the orbitofrontal cortex		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	131		Human Orbitofrontal Cortex		9
Rolls; Emotion Explained	147		Executive function of the orbitofrontal cortex		16
Rolls; Emotion Explained	149		The amygdala		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	149		Associative processes    involved in emotion-related learning		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	150		Pavlovian or Classical Conditioning		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	155		Connections of the amygdala		5
Rolls; Emotion Explained	155		The amygdala is a subcortical region of the anterior part of the temporal lobe.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	155		The amygdala receives massive projections from the overlying temporal lobe cortex.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	155		Inputs to the amygdala come from higher stages of sensory processing    in the visual and auditory modalities,    and not from early cortical processing areas.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	155		The amygdala also receives inputs that are potentially about primary reinforcers,   e.g. taste inputs (from the secondary taste cortex,    via connections from the orbitofrontal cortex to the amygdala),    and somatosensory inputs,    potentially about the rewarding or painful aspects of touch (from the somatosensory cortex via the insula).		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	155		The amygdala also receives projections from the posterior orbitofrontal cortex.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	155		Subcortical inputs to the amygdala include projections from the midline thalamic nuclei, the subiculum, CA1 parts of the hippocampal formation, and the hypothalamus.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	156		Emotions are usually elicited by environmental stimuli analyzed to the object level, and not to retinal arrays.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	157		Outputs of the amygdala include the well-known projections to the hypothalamus.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	157		The amygdala has back projections to many areas of the temporal, orbitofrontal, and insula cortices from which it receives inputs.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	161		There are separate output pathways from the amygdala    for different fear related responses.		4
Rolls; Emotion Explained	163		One output system of the amygdala is to the nucleus accumbens, a part of the striatum.		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	163		The core part of the nucleus accumbens is part of the pathway for approach responses to conditioned stimuli.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	164		Consistently, dopamine release   in the core part of the nucleus accumbens   is increased    by conditioned emotional stimuli,    both appetitive and aversive.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	164		Amygdala is involved in responses    made to stimuli that are associated by learning    with primary reinforcers, including rewards as well as punishers.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	164		Amygdala is a brain region for stimulus-reinforcer association learning.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	164		The amygdala has partly dissociable systems    for Pavlovian effects implemented via the central nucleus, and for effects of affective representations implemented via the basolateral amygdala.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	164		Neuronal activity in the primate amygdala to reinforcing stimuli.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	170		Responses of amygdala neurons to novel stimuli that are reinforcing.		6
Rolls; Emotion Explained	172		Neuronal responses in the amygdala to faces.		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	179		Cingulate Cortex		7
Rolls; Emotion Explained	185		Mid-cingulate cortex, the cingulate motor area, and action-outcome learning.		6
Rolls; Emotion Explained	187		Human brain imaging investigations of mood and depression.		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	188		Output Pathways for Emotional Responses		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	188		Autonomic and Endocrine Systems		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	189		Motor systems for implicit responses, including the basal ganglia.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	190		Output systems for explicit responses to emotional stimuli.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	191		Basal Forebrain and Hypothalamus		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	191		Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	194		Noradrenergic Neurons		3
Rolls; Emotion Explained	194		Effects of emotion on cognitive processing and memory.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	195		Whenever memories are stored,    part of the context    is stored with the memory.    This is very likely to happen in associative neuronal networks    such as those in the hippocampus.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	195		The CA3 part of the hippocampus may operate as a single associative memory capable of linking together almost arbitrary co-occurrences of inputs, including inputs about emotional state that reach the entorhinal cortex from the amygdala.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	195		Recall of a memory occurs best in associative networks    when the input key to the memory    is nearest to the original input pattern of activity that was stored.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	195		Recall from the hippocampus    is likely to use the highly developed back projections    from the hippocampus to the neocortex.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	195		The hippocampus, which is implicated in in memory of past episodes, contains neurons that respond to combinations of spatial information and reward information.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	196		The ability to form associations between events including where they occur and what is present is the fundamental property of episodic memory.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	196		The primate anterior hippocampus receives inputs from    brain regions involved in reward processing    such as the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	197		Hippocampus may store information about    where emotion-related events happened;    may take part in the recall of emotions    when particular places are seen again;    and may provide a system in which the current mood    can influence which memories are recalled.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	197		Effects of mood    on storage and recall    could be facilitated by the back projection    from structures important in emotions    such as the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex    to parts of the cerebral cortex important in representation of objects,    such as the inferior temporal visual cortex.