Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
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Topic |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-13 |
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Neurotransmitters are constructed from cheap and plentiful precursors
-- simple amino
acids that you get in huge amounts in your diet. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-14 |
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A small
number of biosynthetic steps are required to construct
neurotransmitters; they are produced
quickly. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-14 |
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Neurotransmitters are easily recycled. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-14 |
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Changes in
the amount of neurotransmitter release can change the strength of signaling across the synapse. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-14 |
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Changes in
the number and sensitivity of receptors can change the strength
of signaling across the synapse. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-14 |
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Hallucinogens
such as LSD are able
to artificially stimulate the serotonin receptor. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-14 |
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Antipsychotic drugs can block the dopamine receptor, lessening
symptoms of schizophrenia. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-15 |
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Amphetamines
and cocaine trigger the premature release of dopamine transmitters. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-15 |
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Because the release
of dopamine makes a person feel pleasure in at least one part
of the brain, artificially releasing more of it makes such
drugs as cocaine highly addictive. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-15 |
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Drugs that release dopamine can trigger schizophrenic behavior, while drugs that block dopamine are used to halt schizophrenic behavior. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-15 |
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Antidepressants, including Prozac, cause amplification in the neurotransmitter's signal by blocking its degradation. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-15 |
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increase
the amount of precursors for certain neurotransmitters, increasing the L-DOPA
level for patients with Parkinson's disease. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-15 |
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Neurotransmitter endogenous benzodiazepine, a compound similar to the drugs Valium and Librium. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-15 |
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Tranquilizers
such as Valium and Librium are used to decrease a persons anxiety level. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-19 |
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Long-term potentiation (LTP) |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-19 |
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Changing the strength of synaptic communication is the basis for learning. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-19 |
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Cortex and hippocampus are the main regions of the brain responsible
for learning and memory. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-19 |
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Long-term potentiation (LTP), a synaptic model for learning, stimulating a dendritic spine in a dense cluster of rapid action potentials, resulting in that synapse becoming hyperresponsive or potentiated. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-19 |
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After potentiation, the pathway is stronger. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-19 |
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Glutamate
is a simple neurotransmitter made from an amino acid. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-20 |
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If glutamate levels get too high, the postsynaptic
neuron can be excited
to death. This
condition can occur in stroke, seizure,
and
cardiac arrest. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-25 |
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Neurons sharpen signal detection through inhibition. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-25 |
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Neurons sharpen the detection of signals by inhibiting themselves and other neurons. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-25 |
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The ability of neurons to have projections coming off the axon and sending
projections back onto themselves (called recurrent collateral projections) allows them to inhibit themselves and sharpen their signals over time. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-25 |
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Recurrent collateral projections are apparent in many neurons. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-25 |
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Through lateral inhibition, neurons sharpen their signals over space. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-25 |
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Lateral
inhibition helps to enhance the precise location of information. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-26 |
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Information
is contained in the patterns of neuronal excitation. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-26 |
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Neurons
from different networks
can overlap and be used in different settings. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-26 |
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Memory retrieval is a result of tapping into many networks and integrating all of those inputs. |
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Sapolsky;
Biology and Human Behavior |
1-26 |
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Mild neuron loss, including that
associated with early stage dementia and Alzheimer's disease, does not destroy memories as much as it makes it harder to retrieve memory. |
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