Adam Zeman; Consciousness: A User's Guide
Book	Page		Topic
Zeman; Consciousness	48		Large neurons are among the largest cells in the body.
Zeman; Consciousness	48		Projection neurons can be as much as a meter in length.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	48		Interneurons in the brain or spinal cord; less than a millimeter.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	48		Projection neurons are often 'pyramidal'.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	48		Purkinje cells,    projection neurons of the cerebellum,    have dendrites splayed out    in a single plane.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	49		Brodmann's map of the brain    based on microscopic differences in cortical structure;    the distinctions correspond to functional boundaries.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	49		Cerebral cortex is 2-4 millimeters thick with area  ~0.1 m2 in each hemisphere.   [Fully mature cerebral cortex, mean surface area, 2200 cm2 (Changeux; Neuronal Man, 45)]		0
Zeman; Consciousness	50		Repeating unit in the cortex is a column of cells about a tenth of a millimeter across, extending throughout the thickness of the cortex.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	50		Small interneurons in layer IV receive most of the incoming signals, the 'afferents', to the column.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	50		Two tiers of projection neurons,    superficial pyramidal cells in layers II and III    transmit the column's output, its 'efferents',    to other regions of the cortex.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	50		Deep pyramidal cells    in layers V and VI    report to more remote targets    beyond the cortex itself.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	50		Cells within each column    compute a pattern of output    from a pattern of inputs.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	50		Numerous columns within a single region of the cortex can be active simultaneously.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	50		Earliest beginnings of the nervous system in a human embryo,    third week after conception.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	50		Hollow spaces    at the center of the adult nervous system;    ventricles of the brain    and central canal of the spinal cord.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	51		Layers of the cortex -  (illustration)		1
Zeman; Consciousness	51		Successive waves of cells hug the central spaces of the nervous system.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	51		Cells migrate into position    and start to form orderly connections    with targets near and far.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	54		Every item of behavior;    speech and writing,    gesture and dance;    is achieved by a patterned contraction of muscles.   [Stereotyped motor programs]  [FAPs]		3
Zeman; Consciousness	57		Cerebellum with only 10 percent of the volume of the brain, has more than half its total complement of neurons.		3
Zeman; Consciousness	57		Cerebellum has a distinctive and highly repetitive modular design,    quite unlike the columnar structure of the cortex.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	59		In the walls of the third ventricle,    each side,  lie the thalami.		2
Zeman; Consciousness	59		Fifteen or more distinctive aggregates of neurons, known as nuclei,    can be discerned within the thalamus.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	59		All cortical regions communicate with the thalamus; it also receives important input from the regions of the brainstem that regulates wakefulness and arousal.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	59		Thalamus is well placed to regulate alertness generally and to focus selective attention.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	60		Small volumes of damage to the thalamus can be devastating.    Stroke.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	60		Widespread damage to the thalamus    can underlie the condition of 'wakefulness without awareness',    which is known as the 'permanent vegetative state'.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	60		Hypothalamus;    floor of the third ventricle;    less than 1 percent of the volume of the human brain;    extremely important.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	60		Hypothalamus    samples the body's internal environment,    regulates blood sugar,    temperature,    blood concentration of salts, etc.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	61		Hypothalamus    is the neural crux    of all our simpler urges.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	61		Nuclear masses of the basal ganglia -- caudate,    putamen,    globus pallidus.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	61		Deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine,    which is conveyed to the basal ganglia    by axons from the brainstem,    causes the tremor,    slowing,    stiffness    and unsteadiness   that characterize Parkinson's disease.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	63		Brain lateral and medial views - (diagram)		2
Zeman; Consciousness	66		Cortical parts of the limbic system    have a relatively primitive microscopic structure,    hinting at their ancient evolutionary origins;    this kind of cortex    dominates    the brain of 'lower' vertebrates.		3
Zeman; Consciousness	66		Link between memory and emotion;    remember what excites us,    whether with pleasure or pain;    what bores us is safely forgotten.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	66		Large overlap between limbic system and the cortical areas concerned with smell;    scent can sometimes evoke long-buried memories.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	68		A cerebella Purkinje cell may receive 200k connections    from the parallel fibers that synapse on its dendrites.		2
