| Zald & Rauch; The Orbitofrontal Cortex | |||||
| Book | Page | Topic | |||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 1 | Anatomy | |||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 3 | Architectonic structure of the orbital and Medial Prefrontal Cortex | 2 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 3 | The orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC) is a large and heterogeneous region, makes up a substantial fraction of the cortex, increases markedly in nonhuman primates, and even more in humans. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 3 | Experimental data from animals can be correlated with observations on the human brain. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 3 | Experimental data are scarce in humans. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 3 | In human neuroimaging studies, knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of brain areas is crucial for valid interpretation of the data. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 6 | Although the insula is well-known as the cortical structure in the depth of the lateral sulcus, it is better defined by the presence of claustrum deep into the cortex. | 3 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 8 | Medial Prefrontal Cortex | 2 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 9 | Equivalent areas could be recognized in different species on the basis of similar connections. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 9 | Orbitofrontal cortex' of rabbits and cats are similar to the primate prefrontal cortex due to its connections with the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD). | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 11 | The cortex on the posterior orbital surface of human brains has been recognized to be a continuation of the insular cortex. | 2 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 14 | The most striking change in the OMPFC between monkeys and humans is the expansion of the granular cortex at the frontal pole. | 3 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 19 | The orbital frontal cortex: sulcal and gyral morphology and architecture | 5 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 39 | Connections of orbital cortex | 20 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 39 | The orbital frontal cortex has extensive connections with other cortical areas, especially in the temporal and insular cortices, with the amygdala, hippocampus and other limbic structures, and with several subcortical structures, including the medial thalamus, ventromedial striatum, hypothalamus and midbrain. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 42 | A chief characteristic of the orbital network is that it receives inputs from the cortical areas associated with most of the sensory systems, including olfaction, taste/visceral afferents, somatic sensation, and vision. Inputs from the auditory system are still uncertain. | 3 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 42 | The constellation of sensory inputs suggests that the orbital network is particularly involved in assessment of food. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 43 | The orbital network is connected with the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which also receives multiple sensory inputs, and also may be involved in sensory object assessment. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 43 | The primary olfactory cortex is a paleocortical region situated immediately caudal to the OFC, and contiguous with agranular insular areas. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 45 | It is uncertain whether there are direct auditory inputs to the OFC, and to the extent that auditory information enters the OFC; it appears to be associated more with the medial rather than the orbital network. | 2 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 46 | In addition to the sensory inputs, the OFC as a whole is also connected with a number of limbic structures, including the amygdala, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and parahippocampal gyrus. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 52 | The OFC and the adjacent medial prefrontal cortex can be divided into two distinct but interrelated systems, closely related to each other. | 6 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 52 | The orbital network is characterized by its sensory input from almost all of the sensory modalities. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 52 | It is uncertain whether there is auditory input to the orbital network. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 52 | There are auditory inputs to ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 52 | Many of the sensory inputs to OFC appear to be related to the assessment of food. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 52 | In addition to their sensory function, OFC neurons code for reward and other affective aspects of stimuli. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 52 | The medial prefrontal network is characterized by outputs to the visceral control structures in the hypothalamus and brain stem, and is involved in cortical modulation of visceral functions. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 52 | The medial prefrontal network is involved in mood and emotional behavior. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 52 | The medial prefrontal network is substantially interconnected with limbic areas, including the amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus, and with a wider cortical system that includes the rostral part of the superior temporal cortex, the parahippocampal cortex, and the posterior cingulate/retrosplenial cortex. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 57 | Sequential and parallel circuits for emotional processing in primate orbitofrontal cortex | 5 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 57 | The prefrontal cortex in primates guides behavior by selecting information through a vast communications network with cortical and subcortical structures. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 60 | The posterior OFC is a global environmental integrator. | 3 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 60 | The orbitofrontal cortices are enriched with projections from visual, auditory, somatosensory, and polymodal cortices. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 60 | While all orbitofrontal areas receive projections from several unimodal sensory association cortices, there are foci within the OFC that receive more robust projections from one modality over the others. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 60 | There is considerable overlap of sensory inputs within the OFC, and many neurons respond to stimuli from several modalities. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 61 | The sensory input to all orbitofrontal cortices originates from the late-processing sensory association areas. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 62 | Direct and indirect sensory input to orbitofrontal cortex (diagram) | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 62 | Through their connections with sensory association cortices, the OFC can sample the entire sensory periphery. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 62 | Specialized bidirectional connections linking OFC with the amygdala may underlie emotional processing. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 62 | One of the most distinctive features of the OFC is its anatomic and functional linkage with the amygdala. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 63 | The anatomical connections of the OFC with the amygdala are robust and bidirectional. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 63 | Direct and indirect sensory input to OFC may be necessary for emotional processing. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 63 | Sensory input reaches the OFC directly by projections from sensory association cortices, and indirectly through the amygdala, which receives projections from the same sensory association cortices. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 64 | Relationship of OFC to striatal and brain stem reward centers | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 64 | The striatum (including the nucleus accumbens) responds to the OFC, but is additionally activated during the preparation, initiation and execution of movements, related to the expected reward. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 64 | Midbrain dopamine neurons, which respond to unpredicted primary rewards, rapidly adapt to the information provided by reward-predicting stimuli, and through interactions with NAc, the amygdala, and the OFC, adjust the gain of reward-related responses participating in mechanisms that select the action associated with the largest reward. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 67 | Pathways linking prefrontal cortex with structures associated with perception and expression of emotions (diagram) | 3 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 67 | A highly specialized set of connections links the OFC with the amygdala. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 68 | Conscious awareness of the significance of the environment may depend on the OFC. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 68 | The interaction between the amygdala and the OFC is necessary for a conscious appreciation of emotions. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 69 | The amygdala may act as a supraspinal reflex for the internal milieu, poised to direct attention to an event of significant emotional import. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 69 | The role of the OFC in emotional memory. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 73 | Orbitofrontal-striato-thalamic circuits for emotional processing | 4 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 73 | The prefrontal cortex is an action-oriented region. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 73 | The prefrontal cortex has a special relationship with the basal ganglia, because it not only projects to the neostriatal parts of the basal ganglia, like the rest of the cortex, but its thalamic interactions are modulated by signals from the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi). | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 73 | The strong connections linking medial and orbitofrontal cortices with the ventral anterior (VA) nucleus of the thalamus suggest a role for this pathway in translating motivational and emotional processing into action. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 75 | Transfer of information from OFC to lateral prefrontal cortices for decision and action | 2 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 75 | Orbitofrontal areas have connections with structures that have a role in the emotional significance of events, but lack direct access to the key systems that would allow decision and action in behavior. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 75 | Orbitofrontal areas are distinguished for their connections with cortices associated with each of the sensory modalities, but sensory projections originate from the late-processing sensory cortices. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 79 | Distinction of medial prefrontal from orbitofrontal areas in emotional processing | 4 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 79 | The posterior OFC is considered to be part of the limbic component of the prefrontal cortex. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 79 | The inclusion of the OFC as part of the limbic system followed the classic incorporation of caudal medial prefrontal areas in the anterior cingulate as the limbic system, as suggested by Broca and Papez. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 79 | The prefrontal cortex has two distinct limbic components, characterized by their robust connections with other cortical and subcortical limbic structures. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 79 | In general, the medial prefrontal cortices lack direct connections with sensory association areas. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 79 | The most notable exception is a strong and bidirectional connection of medial prefrontal cortices with auditory association areas. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 79 | Like the OFC, medial prefrontal areas are bidirectionally linked with the amygdala. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 80 | Orbitofrontal areas as sensors and medial areas as effectors of emotions. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 81 | The OFC has been implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorder. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 93 | Functions and Methods | 12 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 95 | Neurophysiology and functions of the orbital frontal cortex (Edmund Rolls) | 2 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 125 | Chemical Senses | 30 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 125 | While the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) receives information from all sensory modalities, it is most intimately linked to the chemical senses of smell and taste. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 125 | Portions of the OFC receive robust projections directly from the primary olfactory and gustatory cortices, and these OFC areas are often referred to as the secondary olfactory and gustatory cortex. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 126 | Olfactory input to the OFC and the localization of secondary olfactory cortex. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 127 | Higher-order projections arising from the primary olfactory structures converge on the secondary olfactory regions in the OFC, agranular insula, additional amygdala subnuclei, hypothalamus, mediodorsal thalamus, and hippocampus. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 127 | The complex network of olfactory connections provides the basis for odor-guided regulation of behavior, feeding, emotion , autonomic states, and memory. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 145 | Gustation | 18 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 145 | Taste refers to the qualities of sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory (umami). | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 145 | What is colloquially referred to as 'taste' is actually a combination of physiologically distinct sensory experiences of taste and smell, or flavor. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 145 | The OFC plays an important role in both taste and flavor processing, as well as a more general role in feeding behavior and the representation of food reward. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 153 | Chemosensory integration and the assembly of flavor. | 8 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 153 | What is colloquially referred to as 'taste' is the combination of a variety of physiologically distinct sensory experiences associated with the flavor of food, such as its smell, texture and temperature. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 153 | Flavor perception may also be influenced by the sight of food. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 153 | One striking feature of many of the multimodal neurons in the primate OFC is their selective responses for appropriately paired (i.e. congruent) stimuli. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 156 | The OFC appears critical in coding the relative reward value of different foods. | 3 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 157 | Internal state markedly influences the affective value of chemosensory stimuli. Specifically, ongoing or recent consumption of food leads to a temporary reduction in its reward value. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 173 | Involvement of primate orbitofrontal neurons and reward, uncertainty, and learning | 16 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 194 | Studies in humans suggests that the OFC is involved in a large array of behavioral functions related to emotional components of voluntary behavior and decision-making. | 21 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 194 | The OFC is one of the main reward centers of the brain. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 199 | From associations to expectancies: orbitofrontal cortex as gateway between limbic system and representational memory | 5 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 202 | Connectivity often offers important clues to the critical function of a brain region. | 3 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 202 | The ventral striatum is critically positioned to serve as an interface between limbic and motor systems. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 202 | The OFC is uniquely located to serve as the gateway between the limbic areas, which are concerned with passively encoding associations between cues and likely outcomes or consequences, and the active, representational memory systems of the prefrontal cortex. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 206 | Neuronal activity in OFC reflects expectations for likely outcomes. | 4 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 237 | A componential analysis of the functions of primate orbitofrontal cortex | 31 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 237 | Profound disturbances in emotional social and behavior and poor decision-making are the hallmarks of ventral medial prefrontal dysfunction in humans, a region of the frontal lobes that includes the medial aspects of the OFC and ventral aspects of the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC). | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 243 | OFC and the affective properties of stimuli | 6 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 246 | OFC and its proposed role in goal selection | 3 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 251 | OFC and they discriminative properties of stimuli | 5 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 252 | Discrimination reversal and extinction | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 265 | The role of human orbital frontal cortex in reward prediction and behavioral choice: insights from neural imaging | 13 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 265 | The orbital frontal cortex (OFC) is one of the least understood regions of the human brain. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 265 | The biggest impetus to the study of the OFC region has been the emergence of powerful functional neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI and PET. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 266 | Reward value or representations in human OFC | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 267 | In order to make behavioral decisions between different types of available reward, it is necessary to somehow encode these different rewards in the same representational space or 'currency'. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 268 | Valence -- Rewards vs Punishments | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 268 | The valence of a stimulus: whether it is rewarding (pleasant) or punishing (aversive). | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 269 | A hypothesis of hemispheric specialization for reward and punishment, differential involvement of the amygdala in aversive processing, and a differential involvement of the medial OFC in reward, and lateral OFC in punishment. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 271 | Expected reward value | 2 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 273 | Distinct representations for expectation and receipt of reward | 2 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 285 | Memory Processes and the Orbital Frontal Cortex | 12 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 285 | Memory constitutes one of the most important brain functions involved in nearly all human activities of daily life. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 285 | Limbic and paralimbic regions as well as parts of the prefrontal cortex are necessarily engaged in some of the memory functions. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 285 | Whenever information to be encoded or retrieved has an emotional or personal connotation, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a crucial interest. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 285 | The orbitofrontal cortex is involved in autobiographical memory that is mostly emotional and personal significance. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 285 | Content-based Classification of Memory | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 286 | Autobiographic-episodic, autobiographic-semantic, and semantic long-term memory (diagram) | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 287 | During memory processes, the following steps of information processing can be differentiated -- information uptake, encoding, consolidation, storage and retrieval. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 287 | Memory processing involves both overlapping neural networks as well as distinct brain structures, depending on the content of information. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 287 | Encoding and the Orbital Frontal Cortex | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 287 | For encoding and consolidation of episodic and semantic memory, parts of the medial temporal lobe, the medial diencephalon, the basal forebrain, and parts of the telencephal limbic structures, such as the cingulate gyrus, are assumed to be the primary neural correlates. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 287 | Current research emphasizes the role of the amygdaloid circuit, rather than the Papez circuit, in processing the emotional connotation of memory information. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 289 | Block diagram of important connections between the OFC and memory-related structures. (diagram) | 2 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 290 | Memory Retrieval and the OFC | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 290 | The orbitofrontal part of the prefrontal cortex influences emotional processing and is presumed to be particularly involved in emotional memory. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 291 | The main interactive connections between the orbitofrontal cortex and structures of the limbic system, the basal forebrain, and the thalamus. (diagram) | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 291 | The ventral part of the uncinate fascicle connects the temporal pole with the orbitofrontal cortex (diagram) | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 292 | One of the main characteristics of episodic memory is that the contents are stored with respect to time and place during information acquisition. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 293 | Autobiographical Memory and the OFC | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 293 | Autobiographical memories are inherently personal and usually have an emotional tone. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 293 | Due to the complex nature of autobiographical episodic memory, involving aspects of self, emotion, and general memory functions, a number of interacting brains regions is involved. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 293 | A bilateral network of brain regions is activated during autobiographical memory processing, including the ventrolateral, dorsolateral and orbitofrontal/ventromedial prefrontal cortex, temporal pole, lateral and medial temporal cortex (with hippocampal formation and parahippocampal gyrus, temporo-parietal junction area) and posterior cingulate/retrosplenial cortex as well as parts of the cerebellum. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 295 | Due to the close connections between emotion, self, and autobiographical memory, we expect that lesions restricted to the OFC show impaired autobiographical memory, at least with regard to detailed re-experiencing of episodes from personal past. | 2 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 296 | Patients with psychiatric diseases typically have functional brain abnormalities rather than structural alterations. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 298 | Neuropsychologically, executive dysfunctions and memory deficits are two of the most prominent symptoms of schizophrenia. | 2 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 298 | Orbitofrontal changes in schizophrenia are likely linked to autobiographical memory and emotional impairments. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 299 | Confabulations and orbitofrontal cortex | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 299 | The OFC is involved in several memory functions and dysfunctions, due to numerous (largely interactive) connections between limbic and paralimbic regions. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 300 | A wide network of brain structures and fiber tracts is involved in processing memory, depending on the aspects of time, content and emotionality. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 300 | Principal structures associated with episodic and autobiographical memory (in principle for both recording and retrieval) are parts of the limbic system, paralimbic regions and prefrontal areas. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 300 | Within the frontal lobe, the OFC plays an important role in encoding and retrieving episodic and in particular autographic-episodic memories, due to their emotional and self-related nature. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 300 | In processing autographic-episodic memories, the lateral and medial parts of the prefrontal region are most likely differentially engaged, with the medial part being linked to positive and the lateral part to the negative memories. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 300 | The OFC's contribution to memory is more than just an executive control or working memory function. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 300 | The main role of the OFC in autobiographical memory lies in the mediation between specific memories, memory-related emotions and a feeling of self-awareness or autonoetic consciousness. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 307 | The role of lateral orbitofrontal cortex in the inhibitory control of emotion | 7 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 307 | The prefrontal cortex (PFC) governs the executive control of information processing and behavioral expression, including the ability to selectively attend to and maintain information, inhibit irrelevant stimuli and impulses, and evaluate and select the appropriate response. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 307 | The orbital frontal cortex (OFC) participates in the executive control of information processing and behavioral expression by inhibiting neural activity associated with irrelevant, unwanted, or uncomfortable (e.g. painful) information, sensations, or actions. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 307 | The role of the OFC in inhibition as gained increasing prominence as a result of investigations of the neural correlates of social and emotional processing. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 307 | Most investigations of social or emotional processing reveal that the OFC is involved but the exact role is still debated. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 307 | The lateral OFC, extending to the ventrolateral PFC, facilitates successful goal-oriented behavior by inhibiting the influence of emotional information in the context of physical sensation, selective attention, emotion regulation, judgment and decision-making and social relationships. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 308 | Both volitional and automatic inhibition involve interaction of top-down inhibitory control mechanisms originating from orbitofrontal, and other prefrontal areas, and bottom-up sensory and stimuli based properties represented in primary sensory and association (e.g. inferior temporal lobe for visual objects) cortex. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 308 | In order to exert inhibitory influence, the OFC must receive information about sensory stimuli in the internal (e.g. physical sensations) and external environment. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 308 | The OFC receives neural inputs from every sensory modality -- olfactory, gustatory, vision, auditory, and somatosensory -- and is ideally suited to monitor information from multiple sources. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 308 | The OFC has direct projections to the primary and secondary sensory cortices, and can modulate the strength of the neural signal coming from the sensory cortex, regulating the influence of the sensory signal on the rest of the brain, and ultimately on behavior. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 309 | In addition to its reciprocal connections to primary and secondary sensory cortices, the OFC has immense reciprocal connections with subcortical structures, such as the amygdala, thalamus, periaqueductal gray area, that are central in emotion processing, and thus has the perfect architecture for modulating neural activity associated with affective information and affectively motivated behavior. | 1 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 325 | Visceral and decision-making functions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex | 16 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 355 | Intracranial electrophysiology of the human orbital frontal cortex | 30 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 377 | Orbital frontal cortex activation doing functional neuroimaging studies of emotion induction in humans | 22 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 393 | Neurochemical modulation of orbital frontal cortex function | 16 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 423 | Technical considerations for BOLD fMRI of the orbital frontal cortex | 30 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 423 | MRI is becoming a common method due to its non-invasive nature as well as its high spatial resolution and flexibility. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 423 | A major challenge with MRI is that it has low sensitivity or low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 423 | It often takes several minutes to acquire an MRI image with high resolution and brain coverage. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 423 | MRI scanners with higher field strengths, such as 3 Tesla (T), produce a larger MRI signal and improved SNR. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 423 | A disadvantage of MRI at higher fields is an increased amount of artifacts present in the images due to the physics of MRI in the human body. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 423 | It is crucial to balance the tradeoffs between the improved imaging of brain function and the amount of artifacts present in images as we go to a higher field strengths. | 0 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 447 | Neuropsychiatry | 24 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 449 | Neuropsychological assessment of the orbital frontal cortex | 2 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 481 | Orbitofrontal cortex in drug addiction | 32 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 523 | Orbital frontal cortex and anxiety disorders | 42 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 545 | The role of the ventral prefrontal cortex in mood disorders | 22 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 579 | Effects of orbitofrontal lesions on mood and aggression | 34 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 597 | Pseudopsychopathy: a perspective from cognitive neuroscience | 18 | ||
| Zald & Rauch; Orbitofrontal Cortex | 621 | Frontotemporal dementia and the orbital frontal cortex | 24 | ||
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