| Adam Zeman; Consciousness: A User's Guide | ||||||||||||
| Book | Page | Topic | ||||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 48 | Large neurons are among the largest cells in the body. | ||||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 48 | Projection neurons can be as much as a meter in length. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 48 | Interneurons in the brain or spinal cord; less than a millimeter. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 48 | Projection neurons are often 'pyramidal'. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 48 | Purkinje cells, projection neurons of the cerebellum, have dendrites splayed out in a single plane. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 49 | Brodmann's map of the brain based on microscopic differences in cortical structure; the distinctions correspond to functional boundaries. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 49 | Cerebral cortex is 2-4 millimeters thick with area ~0.1 m2 in each hemisphere. [Fully mature cerebral cortex, mean surface area, 2200 cm2 (Changeux; Neuronal Man, 45)] | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 50 | Repeating unit in the cortex is a column of cells about a tenth of a millimeter across, extending throughout the thickness of the cortex. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 50 | Small interneurons in layer IV receive most of the incoming signals, the 'afferents', to the column. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 50 | Two tiers of projection neurons, superficial pyramidal cells in layers II and III transmit the column's output, its 'efferents', to other regions of the cortex. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 50 | Deep pyramidal cells in layers V and VI report to more remote targets beyond the cortex itself. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 50 | Cells within each column compute a pattern of output from a pattern of inputs. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 50 | Numerous columns within a single region of the cortex can be active simultaneously. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 50 | Earliest beginnings of the nervous system in a human embryo, third week after conception. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 50 | Hollow spaces at the center of the adult nervous system; ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 51 | Layers of the cortex - (illustration) | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 51 | Successive waves of cells hug the central spaces of the nervous system. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 51 | Cells migrate into position and start to form orderly connections with targets near and far. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 54 | Every item of behavior; speech and writing, gesture and dance; is achieved by a patterned contraction of muscles. [Stereotyped motor programs] [FAPs] | 3 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 57 | Cerebellum with only 10 percent of the volume of the brain, has more than half its total complement of neurons. | 3 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 57 | Cerebellum has a distinctive and highly repetitive modular design, quite unlike the columnar structure of the cortex. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 59 | In the walls of the third ventricle, each side, lie the thalami. | 2 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 59 | Fifteen or more distinctive aggregates of neurons, known as nuclei, can be discerned within the thalamus. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 59 | All cortical regions communicate with the thalamus; it also receives important input from the regions of the brainstem that regulates wakefulness and arousal. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 59 | Thalamus is well placed to regulate alertness generally and to focus selective attention. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 60 | Small volumes of damage to the thalamus can be devastating. Stroke. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 60 | Widespread damage to the thalamus can underlie the condition of 'wakefulness without awareness', which is known as the 'permanent vegetative state'. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 60 | Hypothalamus; floor of the third ventricle; less than 1 percent of the volume of the human brain; extremely important. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 60 | Hypothalamus samples the body's internal environment, regulates blood sugar, temperature, blood concentration of salts, etc. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 61 | Hypothalamus is the neural crux of all our simpler urges. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 61 | Nuclear masses of the basal ganglia -- caudate, putamen, globus pallidus. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 61 | Deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is conveyed to the basal ganglia by axons from the brainstem, causes the tremor, slowing, stiffness and unsteadiness that characterize Parkinson's disease. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 63 | Brain lateral and medial views - (diagram) | 2 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 66 | Cortical parts of the limbic system have a relatively primitive microscopic structure, hinting at their ancient evolutionary origins; this kind of cortex dominates the brain of 'lower' vertebrates. | 3 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 66 | Link between memory and emotion; remember what excites us, whether with pleasure or pain; what bores us is safely forgotten. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 66 | Large overlap between limbic system and the cortical areas concerned with smell; scent can sometimes evoke long-buried memories. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 68 | A cerebella Purkinje cell may receive 200k connections from the parallel fibers that synapse on its dendrites. | 2 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 68 | A sensory neuron in the spinal cord may signal to as many as 1000 target neurons by way of axonal arborization. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 68 | Effect of a presynaptic neuron on the activity of the postsynaptic cell depends on the location of the synapse; those remote from the body exert a less powerful effect than synapses close to the axon hillock from which the action potential is released. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 69 | Some neurons -- a small minority in the human nervous system -- communicate via 'gap junctions', which allow the electrical activity to pass unimpeded between cells without need of a chemical messenger. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 69 | Neurotransmitters | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 69 | Permanent depletion of acetylcholine is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 69 | Two broad classes of neurotransmitters: (1) small molecule, (2) small protein. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 70 | Approximately 10 'small molecule' neurotransmitters. Most are amino acids, or are derived from amino acids: acetylcholine, dopamine, adrenaline, serotonin, histamine; glutamate, glycine, GABA. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 70 | Small protein neurotransmitters: endorphins act to modulate the perception of pain; opium and its derivatives mimic the action of the endorphins. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 70 | Substances that mimic, oppose, boost or otherwise modify the action of neurotransmitters are among the most widely used drugs in medicine; epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression, Parkinson's disease. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 70 | A single neuron releases the same chemicals at all its synapses. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 70 | The same combination of substances is released consistently by a given cell. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 70 | Receptor variety creates a third source of complexity at the synapse. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 70 | Binding of acetylcholine by the receptor opens a channel, which allows the passage of sodium, having much higher concentration outside the cell than in. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 71 | Sodium channel closes rapidly as acetylcholine detaches itself from the receptor and is broken down by an enzyme. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 71 | Great variety of receptor types at the synapses. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 71 | Gated ion channels produce a rapid effect. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 71 | Second messengers, cascade of chemical reactions in a cell. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 72 | At birth, brain possesses more or less the final complement of neurons, but synapse adjustments continue briskly. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 72 | Donald Hebb, 'assemblies' of neurons. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 72 | Ability to adapt; even our bones are shaped by use; ubiquitous plasticity of living things; ability to learn. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 73 | Long Term Potentiation (LTP), occurs in the hippocampus, formation of new conscious memories. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 73 | Nervous system, network of nerve cells that communicate at synapses; transforms patterns of sensory input into patterns of motor output; adapt behavior to experience, present and past. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 73 | Much of the complexity of the human brain depends on the endless elaboration of simple elements. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 74 | Gene duplication is a common chance occurrence in reproduction. Over the immense periods of the evolutionary past, duplication created opportunity for extraordinary variations on a theme. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 84 | <4 Hz, delta; sleep and coma | 10 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 84 | 4-7 Hz, theta; young children, areas damaged by stroke | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 84 | 8-13 Hz, alpha; relaxed wakefulness | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 84 | 14-25 Hz, beta; open eyes, novel sensory events, mental exertion | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 84 | 25-100 Hz, gamma; possible relevance to consciousness. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 85 | Four rhythms commonly encountered in EEGs. beta 14-25 Hz, alpha 8-13 Hz, theta 4-7 Hz, delta <4 Hz. - (illustration) | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 86 | Only synchronized activity in substantial numbers of cortical cells could generate currents large enough to be detected over the scalp. Source of these currents is activity in the dendrites of cortical neurons. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 86 | Many neurons are spontaneously active. This activity is often rhythmic. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 86 | If neurons are suitably interconnected, intrinsically rhythmic patterns can generate widespread synchronous patterns of EEG. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 86 | Neurons whose spontaneous rhythms contribute to the EEG lie in two regions: (1) cerebral cortex, (2) straitened confines of the thalamus. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 86 | Thalamus, the gateway to the cortex, is especially well placed to synchronize rhythms throughout the brain. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 88 | Architecture of sleep. EEG recordings, waking, sleeping; cyclical patterning of sleep. - (illustration) | 2 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 90 | Adults spend about one-fifth of their seven hours of sleep in REM. | 2 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 90 | Detect fluctuations in magnetic fields surrounding active brain. The subject must sit in a specially shielded room to screen out 'magnetic noise' from the environment. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) device, to detect the magnetic signal. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 90 | Rudolfo Llinás in 1990 recorded a rapid oscillation in the gamma frequency in waking subjects, which was also present during REM but absent from slow wave sleep. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 90 | Tones played to waking subjects 'reset' their gamma rhythm, but had no effect on the fast oscillation in the brains of subjects in REM. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 90 | The Rudolfo Llinás results hint at a role for fast oscillations, around 40 Hz, in the genesis of consciousness. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 91 | 40 Hz oscillations in sleep and wakefulness. - (illustration) | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 93 | Brainstem auditory response. ~10 msec - (illustration) | 2 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 96 | Diencephalon - structures of thalamus and hypothalamus which bridge the brainstem and hemispheres. | 3 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 99 | Functional importance of the upper reticular formation to arousal and of its lower parts to our breathing and circulation. | 3 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 100 | Reticular activating system, upper brainstem and thalamus. - (illustration) | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 100 | Much of the brain's noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine and histamine originates in or close to the brainstem. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 101 | Chemistry of wakefulness; noradrenaline, dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin. - (illustration) | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 103 | Suprachiasmatic nucleus; intrinsically rhythmic, cycle close to 24 hours. Pacemaker for the body's circadian rhythms of activity. | 2 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 105 | No one knows why we sleep. | 2 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 109 | Chances are excellent that we will one day understand the functions of sleep in the human brain. | 4 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 109 | Brains of animals are always electrically active. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 110 | Large assemblies of neurons have a propensity to act in synchrony. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 111 | Brain is constantly in need of oxygen and glucose. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 117 | 40 Hz oscillations Rudolfo Llinás detected | 6 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 117 | Epilepsy is the most common serious disorder encountered by neurologists. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 118 | EEG in epilepsy - (illustration) | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 126 | Opiods induce euphoria and tranquility. Enhanced release of dopamine from cells that project axons to the nucleus accumbens, a part of the basal ganglia with intimate connections to the limbic system, which regulates emotion. | 8 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 126 | A rush of opiate to the brain gives quite a jerk, not unlike the thrill of orgasm. Once the brain becomes accustomed to an external supply, it adapts, reducing its own release of opiods or the sensitivity of its receptors. Pain then chases pleasure, creating a powerful need to feed the habit. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 127 | Surgical operations with diethyl ether as an anaesthetic. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 129 | Anaesthetics that are highly fat soluble exert an anaesthetic effect at low concentrations. - (diagram) | 2 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 129 | Brain activity is globally reduced during anaesthesia, but thalamic function is particularly reduced; similarities between anaesthesia and sleep. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 129 | Reduction in energy consumption within the brain goes hand in hand with the slowing of cerebral rhythms and a loss of synchronization between activity in distant cortical regions. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 130 | Some degree of awareness with subsequent recall of the anesthesia experience, but without pain, is estimated to occur in 2-4 anaesthetics in every 1000. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 130 | Tendency for anaesthetics to provide analgesia - relief from pain - at doses that are not high enough to suppress awareness altogether. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 131 | It is possible to be conscious during anaesthesia but free of pain. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 132 | Brains fall in energy consumption about 25 percent during non-REM sleep. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 132 | During dreaming, brain's energy consumption about like wakefulness. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 132 | Coma ranges in severity from a state resembling sleep to one resembling death. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 132 | Three broad classes of coma: (1) small areas of damage to the brainstem, (2) large areas of damage in the hemispheres, (3) processes involving the brain diffusely, such as poisoning by drugs and infection. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 133 | Damage in the hemispheres causes the brain to swell, squeezing the brainstem. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 133 | Persistent vegetative state - 'wakeful unconsciousness' or 'wakefulness without awareness'. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 133 | Vegetative state is diagnosed in error about half the time. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 134 | Vegetative state - brainstem survives, while the hemispheres perish. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 134 | In the state of 'brain death', the hemispheres may be perfectly healthy, but the brainstem has succumbed. | ||||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 134 | It may seem curious that the brainstem is the crux of life. We can survive the loss of the hemispheres, but the loss of the brainstem leads inexorably to death. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 145 | Glasgow Coma Scale - enables doctors to make an objective assessment of level of consciousness; eye opening, speech, movement. | 11 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 145 | Operate to reduce the pressure from a swelling brain. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 145 | Can be conscious, and yet unable to move a muscle. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 146 | Consciousness can survive the loss of all the usual means by which we communicate our experience. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 147 | Sounds repeated at a certain frequency set up a standing wave. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 147 | Several states of awareness can occur during anaesthesia. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 147 | Anaesthesia lose in succession: (1) appreciation of pain, (2) conscious recall for the procedure, (3) ability to respond to requests, (4) ability to acquire implicit memories of the occasion. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 148 | No reason to believe that even complete sensory isolation leads automatically to loss of awareness. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 148 | Median frequency of EEG under anaesthesia - (diagram) | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 148 | Awake and mentally active, predominant frequencies are well above 5 Hz, with a median around 10 Hz. In deep natural sleep, drops well below 5 Hz. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 150 | Chimps and dolphins are conscious of their surroundings. | 2 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 160 | Evolution of the eye - (illustration) | 10 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 165 | Evolution of photoreceptors - (illustration) | 5 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 167 | Layers of neurons in the retina - (illustration) | 2 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 169 | Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) connections from eye to visual cortex - (illustration) | 2 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 172 | Columnar organization of area V1 of the striate cortex - (illustration) | 3 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 173 | Cortical visual areas: monkey's brain anatomy and interconnections - (illustration) | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 175 | Gestalt psychologists suggested that the brain unconsciously applies a number of principles when we pick out a figure from the background. | 2 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 175 | In gestalt psychology, the brain tends to group items that are close, similar to one another, that create a closed space, or achieve a smooth continuity of line. [Gestalt laws] | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 175 | Modern work by researchers at Bell laboratories have examined precisely which features guide the visual system in its preattentive segmentation of the visual world. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 175 | Uncomplicated contrasts of form, color, depth and movement allow objects to 'pop out' of an array. | ||||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 176 | Gestalt principles of grouping and figure-ground ambiguity depicted by Maurits Escher. (diagram) | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 183 | Imagination - recognition in reverse. Areas downstream project back to the source of their input. Memory stored in the temporal lobe excite a cascade of areas in the visual cortex. | 7 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 183 | Visual areas downstream always project back to the source of their input. The back projection is often as substantial as the forward one. Imagination may exploit this two-way traffic. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 183 | Hallucinations -- imaginings that we take to be real. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 201 | Neural activity can be a factor in development well before birth. | 18 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 202 | Neural migration - Cortex of the brain is formed by migration of neurons from a 'germinal zone' close to the ventricles deep in the brain. Migration is guided by glial cells, which extend radial fibers along the route. - (diagram) | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 202 | Within days, a baby can imitate the facial movements of those around it; mouth opening or protrusion of the tongue. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 202 | At birth all the neurons of the visual brain are present, but only about 10 percent of the synapses. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 203 | The two eyes feed separately into layer 4 of the primary visual cortex, creating alternating ocular dominance columns, which form with visual experience after birth. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 203 | At birth, the input from the two eyes is intermingled; the ocular dominance columns form later under the influence of visual experience. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 203 | Hebb's rule - connections between neurons that are active together are strengthened. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 203 | Neurons of the visual cortex forge their network of synapse connections; busy axons expand their bushy crowns, whereas idle neurons shrink away. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 203 | Sensitive time for visual cortex limited to 'critical period', which differs from species to species. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 204 | Visual cortex adapts to its surroundings. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 204 | Difficult to specify the strength of every synapse of the visual system. A rough genetic sketch is sufficient. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 204 | Visual system is provided a generous superfluity of potential interconnections; experience then selects the useful ones, 'fine tuning' the visual system. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 205 | Experience may continue to 'sculpt' the visual cortex long after the period of maximum plasticity. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 205 | Store information through synaptic change in the sensory regions in which it is processed. Plasticity and memory may share a common fundamental explanation in Hebb's rule. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 205 | Sight is the outcome of a process of growth, which is guided at different times by an inherited blueprint, intrinsic activity and visual experience. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 206 | Crucial importance of early experience during a sensitive period appears to be a general law of psychological development. It applies to the acquisition of language and social skills as well as the maturation of the senses. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 281 | Taxonomy of Memory -(diagram): (1) Declarative (explicit) memory, (2) Procedural (implicit) memory | 75 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 281 | Declarative memory: (1) Short-term (working) memory, (2) Long-term memory | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 281 | Working memory: (1) Verbal, (2) Spatial | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 281 | Long-term memory: (1) Episodic - events, (2) Semantic - facts | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 281 | Procedural memory: (1) Conditioning, (2) Priming, (3) Motor skills | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 281 | Acquisition of long-term declarative memories depends on structures in the circuit of Papez. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 282 | Priming | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 282 | Conditioning of desire and of disgust, the priming of recognition, and the acquisition of skills, are independent of the ability to recall the occasions of learning. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 283 | Brain has multiple memory systems, and only some of them support conscious learning. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 283 | Classical conditioning involves the cerebellum. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 284 | Priming leads to a reduction in local brain activity; repeated exposure to the stimulus increases the efficiency of neural processing. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 284 | As motor skills become automatic, global brain activation declines. [Stereotyped motor programs] [FAPs] | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 284 | Motor skills: Prefrontal cortex is engaged in the acquisition of new skills; shift to posterior regions of the cortex and some subcortical regions, such as the basal ganglia. [Stereotyped motor programs] [FAPs] | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 284 | Three sets of parallel distinctions between: (1) conscious vision and blindsight, (2) declarative and procedural memory, (3) deliberate and habitual actions; -- together with what is known of their correlates in the brain, lie at the foundations of contemporary theories of consciousness. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 285 | Ability to move is definitely not required for consciousness; paralysis is no obstacle to awareness. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 285 | Language is probably not required for consciousness. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 285 | Formation of long-term memories usually accompanies consciousness, but is not crucial for awareness. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 285 | Perhaps at the very least, the capacity to frame a thought about experience is required for consciousness. [Edelman's 'remembered present'] | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 285 | Unless we can think about our experience, we cannot be conscious. [Edelman's 'remembered present'] | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 285 | We do not know the minimal conditions for consciousness. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 287 | Consciousness matters; it allows us to do all kinds of things that would be impossible without it. | 2 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 287 | Consciousness is bound up with the brain, but not all the activity occurring in the brain is conscious. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 287 | Deep structures in the brainstem and thalami are crucial to arousal, while activity in the thalamus and cortex determines the contents of consciousness. [thalamocortical system] | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 287 | Activity giving rise to consciousness is spread around the brain; several psychological systems participate in it. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 287 | Consciousness from interaction - (diagram): (1) Sensory input, (2) Sensory processing, (3) Memory systems, (4)Arousal system, (5) Motivational and Attention systems, (6) Action system | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 288 | Neural Correlate of Consciousness (NCC) is a loosely linked but temporarily coherent network of neurons around the brain, a grouping called a 'cell assembly' by Donald Hebb. [Edelman's dynamic core] | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 288 | How large must a cell assembly be to give rise to consciousness? [Edelman's dynamic core] | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 288 | Incorporate particular types of neurons or particular layers of cortex? | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 288 | Interactions within the assembly attain a certain level of complexity? [Edelman's dynamic core] | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 288 | Must the activity be of a particular kind or duration? | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 288 | Involve particular cortical regions, or have a certain range of connections