Zeman; Consciousness	68		A sensory neuron in the spinal cord may signal to as many as 1000 target neurons by way of axonal arborization.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	68		Effect of a presynaptic neuron    on the activity of the postsynaptic cell    depends on the location of the synapse;    those remote from the body    exert a less powerful effect    than synapses close to the axon hillock    from which the action potential is released.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	69		Some neurons -- a small minority in the human nervous system -- communicate via 'gap junctions', which allow the electrical activity    to pass unimpeded between cells    without need of a chemical messenger.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	69		Neurotransmitters		0
Zeman; Consciousness	69		Permanent depletion of acetylcholine is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	69		Two broad classes of neurotransmitters: (1) small molecule, (2) small protein.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	70		Approximately 10 'small molecule' neurotransmitters. Most are amino acids,    or are derived from amino acids:    acetylcholine, dopamine, adrenaline, serotonin, histamine; glutamate, glycine, GABA.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	70		Small protein neurotransmitters:    endorphins act to modulate the perception of pain;    opium and its derivatives    mimic the action of the endorphins.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	70		Substances that mimic, oppose, boost or otherwise modify the action of neurotransmitters    are among the most widely used drugs in medicine;    epilepsy,    schizophrenia,    depression,    Parkinson's disease.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	70		A single neuron    releases the same chemicals    at all its synapses.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	70		The same combination of substances is released consistently by a given cell.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	70		Receptor variety creates a third source of complexity at the synapse.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	70		Binding of acetylcholine by the receptor    opens a channel,    which allows the passage of sodium,    having much higher concentration outside the cell than in.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	71		Sodium channel closes rapidly    as acetylcholine detaches itself from the receptor    and is broken down by an enzyme.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	71		Great variety of receptor types at the synapses.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	71		Gated ion channels produce a rapid effect.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	71		Second messengers,    cascade of chemical reactions in a cell.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	72		At birth,    brain possesses more or less the final complement of neurons,    but synapse adjustments continue briskly.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	72		Donald Hebb, 'assemblies' of neurons.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	72		Ability to adapt;    even our bones are shaped by use;    ubiquitous plasticity of living things;    ability to learn.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	73		Long Term Potentiation (LTP),    occurs in the hippocampus,    formation of new conscious memories.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	73		Nervous system, network of nerve cells that communicate at synapses; transforms patterns of sensory input into patterns of motor output; adapt behavior to experience, present and past.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	73		Much of the complexity of the human brain    depends on the endless elaboration of simple elements.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	74		Gene duplication is a common chance occurrence in reproduction.    Over the immense periods of the evolutionary past, duplication created opportunity for extraordinary variations on a theme.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	84		<4 Hz, delta; sleep and coma		10
Zeman; Consciousness	84		4-7 Hz, theta; young children, areas damaged by stroke		0
Zeman; Consciousness	84		8-13 Hz, alpha; relaxed wakefulness		0
Zeman; Consciousness	84		14-25 Hz, beta; open eyes, novel sensory events, mental exertion		0
Zeman; Consciousness	84		25-100 Hz, gamma; possible relevance to consciousness.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	85		Four rhythms    commonly encountered in EEGs.    beta 14-25 Hz,    alpha 8-13 Hz,    theta 4-7 Hz,    delta <4 Hz. - (illustration)		1
Zeman; Consciousness	86		Only synchronized activity    in substantial numbers of cortical cells    could generate currents large enough    to be detected over the scalp.    Source of these currents    is activity in the dendrites    of cortical neurons.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	86		Many neurons are spontaneously active.    This activity is often rhythmic.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	86		If neurons are suitably interconnected,    intrinsically rhythmic patterns    can generate widespread synchronous patterns of EEG.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	86		Neurons whose spontaneous rhythms contribute to the EEG lie in two regions:    (1) cerebral cortex,    (2) straitened confines of the thalamus.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	86		Thalamus,    the gateway to the cortex,    is especially well placed    to synchronize rhythms throughout the brain.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	88		Architecture of sleep. EEG recordings, waking, sleeping; cyclical patterning of sleep. - (illustration)		2
Zeman; Consciousness	90		Adults spend about one-fifth of their seven hours of sleep in REM.		2