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	198		Co-activity between forward inputs and back projections    could result in facilitation or recall of cortical representations (e.g. particular faces)    that had become associated with emotional states, represented by activity in the amygdala.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	198		Theory of how effects of mood    on memory and perception    could be implemented in the brain.     Massive projections from parts of the brain where mood is represented,    such as the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala,    to the cortical areas such is the inferior temporal visual cortex and hippocampus-related areas    that project into these mood-representing areas.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	200		Laterality effects in human emotional processing.		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	221		Hunger		21
Rolls; Emotion Explained	221		Peripheral Signals for a Hunger and Satiety		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	224		Control signals for a hunger and satiety		3
Rolls; Emotion Explained	224		Sensory-specific satiety		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	230		Gastric distention		6
Rolls; Emotion Explained	231		Body fat regulation		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	232		Conditioned appetite and satiety		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	233		Brain Control of Eating and Reward		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	233		Hypothalamus		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	234		Neuronal activity in their lateral hypothalamus during feeding.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	234		Hypothalamic neurons responsive to the sight, smell, and taste of food.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	235		Effect of hunger		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	240		Sites in the hypothalamus and basal forebrain of neurons that respond to food.		5
Rolls; Emotion Explained	241		Effects of signals related to hunger and satiety on hypothalamic neurons.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	242		Functions of the hypothalamus in feeding		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	243		Brain mechanisms for the reward produced by the taste of food.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	243		Taste processing up to and including the primary taste cortex of primates is related to the identity of the tastant, and not to is reward value.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	244		Taste and taste related processing in the secondary taste cortex,    including umami taste,    astringency,    fat,    viscosity,    temperature    and capsaicin.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	250		The reward value of taste is represented in the orbitofrontal cortex.		6
Rolls; Emotion Explained	253		Convergence between taste and olfactory processing to represent flavor.		3
Rolls; Emotion Explained	254		Brain mechanisms for the reward produced by the odor of food.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	258		Representation of information about odors by populations of neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex.		4
Rolls; Emotion Explained	259		Responses of orbitofrontal cortex taste and olfactory neurons to the sight of food.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	259		Functions of the amygdala and temporal cortex in feeding.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	260		Inferior Temporal Visual Cortex		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	322		Basal ganglia are parts of the brain that include the striatum,    globus pallidus,    substantia nigra,    and subthalamic nucleus,    and are necessary for the normal initiation of movement.		62
Rolls; Emotion Explained	322		Depletion of the dopaminergic input to the striatum    leads to the lack in the initiation    of voluntary movement    that occurs in Parkinson's disease.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	322		Basal ganglia receive inputs    from all parts of the cerebral cortex,    including the motor cortex,    and have outputs directed strongly toward the premotor and prefrontal cortex    via which they could influence movement initiation.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	322		The general connectivity of the basal ganglia    is for cortical and limbic inputs    to reach the striatum,    which then project to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata,    which in turn project via the thalamus back to the cerebral cortex.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	322		Within the overall scheme of basal ganglia connectivity,    there is a set of at least partially segregated parallel processing streams.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	323		There is evidence linking the ventral striatum and its dopamine input to reward.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	324		Rats will self-administer amphetamines into the nucleus accumbens,    and lesions of the nucleus accumbens    attenuate the intravenous self-administration of cocaine.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	325		Lesions of the dopamine pathways that deplete the striatum of dopamine lead to a failure to orient to stimuli,    a failure to initiate movements,    catalepsy,    and a failure to eat and drink.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	325		In humans, depletion of dopamine in the striatum    is found in Parkinson's disease,    in which there is akinesia (i.e. a lack of voluntary movement),    bradykinesia (slow movement),    rigidity,    and tremor.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	338		The activity of many neurons in the putamen is related to movements.		13