with regions elsewhere? | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 288 | Edelman's Dynamic Core | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 288 | Dynamic Core - a shifting coalition of 'strongly interacting elements'. At any given time, the dynamic core is responsible for 'primary consciousness', our perceptual experience. [Edelman's dynamic core] | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 289 | Crick and Koch anticipate that at any given moment the NCC will be comprised of a sparse but widespread network of neurons, whose activity will stand out above background neuron firing for at least 100-200 milliseconds. [Edelman's dynamic core] | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 289 | Conscious information must always be capable of guiding action. [Fuster's perception-action cycle] | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 290 | If primary sensory areas make no direct contribution to awareness, perhaps whole swatches of cortex operate beyond the reach of consciousness. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 290 | 'Dorsal' stream of visual processing is dedicated to the unconscious on-line control of visually guided behavior, while the 'ventral' stream is responsible for the creation of our conscious visual world. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 290 | Consciousness arises when thought illuminates unconscious sensation. [mental image] [the self] [Edelman's 'remembered present'] | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 291 | Mere sensation is insufficient to give rise to consciousness. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 291 | Unconscious data of sensation are compared with expectations generated by past experience and current intentions, in limbic regions of the temporal lobes and the basal ganglia. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 291 | Damasio locates the neural representation of self in relatively ancient brain regions, in the upper brainstem, thalamus, deep forebrain nuclei and somatosensory cortex. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 291 | Consciousness depends upon dialog between diverse regions of the brain, associated with independent psychological functions such as perception, emotion, memory, and action. [thalamocortical system] [Edelman's dynamic core] | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 292 | Sensation becomes conscious only when it encounters past associations, or is used to govern future action, or becomes the object of reflection, or is felt to impact upon the self. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 292 | Consciousness: which regions of the cortex are crucial; importance of deeper centers such as the basal ganglia and brainstem. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 292 | Kinds of neural activity that fail to excite consciousness: (1) slow-wave, dreamless sleep, (2) generalized 'grand mal' seizures; neurons throughout the brain synchronize their activity, discharging in massive harmony. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 293 | Limited, controlled synchronization of rapid neuronal discharge might play a role in perception, memory and movement. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 294 | Hierarchical visual processing. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 294 | Small networks of cells combine to represent objects and people. [Gestalts] | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 294 | Place and frequency coding relate to single cells. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 294 | Time or phase coding relates to the activity of groups of cells. [thalamocortical system] [Gestalts] | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 294 | Neurons that represent the disparate features of a single object -- which may be widely spread across the brain -- are associated by firing at the same moment. [coherent, synchronous] | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 294 | Synchronous firing of neurons involved in a common activity is often rhythmic, in the gamma band, 25-100 Hz. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 294 | If synchronized oscillations are required for consciousness, intrinsic rhythmicity of neuronal discharge allows for the rhythmic pacing of brain activity. | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 294 | Ubiquitous, bidirectional connections between related brain regions facilitates synchronization. [thalamocortical system] | ||||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 295 | Neurons are coincidence detectors: large numbers of other cells connect to them. | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 295 | Synchronous firing of networks of cells is probably a feature of brain regions controlling movement as well as of regions involved in sensation. [Fuster's perception-action cycle] | 0 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 296 | Consciousness helps to select appropriate actions in an unpredictable world, actions we choose from an ample repertoire on the basis of fine perceptual distinctions. [Fuster's perception-action cycle] | 1 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 301 | Synchronized activity across brain regions at around 40 Hz; a signature of wakefulness, provides a mechanism by which the contents of consciousness can be bound into a unified whole. [Edelman's dynamic core] | 5 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 324 | 40 Hz oscillation; signature of perceptual awareness and a candidate for the mechanism of binding, may prove to be the most convincing physiological correlate of consciousness. | 23 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 329 | Computer cannot be conscious. | 5 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 333 | Attributing consciousness to a computer confuses simulation with reality. | 4 | |||||||||
| Zeman; Consciousness | 333 | Computers can simulate aspects of human thought, but we do not expect simulations to possess all of the properties of the processes they simulate. | 0 | |||||||||
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