Zeman; Consciousness	90		Detect fluctuations in magnetic fields surrounding active brain.   The subject must sit in a specially shielded room to screen out 'magnetic noise' from the environment.    Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) device, to detect the magnetic signal.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	90		Rudolfo Llinás in 1990 recorded a rapid oscillation in the gamma frequency in waking subjects,    which was also present during REM but absent from slow wave sleep.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	90		Tones    played to waking subjects    'reset' their gamma rhythm,    but had no effect on the fast oscillation in the brains of subjects in REM.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	90		The Rudolfo Llinás results hint at a role for fast oscillations,    around 40 Hz,    in the genesis of consciousness.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	91		40 Hz oscillations    in sleep and wakefulness. -  (illustration)		1
Zeman; Consciousness	93		Brainstem auditory response. ~10 msec -   (illustration)		2
Zeman; Consciousness	96		Diencephalon - structures of thalamus and hypothalamus    which bridge the brainstem and hemispheres.		3
Zeman; Consciousness	99		Functional importance of the upper reticular formation to arousal    and of its lower parts to our breathing and circulation.		3
Zeman; Consciousness	100		Reticular activating system, upper brainstem and thalamus. -  (illustration)		1
Zeman; Consciousness	100		Much of the brain's noradrenaline,    dopamine,    serotonin,    acetylcholine    and histamine    originates in or close to the brainstem.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	101		Chemistry of wakefulness;    noradrenaline,    dopamine,    acetylcholine,    serotonin. -  (illustration)		1
Zeman; Consciousness	103		Suprachiasmatic nucleus;    intrinsically rhythmic,    cycle close to 24 hours.    Pacemaker for the body's circadian rhythms of activity.		2
Zeman; Consciousness	105		No one knows why we sleep.		2
Zeman; Consciousness	109		Chances are excellent that we will one day understand the functions of sleep in the human brain.		4
Zeman; Consciousness	109		Brains of animals    are always electrically active.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	110		Large assemblies of neurons have a propensity to act in synchrony.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	111		Brain is constantly in need of oxygen and glucose.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	117		40 Hz oscillations Rudolfo Llinás detected		6
Zeman; Consciousness	117		Epilepsy is the most common serious disorder encountered by neurologists.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	118		EEG in epilepsy -   (illustration)		1
Zeman; Consciousness	126		Opiods induce euphoria and tranquility.    Enhanced release of dopamine from cells that project axons to the nucleus accumbens,    a part of the basal ganglia with intimate connections to the limbic system,    which regulates emotion.		8
Zeman; Consciousness	126		A rush of opiate to the brain gives quite a jerk, not unlike the thrill of orgasm.    Once the brain becomes accustomed to an external supply, it adapts,    reducing its own release of opiods or the sensitivity of its receptors.    Pain then chases pleasure, creating a powerful need to feed the habit.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	127		Surgical operations with diethyl ether as an anaesthetic.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	129		Anaesthetics that are highly fat soluble exert an anaesthetic effect at low concentrations. - (diagram)		2
Zeman; Consciousness	129		Brain activity is globally reduced during anaesthesia,    but thalamic function is particularly reduced;    similarities between anaesthesia and sleep.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	129		Reduction in energy consumption within the brain    goes hand in hand with the slowing of cerebral rhythms    and a loss of synchronization between activity in distant cortical regions.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	130		Some degree of awareness with subsequent recall of the anesthesia experience, but without pain,    is estimated to occur in 2-4 anaesthetics in every 1000.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	130		Tendency for anaesthetics to provide analgesia - relief from pain - at doses that are not high enough    to suppress awareness altogether.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	131		It is possible to be conscious during anaesthesia    but free of pain.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	132		Brains    fall in energy consumption   about 25 percent    during non-REM sleep.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	132		During dreaming,    brain's energy consumption    about like wakefulness.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	132		Coma ranges in severity from a state resembling sleep to one resembling death.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	132		Three broad classes of coma:    (1) small areas of damage to the brainstem,    (2) large areas of damage in the hemispheres,    (3) processes involving the brain diffusely, such as poisoning by drugs and infection.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	133		Damage in the hemispheres    causes the brain to swell,    squeezing the brainstem.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	133		Persistent vegetative state -    'wakeful unconsciousness'    or 'wakefulness without awareness'.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	133		Vegetative state is diagnosed in error about half the time.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	134		Vegetative state -    brainstem survives,    while the hemispheres perish.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	134		In the state of 'brain death',    the hemispheres may be perfectly healthy,    but the brainstem has succumbed.