Rolls; Emotion Explained	338		There is a somatotopic organization of neurons in the putamen,    with separate areas containing neurons responding    to arm, leg, or orofacial movements.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	338		The firing rate of neurons in the putamen    tends to be linearly related    to the amplitude of movements.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	338		Patients with basal ganglia disease frequently have difficulty in controlling the amplitude of their limb movements.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	339		What computations are performed by the basal ganglia?		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	340		The striatum would be particularly involved in the selection of behavioral responses,    and producing one coherent stream of behavioral output,    with the possibility to switch to a different behavior    if a higher priority input is received.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	340		The selection of behavioral responses may be achieved by laterally spreading competitive interaction between striatal or palatal neurons.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	340		Inhibitory interneurons within the striatum may play a part in the interaction between striatal processing streams.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	342		A behavioral selection function between processing streams in the basal ganglia,    even without any convergence anatomically between processing streams,    might provide an important computational rationale for the basal ganglia.		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	345		The basal ganglia may be able to detect combinations of conjunctively active inputs    from quite widespread regions of the cerebral cortex    using their combinatorial architecture and a property of synaptic modifiability.    In this way it would be possible to trigger any complex pattern    of behavioral responses    by any complex pattern    of environmental inputs,    using what is effectively an associative network.		3
Rolls; Emotion Explained	347		Dopamine may play an important role in setting the thresholds of striatal neurons.		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	347		Dopamine neurons could not convey information about a primary reward obtained if the trial is successful, in the way that orbitofrontal cortex neurons do.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	388		Pheromones can cause groups of women housed together to start cycling together.		41
Rolls; Emotion Explained	400		We may build a computer that would perform the functions of the emotions, yet we may not want to ascribe emotional feelings to the computer.		12
Rolls; Emotion Explained	400		We may think that the most important aspect of emotions is feelings and that their neural basis has not been accounted for.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	400		How do the emotional feelings and sensory events come to feel like anything? These 'feels' are called qualia. They are great mysteries that have puzzled philosophers for centuries.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	401		Many actions can be performed relatively automatically, without apparent conscious intervention, i.e. driving a car.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	401		Actions that are relatively automatic could involve control of behavior by brain systems that are old in evolutionary terms such in the basal ganglia.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	401		The basal ganglia and cerebellum do not have backprojection systems to most of the parts of the cerebral cortex from which they receive inputs.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	401		Parts of the brain such as the hippocampus and amygdala involved in such functions as episodic memory and emotion, do have major backprojection systems to the high parts of the cerebral cortex from which they receive forward projections.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	401		It may be that evolutionarily newer parts of the brain, such as the language areas and parts of the prefrontal cortex, are involved in an alternative type of control of behavior, in which actions can be planned with the use of a language system that allows relatively arbitrary syntactic manipulation of semantic symbolic entities.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	401		The general view that there are many routes to behavioral output is supported by the evidence that there are many input systems to the basal ganglia (from almost all areas of the cerebral cortex), and that neuronal activity in each part of the striatum reflects the activity in the overlying cortical area.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	401		The language areas offer one of many routes to action, but a route particularly suited in planning actions, because of the syntactic manipulation of semantic entities, which may make the long-term planning possible.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	403		General view of brain evolution and which, as areas of the cortex evolved, they are laid on top of the existing circuitry connecting inputs to outputs, and in which each level in this hierarchy of separate input and output data pathways may control behavior are according to the specialized function it can perform.		2
Rolls; Emotion Explained	403		Mathematicians may get a hunch that something is correct, yet not be able to verbalize why. They may then resort to formal, more serial and language-like theorems to prove the case, and these seem to require conscious processing.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	427		The ventral visual system is concerned with selecting goals for action. It does this by providing invariant representations of objects, with a representation that is appropriate for interfacing to systems such as the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex.		24
Rolls; Emotion Explained	427		The dorsal visual system helps with executing actions, for example in shaping the hand appropriately to pick up a selected object. Often the sensori-motor operation is performed implicitly, i.e. without conscious awareness.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	427		Insofar as explicit planning about future goals and actions requires knowledge of objects and their reward or punisher associations, it is the ventral visual system that provides the appropriate input for planning future actions.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	427		When explicit, or conscious, planning is required, activity in the ventral visual system will be closely related to consciousness.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	427		It is to objects are represented in the ventral visual system that we normally apply multistep planning processes.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	428		The outputs of the reward and punishment systems must be treated by the action system as being the goals for action.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	428		The action systems must be built to try to maximize the activation of the representations produced by rewarding events, and to minimize the activation of the representations produced by punishers or stimuli associated with punishers.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	429		The architectural design principles of the brain to the stage of the representation of rewards and punishers and thus of emotion seems apparent.		1
Rolls; Emotion Explained	429		How the brain selects between reward and punishment signals how the cost of actions are taken into account, and how actions are selected remain to be determined.		0
Rolls; Emotion Explained	454		Neural network simulation of biologically plausible pattern association memories such as may be present in orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala and autoassociation or attractor networks.		25