Zeman; Consciousness	134		It may seem curious that the brainstem is the crux of life.    We can survive the loss of the hemispheres,    but the loss of the brainstem leads inexorably to death.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	145		Glasgow Coma Scale - enables doctors to make an objective assessment of level of consciousness;    eye opening,    speech,    movement.		11
Zeman; Consciousness	145		Operate to reduce the pressure from a swelling brain.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	145		Can be conscious, and yet unable to move a muscle.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	146		Consciousness can survive the loss of all the usual means by which we communicate our experience.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	147		Sounds repeated at a certain frequency set up a standing wave.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	147		Several states of awareness can occur during anaesthesia.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	147		Anaesthesia lose in succession:     (1) appreciation of pain,    (2) conscious recall for the procedure,    (3) ability to respond to requests,    (4) ability to acquire implicit memories of the occasion.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	148		No reason to believe that even complete sensory isolation    leads automatically    to loss of awareness.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	148		Median frequency of EEG under anaesthesia - (diagram)		0
Zeman; Consciousness	148		Awake and mentally active,    predominant frequencies are well above 5 Hz,    with a median around 10 Hz.    In deep natural sleep,    drops well below 5 Hz.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	150		Chimps and dolphins    are conscious of their surroundings.		2
Zeman; Consciousness	160		Evolution of the eye -  (illustration)		10
Zeman; Consciousness	165		Evolution of photoreceptors - (illustration)		5
Zeman; Consciousness	167		Layers of neurons in the retina - (illustration)		2
Zeman; Consciousness	169		Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) connections from eye to visual cortex -  (illustration)		2
Zeman; Consciousness	172		Columnar organization of area V1 of the striate cortex - (illustration)		3
Zeman; Consciousness	173		Cortical visual areas:    monkey's brain anatomy and interconnections -  (illustration)		1
Zeman; Consciousness	175		Gestalt psychologists suggested that the brain unconsciously applies a number of principles when we pick out a figure from the background.		2
Zeman; Consciousness	175		In gestalt psychology,    the brain tends to group items    that are close,    similar to one another,    that create a closed space,    or achieve a smooth continuity of line.  [Gestalt laws]		0
Zeman; Consciousness	175		Modern work by researchers at Bell laboratories have examined precisely which features guide the visual system in its preattentive segmentation of the visual world.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	175		Uncomplicated contrasts    of form,    color,   depth    and movement    allow objects to 'pop out' of an array.
Zeman; Consciousness	176		Gestalt  principles of grouping    and figure-ground ambiguity    depicted by Maurits Escher. (diagram)		1
Zeman; Consciousness	183		Imagination -    recognition in reverse.    Areas downstream    project back to the source of their input.    Memory stored in the temporal lobe    excite a cascade of areas    in the visual cortex.		7
Zeman; Consciousness	183		Visual areas downstream    always project back    to the source of their input.    The back projection    is often as substantial as the forward one.    Imagination may exploit this two-way traffic.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	183		Hallucinations -- imaginings that we take to be real.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	201		Neural activity can be a factor in development well before birth.		18
Zeman; Consciousness	202		Neural migration -    Cortex of the brain is formed by migration of neurons    from a 'germinal zone'    close to the ventricles    deep in the brain.    Migration is guided by glial cells,    which extend radial fibers along the route. - (diagram)		1
Zeman; Consciousness	202		Within days, a baby can imitate the facial movements of those around it;    mouth opening   or protrusion of the tongue.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	202		At birth    all the neurons of the visual brain    are present,    but only about 10 percent of the synapses.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	203		The two eyes    feed separately    into layer 4    of the primary visual cortex,   creating alternating    ocular dominance columns,    which form with visual experience after birth.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	203		At birth,    the input from the two eyes   is intermingled;    the ocular dominance columns    form later    under the influence of visual experience.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	203		Hebb's rule - connections between neurons that are active together are strengthened.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	203		Neurons of the visual cortex forge their network of synapse connections;    busy axons expand their bushy crowns,    whereas idle neurons shrink away.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	203		Sensitive time for visual cortex limited to 'critical period', which differs from species to species.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	204		Visual cortex adapts to its surroundings.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	204		Difficult to specify the strength of every synapse of the visual system. A rough genetic sketch is sufficient.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	204		Visual system is provided a generous superfluity of potential interconnections; experience then selects the useful ones, 'fine tuning' the visual system.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	205		Experience may continue to 'sculpt' the visual cortex long after the period of maximum plasticity.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	205		Store information through synaptic change in the sensory regions    in which it is processed.     Plasticity and memory may share a common fundamental explanation in Hebb's rule.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	205		Sight is the outcome of a process of growth, which is guided at different times by an inherited blueprint,    intrinsic activity    and visual experience.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	206		Crucial importance of early experience during a sensitive period     appears to be a general law of psychological development.    It applies to the acquisition of language    and social skills    as well as the maturation of the senses.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	281		Taxonomy of Memory -(diagram):    (1) Declarative (explicit) memory, (2) Procedural (implicit) memory		75
Zeman; Consciousness	281		Declarative memory:    (1) Short-term (working) memory,    (2) Long-term memory		0
Zeman; Consciousness	281		Working memory:    (1) Verbal,    (2) Spatial		0
Zeman; Consciousness	281		Long-term memory:    (1) Episodic - events, (2) Semantic - facts		0
Zeman; Consciousness	281		Procedural memory:    (1) Conditioning,    (2) Priming,    (3) Motor skills		0
Zeman; Consciousness	281		Acquisition of long-term declarative memories depends on structures in the circuit of Papez.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	282		Priming		1
Zeman; Consciousness	282		Conditioning of desire and of disgust,    the priming of recognition,    and the acquisition of skills,    are independent of the ability to recall the    occasions of learning.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	283		Brain has multiple memory systems, and only some of them support conscious learning.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	283		Classical conditioning involves the cerebellum.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	284		Priming leads to a reduction in local brain activity;    repeated exposure to the stimulus    increases the efficiency of neural processing.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	284		As motor skills become automatic,    global brain activation declines.  [Stereotyped motor programs]  [FAPs]		0
Zeman; Consciousness	284		Motor skills:    Prefrontal cortex is engaged in the acquisition of new skills;    shift to posterior regions of the cortex and some subcortical regions, such as the basal ganglia.   [Stereotyped motor programs]  [FAPs]		0
Zeman; Consciousness	284		Three sets of parallel distinctions between:    (1) conscious vision and blindsight,    (2) declarative and procedural memory,    (3) deliberate and habitual actions; -- together with what is known of their correlates in the brain,    lie at the foundations of contemporary theories of consciousness.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	285		Ability to move is definitely not required for consciousness; paralysis is no obstacle to awareness.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	285		Language is probably not required for consciousness.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	285		Formation of long-term memories usually accompanies consciousness, but is not crucial for awareness.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	285		Perhaps at the very least,    the capacity to frame a thought    about experience    is required for consciousness.  [Edelman's 'remembered present']		0
Zeman; Consciousness	285		Unless we can think about    our experience,    we cannot be conscious.  [Edelman's 'remembered present']		0
Zeman; Consciousness	285		We do not know the minimal conditions for consciousness.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	287		Consciousness matters;    it allows us to do all kinds of things    that would be impossible without it.		2
Zeman; Consciousness	287		Consciousness is bound up with the brain,    but not all the activity occurring in the brain is conscious.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	287		Deep structures in the brainstem and thalami    are crucial to arousal,    while activity in the thalamus and cortex    determines the contents of consciousness.  [thalamocortical system]		0
Zeman; Consciousness	287		Activity giving rise to consciousness is spread around the brain; several psychological systems participate in it.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	287		Consciousness from interaction - (diagram):  (1) Sensory input, (2) Sensory processing, (3) Memory systems, (4)Arousal system, (5) Motivational and Attention systems, (6) Action system		0
Zeman; Consciousness	288		Neural Correlate of Consciousness (NCC) is a loosely linked but temporarily coherent network of neurons around the brain, a grouping called a 'cell assembly' by Donald Hebb.  [Edelman's dynamic core]		1
Zeman; Consciousness	288		How large must a cell assembly be to give rise to consciousness?   [Edelman's dynamic core]		0
Zeman; Consciousness	288		Incorporate particular types of neurons or particular layers of cortex?		0
Zeman; Consciousness	288		Interactions within the assembly attain a certain level of complexity?   [Edelman's dynamic core]		0
Zeman; Consciousness	288		Must the activity be of a particular kind or duration?		0
Zeman; Consciousness	288		Involve particular cortical regions,    or have a certain range of connections    with regions elsewhere?		0
Zeman; Consciousness	288		Edelman's Dynamic Core		0
Zeman; Consciousness	288		Dynamic Core - a shifting coalition of 'strongly interacting elements'.    At any given time, the dynamic core is responsible for 'primary consciousness',    our perceptual experience.   [Edelman's dynamic core]		0
Zeman; Consciousness	289		Crick and Koch anticipate that at any given moment the NCC will be comprised of a sparse but widespread network of neurons, whose activity will stand out above background neuron firing for at least 100-200 milliseconds.  [Edelman's dynamic core]		1
Zeman; Consciousness	289		Conscious information must always be capable of guiding action.  [Fuster's  perception-action cycle]		0
Zeman; Consciousness	290		If primary sensory areas make no direct contribution to awareness, perhaps whole swatches of cortex operate beyond the reach of consciousness.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	290		'Dorsal' stream of visual processing is dedicated to the unconscious on-line control of visually guided behavior, while the 'ventral' stream is responsible for the creation of our conscious visual world.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	290		Consciousness arises when thought illuminates unconscious sensation.  [mental image]  [the self]  [Edelman's 'remembered present']		0
Zeman; Consciousness	291		Mere sensation    is insufficient    to give rise to consciousness.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	291		Unconscious data of sensation are compared with expectations generated by past experience and current intentions, in limbic regions of the temporal lobes and the basal ganglia.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	291		Damasio locates the neural representation of self    in relatively ancient brain regions,    in the upper brainstem,    thalamus,    deep forebrain nuclei    and somatosensory cortex.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	291		Consciousness depends upon dialog between diverse regions of the brain,     associated with independent psychological functions such as perception,    emotion,    memory,   and action.  [thalamocortical system]  [Edelman's dynamic core]		0
Zeman; Consciousness	292		Sensation becomes conscious only when it encounters past associations,    or is used to govern future action,   or becomes the object of reflection,    or is felt to impact upon the self.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	292		Consciousness:    which regions of the cortex are crucial;    importance of deeper centers    such as the basal ganglia and brainstem.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	292		Kinds of neural activity that fail to excite consciousness:    (1) slow-wave, dreamless sleep,    (2) generalized 'grand mal' seizures;    neurons throughout the brain synchronize their activity,    discharging in massive harmony.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	293		Limited, controlled synchronization    of rapid neuronal discharge    might play a role in perception,    memory    and movement.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	294		Hierarchical visual processing.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	294		Small networks of cells combine to represent objects and people.  [Gestalts]		0
Zeman; Consciousness	294		Place and frequency coding relate to single cells.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	294		Time or phase coding    relates to the activity of groups of cells.  [thalamocortical system]  [Gestalts]		0
Zeman; Consciousness	294		Neurons that represent the disparate features of a single object -- which may be widely spread across the brain -- are associated by firing at the same moment.  [coherent, synchronous]		0
Zeman; Consciousness	294		Synchronous firing of neurons involved in a common activity is often rhythmic, in the gamma band, 25-100 Hz.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	294		If synchronized oscillations are required for consciousness,    intrinsic rhythmicity of neuronal discharge    allows for the rhythmic pacing of brain activity.		0
Zeman; Consciousness	294		Ubiquitous, bidirectional connections    between related brain regions    facilitates synchronization.  [thalamocortical system]
Zeman; Consciousness	295		Neurons are coincidence detectors:    large numbers of other cells connect to them.		1
Zeman; Consciousness	295		Synchronous firing of networks of cells is probably a feature of brain regions controlling movement    as well as of regions involved in sensation.  [Fuster's  perception-action cycle]		0
Zeman; Consciousness	296		Consciousness helps to select appropriate actions in an unpredictable world, actions we choose from an ample repertoire on the basis of fine perceptual distinctions.  [Fuster's  perception-action cycle]		1
Zeman; Consciousness	301		Synchronized activity across brain regions at around 40 Hz; a signature of wakefulness, provides a mechanism by which the contents of consciousness can be bound into a unified whole.  [Edelman's dynamic core]		5
Zeman; Consciousness	324		40 Hz oscillation;    signature of perceptual awareness    and a candidate for the mechanism of binding,    may prove to be the most convincing physiological correlate of consciousness.		23
Zeman; Consciousness	329		Computer cannot be conscious.		5
Zeman; Consciousness	333		Attributing consciousness to a computer confuses simulation with reality.		4
Zeman; Consciousness	333		Computers can simulate aspects of human thought,    but we do not expect simulations to possess all of the properties of the processes they simulate.		0
Zeman; Consciousness